Análise tribológica na interface aço carbono SAE 1020 e poliamida 11 em sistemas de deslizamento automotivos

Sistemas deslizantes com interface formada com aços baixa liga e polímeros variados são vastamente utilizados na indústria automotiva em sistemas de transmissão de torque submetidas à carregamento axial. Geralmente esses sistemas são acoplados aos sistemas de direção e interagem quase diretamente com o usuário final do veículo. Para conhecer as condições de desgaste mais severas as quais esses sistemas são submetidos e tentar minimiza-las, foi proposta a análise tribológica, em tribômetro do tipo pino-no-disco, da interface aço SAE 1020 com poliamida 11 em água destilada, solução aquosa com 5% em massa de cloreto de sódio e solução aquosa com 184,21 g/l. de areia natural, de acordo com as normas técnicas automotivas VW PV1210:2010-02 e VW PV2982:2013-07. Os ensaios foram realizados em frequências de 3,0 Hz e 1,5 Hz com quantidade fixada em 10.000 ciclos de rotação. O potencial de corrosão em circuito aberto foi monitorado ao longo dos ensaios e a taxa de desgaste foi calculada. Foram evidenciados maiores coeficientes de atrito, maiores taxas de desgaste e maiores amplitudes de potencial de corrosão nas amostras ensaiadas em solução de areia; com valores mais brandos para as amostras ensaiadas em água destilada e valores intermediários para as amostras ensaiadas em solução de cloreto de sódio.

工业无线网络WIA标准体系与关键技术

工业无线技术是一种本世纪初新兴的、面向设备间信息交互的无线网络技术,适合在恶劣的工业现场环境下使用,具有强抗扰、低功耗、实时通信等技术特征,是对现有无线技术在工业应用方向上的功能扩展和技术创新,并将最终转化为新的无线技术标准。本文介绍我国在工业无线技术方面的研究进展,重点介绍具有自主知识产权的工业无线网络核心技术以及相关国家标准体系的建设情况。

Clinical Trials Abroad: The Marketable Ethics, Weak Protections and Vulnerable Subjects of EU Law

This chapter explores how the EU is a largely overlooked exporter of normative power through its facilitation and use of clinical trials data produced abroad for the marketing of safe pharmaceuticals at home; a move that helps to foster the growing resort to pharmaceuticals as a fix for public health problems. This is made possible by the EU’s (de)selection of international ethical frameworks in preference to the international technical standards it co-authors with other global regulators. Clinical trials abroad underscore how ethics are contingent and revisable in light of market needs, producing weak protections for the vulnerable subjects of EU law. I argue that these components and effects of the regime are ultimately about that which undergirds, shapes and directs regulatory design. That is, I point to the use, infiltration, perpetuation and extension of market-oriented ideas, values and rationalities into formally non-market domains like biomedical knowledge production and public health. I explain how these are central to efforts at producing and legitimating the EU, its related imagined socio-political order based on a more innovative, profitable and competitive pharmaceutical sector in order to foster economic growth, jobs and prosperity, and with them the project of European integration. ‘Bioethics as risk’ is highlighted as a way to reshape and redirect the regulatory regime in ways that are more consistent with the spirit and letter of the ethical standards (and through them the human rights) the EU claims to uphold.

Projeto de uma instalação de climatização para um edifício hospitalar

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecância

Le dépôt électronique au Canada : commentaires sur le Modèle de fournisseur de services de dépôt électronique

"Des spécialistes de la Cour suprême du Canada et de la Cour fédérale du Canada, Bill MURRAY et Gary PINDER, ont entrepris d’explorer les moyens par lesquels ces institutions pourraient prendre le virage vers l’électronique pour leurs échanges et leur gestion de l’information. Deux projets ont initialement été présentés au programme Gouvernement en direct. Ces projets ont progressivement convergés jusqu’au point de n’en former qu’un seul, celui décrit dans le « Document de travail : Modèle de fournisseur de services de dépôt électronique ». Un document, avertissent ses auteurs, qui ne vise pas l’endossement d’un modèle particulier, mais plutôt l’identification des voies par lesquelles un système cohérent de dépôt électronique pourrait être mis en place au Canada. D'emblée, quatre éléments du modèle proposé apparaissent particulièrement remarquables : il offre un cadre d’ensemble plutôt qu’un projet isolé ; il s’appuie sur l’utilisation de normes techniques, « Standard as Key Enabler » écrivent-ils ; il met à profit l’entreprise privée, un partenaire capable de trouver les marchés et de les développer ; il prévoit enfin, et ce n’est pas le moindre de ses mérites, la création d’un environnement compétitif pour le dépôt électronique. Selon nous, la voie qu’ils ont tracée peut être empruntée. Ce n’est pas dire qu’il faille accepter, tels quels, tous les éléments du projet sans examiner d’autres orientations ou poursuivre certaines réflexions. Mais, dans l’ensemble, la direction est juste et nous devrions nous y engager. Nous avons choisi de suggérer des orientations, et elles convergent presque toujours avec celles adoptées par les auteurs du document de travail. Nous ne mentionnons ici que la plus centrale d’entre elles. Le projet de mettre en place un système cohérent de dépôt électronique confirme s’il était nécessaire le besoin maintes fois ressenti d’un conseil canadien de l’information juridique. Un tel conseil pourrait mener des consultations et procéder à l’adoption des normes techniques qui manquent aujourd’hui cruellement au monde juridique canadien. Le présent projet et la réflexion qu’il nous impose nous offrent peut-être l’occasion de nous doter de cet outil qui non seulement pourrait clarifier le cadre du dépôt électronique, mais aussi d’élaborer les autres normes et lignes de conduite nécessaires à notre domaine. Il reste à inviter la magistrature à examiner attentivement le projet avancé par MURRAY et PINDER. Il esquisse une approche audacieuse et nouvelle pour que nos institutions judiciaires évoluent vers une utilisation encore plus efficiente des nouveaux moyens technologiques. L’influence et l’appui éclairé de la magistrature sont essentiels au démarrage d’un tel projet. D’autres aussi auront à examiner les mérites du modèle proposé, notamment les responsables administratifs des grandes institutions judiciaires canadiennes, nous sommes certains qu’ils sauront eux aussi reconnaître les possibilités que recèle ce projet."

