Migração em profundidade usando a solução numérica da equação da eiconal

Nos últimos anos tem-se verificado um interesse crescente no desenvolvimento de algoritmos de imageamento sísmico com a finalidade de obter uma imagem da subsuperfície da terra. A migração pelo método de Kirchhoff, por exemplo, é um método de imageamento muito eficiente empregado na busca da localização de refletores na subsuperficie, quando dispomos do cálculo dos tempos de trânsito necessários para a etapa de empilhamento, sendo estes obtidos neste trabalho através da solução da equação eiconal. Primeiramente, é apresentada a teoria da migração de Kirchhoff em profundidade baseada na teoria do raio, sendo em seguida introduzida a equação eiconal, através da qual são obtidos os tempos de trânsitos empregados no empilhamento das curvas de difrações. Em seguida é desenvolvido um algoritmo de migração em profundidade fazendo uso dos tempos de trânsito obtidos através da equação eiconal. Finalmente, aplicamos este algoritmo a dados sintéticos contendo ruído aditivo e múltiplas e obtemos como resultado uma seção sísmica na profundidade. Através dos experimentos feitos neste trabalho observou-se que o algoritmo de migração desenvolvido mostrou-se bastante eficiente e eficaz na reconstrução da imagem dos refletores.

Análise quantitativa da deglutição orofaríngea em indivíduo gastrostomizado com Lipofuscinose Ceróide Neuronal: relato de caso

The presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in the pediatric population with genetic diseases it is still poorly studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the oral total transit time and pharyngeal transit time, in an individual with neuronal ceroid lipofucinosis (NCL) with severe oropharyngeal dysphagia. Individual with NCL, 3 years old, 2 years with gastrostomy and no oral feeding, weighting loss, but without pulmonary complications. Oropharyngeal swallowing was studied by videofluoroscopy and it was realized a quantitative analysis using software. Changes were observed throughout the whole biomechanics of swallowing. The quantitative analysis of total oral transit time was found 45.37 seconds (default normality in children is 4 seconds) and for pharyngeal transit time was 4.53 seconds. It was found that beside the changes in the biomechanics of oropharyngeal swallowing in the case studied, an increase in total oral transit time and pharyngeal transit time was also observed, which can significantly compromise the nutritional status and pulmonary these individuals.

Trabalho móvel: em trânsito por aeroportos e aviões

Argumenta-se na contemporaneidade que o trabalho adquiriu a possibilidade de ser realizado “a qualquer hora e em qualquer lugar” e que, particularmente, pode ser realizado em movimento, enquanto a pessoa que trabalha desloca-se de um lugar a outro. Este estudo investiga esse último, o trabalho móvel; em especial, aquele que envolve o uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação e realizado enquanto a pessoa que trabalha desloca-se por meio do sistema de transporte aéreo. Este projeto explora, especificamente, o desempenho de espaço-tempos de trabalho em terminais de aeroportos e em aviões. Para tanto, adota a abordagem teórico-metodológica Teoria Ator-Rede que considera o social um movimento de associações entre elementos heterogêneos e os espaço-tempos, incluindo aqueles de trabalho, efeitos de modos como humanos e não humanos relacionam-se entre si. A estratégia metodológica envolveu uma combinação de observação de campo, auto-observação e entrevistas com pessoas que vivem a experiência do trabalho móvel. A coleta de dados compreendeu: (a) horas de observação de pessoas e situações, em alguns terminais de aeroportos no Brasil e em voos entre a cidade de São Paulo e outras capitais do país, e (b) entrevistas semiestruturadas com pessoas que, com certa frequência, deslocam-se para trabalhar por meio do sistema de transporte aéreo. Como resultado, este estudo contribui para as análises sobre o fenômeno do trabalho móvel, realizado em aeroportos e aviões, e destaca: os atores envolvidos, bem como os agentes que levam esses atores a agir; a quantidade de objetos ativos na manifestação do fenômeno; e as controvérsias envolvidas com o tema. Além disso, aponta elementos empíricos (i) que revelam lugares em que os fenômenos de trabalho móvel se manifestam esporadicamente, de modo disperso, como “bolhas”, e (ii) que se contrapõem à ideia que é possível trabalhar “a qualquer hora e em qualquer lugar”. As contribuições deste estudo ecoam resultados de pesquisas desenvolvidas sobre trabalho móvel, assim como apresentam particularidades, como a metáfora da bolha, amplificações de aspectos pouco presentes nos textos sobre o tema e elementos peculiares do trabalho móvel investigado no espaço-tempo da pesquisa

Métodos de otimização global aplicados na busca dos parâmetros SRC

O método de empilhamento por Superfície de Reflexão Comum (SRC) produz seções simuladas de afastamento nulo (AN) por meio do somatório de eventos sísmicos dos dados de cobertura múltipla contidos nas superfícies de empilhamento. Este método não depende do modelo de velocidade do meio, apenas requer o conhecimento a priori da velocidade próxima a superfície. A simulação de seções AN por este método de empilhamento utiliza uma aproximação hiperbólica de segunda ordem do tempo de trânsito de raios paraxiais para definir a superfície de empilhamento ou operador de empilhamento SRC. Para meios 2D este operador depende de três atributos cinemáticos de duas ondas hipotéticas (ondas PIN e N), observados no ponto de emergência do raio central com incidência normal, que são: o ângulo de emergência do raio central com fonte-receptor nulo (β₀) , o raio de curvatura da onda ponto de incidência normal (R_PIN) e o raio de curvatura da onda normal (R_N). Portanto, o problema de otimização no método SRC consiste na determinação, a partir dos dados sísmicos, dos três parâmetros (β₀, R_PIN, R_N) ótimos associados a cada ponto de amostragem da seção AN a ser simulada. A determinação simultânea destes parâmetros pode ser realizada por meio de processos de busca global (ou otimização global) multidimensional, utilizando como função objetivo algum critério de coerência. O problema de otimização no método SRC é muito importante para o bom desempenho no que diz respeito a qualidade dos resultados e principalmente ao custo computacional, comparado com os métodos tradicionalmente utilizados na indústria sísmica. Existem várias estratégias de busca para determinar estes parâmetros baseados em buscas sistemáticas e usando algoritmos de otimização, podendo estimar apenas um parâmetro de cada vez, ou dois ou os três parâmetros simultaneamente. Levando em conta a estratégia de busca por meio da aplicação de otimização global, estes três parâmetros podem ser estimados através de dois procedimentos: no primeiro caso os três parâmetros podem ser estimados simultaneamente e no segundo caso inicialmente podem ser determinados simultaneamente dois parâmetros (β₀, R_PIN) e posteriormente o terceiro parâmetro (R_N) usando os valores dos dois parâmetros já conhecidos. Neste trabalho apresenta-se a aplicação e comparação de quatro algoritmos de otimização global para encontrar os parâmetros SRC ótimos, estes são: Simulated Annealing (SA), Very Fast Simulated Annealing (VFSA), Differential Evolution (DE) e Controlled Rando Search - 2 (CRS2). Como resultados importantes são apresentados a aplicação de cada método de otimização e a comparação entre os métodos quanto a eficácia, eficiência e confiabilidade para determinar os melhores parâmetros SRC. Posteriormente, aplicando as estratégias de busca global para a determinação destes parâmetros, por meio do método de otimização VFSA que teve o melhor desempenho foi realizado o empilhamento SRC a partir dos dados Marmousi, isto é, foi realizado um empilhamento SRC usando dois parâmetros (β₀, R_PIN) estimados por busca global e outro empilhamento SRC usando os três parâmetros (β₀, R_PIN, R_N) também estimados por busca global.