Derecho administrativo y autorregulación: la autorregulación regulada

El objeto de esta tesis es el análisis de la autorregulación regulada, es decir, el análisis de las normas y de los controles privados que poseen relevancia para el Derecho público. A pesar de su aparente desvinculación con el Derecho Administrativo, la autorregulación es una tendencia que se percibe cada vez con mayor nitidez; es, claramente, un fenómeno que se asocia principalmente al uso de nuevas tecnologías, pero que desborda con mucho este ámbito. La autorregulación es una noción directamente relacionada con la transformación de las formas de gobernanza impulsada desde la Unión Europea; es una nueva técnica o instrumento que las normas jurídico-públicas, a través de numerosas remisiones a la autorregulación, ponen en manos de la administración para gestionar los fines que ésta tiene encomendados. Existe, sin embargo una clara disociación entre las esperanzas puestas en la autorregulación y la falta de respuestas que ofrece el derecho positivo. Un análisis exhaustivo de la jurisprudencia y de la legislación que utilizan la voz "autorregulación" me ha llegado a concluir que este vocablo es en nuestro ordenamiento, un "término sin concepto". En esta fuentes se asimila la "autorregulación" con la capacidad de autonormación de un sujeto. Es el derecho comunitario el que la autorregulación como una alternativa o un complemento a la desreglamentación estatal y como una manifestación de un traslado de funciones y responsabilidades públicas a la sociedad. Por influencia del Derecho comunitario, el legislador pretende, a través de la autorregulación, alcanzar dos finalidades aparentemente contradictorias: (a) facilitar la función de garante que tiene atribuida el Estado, mediante una intervención más extensa i más intensa en las actividades privadas; (b) hacer efectivo los objetos propuestos con la desregulación, mediante una contención del ejercicio de la potestad reglamentaria y una disminución de los controles, preventivos o represivos, realizados directamente por la Administración. Para salvar esta contradicción, es necesario que el legislador establezca una regulación adecuada de la autorregulación. Dicha regulación es, hoy por hoy, manifiestamente insuficiente. Deberían fijarse con carácter general -y no sólo puntualmente y por sectores- las medidas adecuadas para el fomento de la autorregulación; los efectos públicos que ésta posee en cada caso y, significativamente, las garantías y controles necesarios para contrarrestar tales efectos. Esto es, los principios que rigen la actividad administrativa deberían ser aplicados también a la autorregulación en aquellos casos en los que sus diversas manifestaciones poseen efectos similares a los que son propios de los reglamentos, las inspecciones o las sanciones administrativas. Esta propuesta deja abierta la cuestión acerca de la incidencia recíproca de ambas técnicas; esto es , la incidencia de la regulación pública en la autorregulación de origen privado y, a la inversa, el impacto del desarrollo de la autorregulación regulada en el ejercicio de las potestades reglamentaria, autorizatoria, y sancionadora de la Administración. Esta cuestión sólo puede ser contestada hoy caso por caso, de modo que la respuesta es distinta si se analiza una norma técnica, un código ético, un manual de buenas prácticas, una certificación privada del cumplimiento de normas técnicas, el ejercicio de la potestad disciplinaria privada o el arbritaje. De lo que no cabe duda alguna es que ni la autorregulación es sólo una actividad de interés privado, ni la regulación pública conserva hoy sus rasgos tradicionales.

PRISM and ENES: a European approach to Earth system modelling

Europe's widely distributed climate modelling expertise, now organized in the European Network for Earth System Modelling (ENES), is both a strength and a challenge. Recognizing this, the European Union's Program for Integrated Earth System Modelling (PRISM) infrastructure project aims at designing a flexible and friendly user environment to assemble, run and post-process Earth System models. PRISM was started in December 2001 with a duration of three years. This