Trabalho em tempos de crise: a superexploração do trabalho penal nos Centros de Ressocialização Femininos do Estado de São Paulo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Cellular settings mediating Src Substrate switching between Focal Adhesion Kinase Tyrosine 861 and CUB-domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) Tyrosine 734

Reciprocal interactions between Src family kinases (SFKs) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are critical during changes in cell attachment. Recently it has been recognized that another SFK substrate, CUB-domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1), is differentially phosphorylated during these events. However, the molecular processes underlying SFK-mediated phosphorylation of CDCP1 are poorly understood. Here we identify a novel mechanism in which FAK tyrosine 861 and CDCP1-Tyr-734 compete as SFK substrates and demonstrate cellular settings in which SFKs switch between these sites. Our results show that stable CDCP1 expression induces robust SFK-mediated phosphorylation of CDCP1-Tyr-734 with concomitant loss of p-FAK-Tyr-861 in adherent HeLa cells. SFK substrate switching in these cells is dependent on the level of expression of CDCP1 and is also dependent on CDCP1-Tyr-734 but is independent of CDCP1-Tyr-743 and -Tyr-762. In HeLa CDCP1 cells, engagement of SFKs with CDCP1 is accompanied by an increase in phosphorylation of Src-Tyr-416 and a change in cell morphology to a fibroblastic appearance dependent on CDCP1-Tyr-734. SFK switching between FAK-Tyr-861 and CDCP1-Tyr-734 also occurs during changes in adhesion of colorectal cancer cell lines endogenously expressing these two proteins. Consistently, increased p-FAK-Tyr-861 levels and a more epithelial morphology are seen in colon cancer SW480 cells silenced for CDCP1. Unlike protein kinase Cδ, FAK does not appear to form a trimeric complex with Src and CDCP1. These data demonstrate novel aspects of the dynamics of SFK-mediated cell signaling that may be relevant during cancer progression.

Tropomyosin Tm5NM1 spatially restricts src kinase activity through perturbation of rab11 vesicle trafficking

In order for cells to stop moving, they must synchronously stabilize actin filaments and their associated focal adhesions. How these two structures are coordinated in time and space is not known. We show here that the actin association protein Tm5NM1, which induces stable actin filaments, concurrently suppresses the trafficking of focal-adhesion-regulatory molecules. Using combinations of fluorescent biosensors and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we demonstrate that Tm5NM1 reduces the level of delivery of Src kinase to focal adhesions, resulting in reduced phosphorylation of adhesion-resident Src substrates. Live imaging of Rab11-positive recycling endosomes that carry Src to focal adhesions reveals disruption of this pathway. We propose that tropomyosin synchronizes adhesion dynamics with the cytoskeleton by regulating actin-dependent trafficking of essential focal-adhesion molecules.

Cross Talk between Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase C and c-src Tyrosine Kinase Regulates Colon Cancer Cell Cytostasis

Increased activation of c-src seen in colorectal cancer is an indicator of a poor clinical prognosis, suggesting that identification of downstream effectors of c-src may lead to new avenues of therapy. Guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C) is a receptor for the gastrointestinal hormones guanylin and uroguanylin and the bacterial heat-stable enterotoxin. Though activation of GC-C by its ligands elevates intracellular cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels and inhibits cell proliferation, its persistent expression in colorectal carcinomas and occult metastases makes it a marker for malignancy. We show here that GC-C is a substrate for inhibitory phosphorylation by c-src, resulting in reduced ligand-mediated cGMP production. Consequently, active c-src in colonic cells can overcome GC-C-mediated control of the cell cycle. Furthermore, docking of the c-src SH2 domain to phosphorylated GC-C results in colocalization and further activation of c-src. We therefore propose a novel feed-forward mechanism of activation of c-src that is induced by cross talk between a receptor GC and a tyrosine kinase. Our findings have important implications in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression and treatment of colorectal cancer.

Src Homology 3-interacting Domain of Rv1917c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Selective Maturation of Human Dendritic Cells by Regulating PI3K-MAPK-NF-kappa B Signaling and Drives Th2 Immune Responses

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an etiological agent of pulmonary tuberculosis, causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pathogenic mycobacteria survive in the host by subverting host innate immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that are vital for eliciting immune responses to infectious agents, including pathogenic mycobacteria. DCs orchestrate distinct Th responses based on the signals they receive. In this perspective, deciphering the interactions of the proline-glutamic acid/proline-proline-glutamic acid (PE/PPE) family of proteins of M. tuberculosis with DCs assumes significant pathophysiological attributes. In this study, we demonstrate that Rv1917c (PPE34), a representative member of the proline-proline-glutamic-major polymorphic tandem repeat family, interacts with TLR2 and triggers functional maturation of human DCs. Signaling perturbations implicated a critical role for integrated cross-talk among PI3K-MAPK and NF-kappa B signaling cascades in Rv1917c-induced maturation of DCs. However, this maturation of DCs was associated with a secretion of high amounts of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, whereas Th1-polarizing cytokine IL-12 was not induced. Consistent with these results, Rv1917c-matured DCs favored secretion of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 from CD4(+) T cells and contributed to Th2-skewed cytokine balance ex vivo in healthy individuals and in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Interestingly, the Rv1917c-skewed Th2 immune response involved induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in DCs. Taken together, these results indicate that Rv1917c facilitates a shift in the ensuing immunity toward the Th2 phenotype and could aid in immune evasion by mycobacteria.

Temperature-Sensitive Src-Transformed Mdck Cells nn 3d Cultures as a Model of Malignant Transformation of Epithelial Cells

The equilibrium between cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis is crucial for maintaining homeostasis in epithelial tissues. In order for the epithelium to function properly, individual cells must gain normal structural and functional polarity. The junctional proteins have an important role both in binding the cells together and in taking part in cell signaling. Cadherins form adherens junctions. Cadherins initiate the polarization process by first recognizing and binding the neighboring cells together, and then guiding the formation of tight junctions. Tight junctions form a barrier in dividing the plasma membranes to apical and basolateral membrane domains. In glandular tissues, single layered and polarized epithelium is folded into tubes or spheres, in which the basal side of the epithelial layer faces the outer basal membrane, and the apical side the lumen. In carcinogenesis, the differentiated architecture of an epithelial layer is disrupted. Filling of the luminal space is a hallmark of early epithelial tumors in tubular and glandular structures. In order for the transformed tumor cells to populate the lumen, enhanced proliferation as well as inhibition of apoptosis is required. Most advances in cancer biology have been achieved by using two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models, in which the cells are cultured on flat surfaces as monolayers. However, the 2D cultures are limited in their capacity to recapitulate the structural and functional features of tubular structures and to represent cell growth and differentiation in vivo. The development of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture methods enables the cells to grow and to be studied in a more natural environment. Despite the wide use of 2D cell culture models and the development of novel 3D culture methods, it is not clear how the change of the dimensionality of culture conditions alters the polarization and transformation process and the molecular mechanisms behind them. Src is a well-known oncogene. It is found in focal and adherens junctions of cultured cells. Active src disrupts cell-cell junctions and interferes with cell-matrix binding. It promotes cell motility and survival. Src transformation in 2D disrupts adherens junctions and the fibroblastic phenotype of the cells. In 3D, the adherens junctions are weakened, and in glandular structures, the lumen is filled with nonpolarized vital cells. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells are an epithelial cell type commonly used as a model for cell polarization. Its-src-transformed variants are useful model systems for analyzing the changes in cell morphology, and they play a role in src-induced malignant transformation. This study investigates src-transformed cells in 3D cell cultures as a model for malignant transformation. The following questions were posed. Firstly: What is the role of the composition and stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM) on the polarization and transformation of ts v-src MDCK cells in 3D cell cultures? Secondly: How do the culture conditions affect gene expression? What is the effect of v-src transformation in 2D and in 3D cell models? How does the shift from 2D to 3D affect cell polarity and gene expression? Thirdly: What is the role of survivin and its regulator phosphatase and tensin homolog protein (PTEN) in cell polarization and transformation, and in determining cell fate? How does their expression correlate with impaired mitochondrial function in transformed cells? In order to answer the above questions, novel methods of culturing and monitoring cells had to be created: novel 3D methods of culturing epithelial cells were engineered, enabling real time monitoring of a polarization and transformation process, and functional testing of 3D cell cultures. Novel 3D cell culture models and imaging techniques were created for the study. Attention was focused especially on confocal microscopy and live-cell imaging. Src-transformation disturbed the polarization of the epithelium by disrupting cell adhesion, and sensitized the cells to their environment. With active src, the morphology of the cell cluster depended on the composition and stiffness of the matrix. Gene expression studies revealed a broader impact of src transformation than mere continuous activity of src-kinase. In 2D cultures, src transformation altered the expression of immunological, actin cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM). In 3D, the genes regulating cell division, inhibition of apoptosis, cell metabolism, mitochondrial function, actin cytoskeleton and mechano-sensing proteins were altered. Surprisingly, changing the culture conditions from 2D to 3D affected also gene expression considerably. The microarray hit survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis, played a crucial role in the survival and proliferation of src-transformed cells.

Involvement of Src family of kinases and cAMP phosphodiesterase in the luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor-mediated signaling in the corpus luteum of monkey

Background: In higher primates, during non-pregnant cycles, it is indisputable that circulating LH is essential for maintenance of corpus luteum (CL) function. On the other hand, during pregnancy, CL function gets rescued by the LH analogue, chorionic gonadotropin (CG). The molecular mechanisms involved in the control of luteal function during spontaneous luteolysis and rescue processes are not completely understood. Emerging evidence suggests that LH/CGR activation triggers proliferation and transformation of target cells by various signaling molecules as evident from studies demonstrating participation of Src family of tyrosine kinases (SFKs) and MAP kinases in hCG-mediated actions in Leydig cells. Since circulating LH concentration does not vary during luteal regression, it was hypothesized that decreased responsiveness of luteal cells to LH might occur due to changes in LH/CGR expression dynamics, modulation of SFKs or interference with steroid biosynthesis. Methods: Since, maintenance of structure and function of CL is dependent on the presence of functional LH/CGR its expression dynamics as well as mRNA and protein expressions of SFKs were determined throughout the luteal phase. Employing well characterized luteolysis and CL rescue animal models, activities of SFKs, cAMP phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE) and expression of SR-B1 (a membrane receptor associated with trafficking of cholesterol ester) were examined. Also, studies were carried out to investigate the mechanisms responsible for decline in progesterone biosynthesis in CL during the latter part of the non-pregnant cycle. Results and discussion: The decreased responsiveness of CL to LH during late luteal phase could not be accounted for by changes in LH/CGR mRNA levels, its transcript variants or protein. Results obtained employing model systems depicting different functional states of CL revealed increased activity of SFKs pSrc (Y-416)] and PDE as well as decreased expression of SR-B1correlating with initiation of spontaneous luteolysis. However, CG, by virtue of its heroic efforts, perhaps by inhibition of SFKs and PDE activation, prevents CL from undergoing regression during pregnancy. Conclusions: The results indicated participation of activated Src and increased activity of cAMP-PDE in the control of luteal function in vivo. That the exogenous hCG treatment caused decreased activation of Src and cAMP-PDE activity with increased circulating progesterone might explain the transient CL rescue that occurs during early pregnancy.

Autoconcepto y calidad de vida en niños entre 8 y 12 años que concurren a los hogares de tránsito de la ciudad de Concepción del Uruguay, Entre Ríos

Resumen: La presente investigación, de tipo descriptiva-correlacional y transversal, se centró en conocer la relación que existe entre el autoconcepto y la calidad de vida de los niños entre 8 y 12 años que concurren a los hogares de tránsito, en la ciudad de Concepción del Uruguay, Entre Ríos. La muestra (no probabilística, intencional) estuvo conformada por 64 niños, de ambos sexos, 33 varones y 31 mujeres. Los mismos tenían entre 8 y 12 años. Los individuos evaluados eran asistentes a los hogares de tránsito mencionados anteriormente. Las técnicas de recolección de datos utilizadas fueron las siguientes: la Escala Verbal para Niños y Adolescentes del Autoconcepto de Martina Casullo, adaptación de Piers-Harris (1964) y el Cuestionario para Calidad de Vida Kidscreen-27. La Escala Verbal para Niños y Adolescentes del Autoconcepto (Casullo, 1990), cuenta con seis dimensiones: comportamiento, estatus intelectual y escolar, imagen corporal, sentimientos de ansiedad, percepciones acerca del reconocimiento que otros hacen de la propia conducta (popularidad) y bienestar y satisfacción personal. El cuestionario Kidscreen-27 (Quintero, Lugo, García, y Sánchez, 2011) consta de cinco dimensiones: actividad física y salud, estado de ánimo y sentimientos, vida familiar y tiempo libre, apoyo social y amigos, y entorno escolar. Los datos fueron recabados por medio de la concurrencia a ambos hogares, solicitando previamente las autorizaciones correspondientes a los directivos, como así también a los padres y/o tutores de los niños. Respecto a los procedimientos de análisis de los datos, se utilizó el programa estadístico informático SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) versión 15.0 para Windows. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las dos variables principales de esta investigación (autoconcepto y calidad de vida) con el objetivo de conocer los niveles con que se presentan en niños. Además, para conocer la relación entre ambas variables, se llevó a cabo el análisis de correlación de Pearson. Para estudiar si existe diferencia en el autoconcepto y la calidad de vida en función del sexo de los niños, se realizó análisis multivariados de varianza (MANOVA). Los resultados obtenidos indicaron niveles elevados en la mayoría de las dimensiones de las variables estudiadas (autoconcepto y calidad de vida). En cuanto a las distinciones según el sexo en dichas variables, no se encontraron diferencias significativas, sólo una variación mínima en dos dimensiones del autoconcepto, donde se visualiza que el comportamiento social y la popularidad es más elevada en los niños que en las niñas.Se hallaron, por otro lado, correlaciones estadísticamente significativas en la mayoría de las dimensiones de ambas variables, las mismas son: entre comportamiento y actividad física/salud; entre comportamiento y apoyo social/amigos; entre comportamiento y entorno escolar; entre estatus intelectual/escolar y actividad física/salud; entre estatus intelectual/escolar y estado de ánimo/sentimientos; entre estatus intelectual/escolar y entorno escolar; entre imagen corporal con apoyo social/amigos; entre sentimientos de ansiedad y actividad física/salud; entre sentimientos de ansiedad y estado de ánimo/sentimientos; entre sentimientos de ansiedad y apoyo social/amigos; entre popularidad y estado de ánimo/sentimientos; entre popularidad y apoyo social/amigos; entre bienestar/satisfacción vital y actividad física/salud; entre bienestar/satisfacción vital y estado de ánimo/sentimientos; entre bienestar/satisfacción vital y apoyo social/amigos; entre bienestar/satisfacción vital y entorno escolar; entre el total global del autoconcepto y actividad física/salud; entre el total global del autoconcepto y estado de ánimo/sentimientos; entre el total global del autoconcepto y apoyo social/amigos; entre el total global del autoconcepto y entorno escolar. Sólo una dimensión de la calidad de vida no se relaciona con ninguna de las dimensiones del autoconcepto, a saber, vida familiar/tiempo libre. En lo que respecta a las conclusiones, puede considerarse que los resultados de esta investigación verifican que existe correlación entre el autoconcepto y la calidad de vida de los niños concurrentes a los hogares de tránsito Santa Clara de Asís y la Casa del Menor

Código de trânsito brasileiro : efeitos nas taxas de vítimas de acidentes

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Organização Territorial, Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional.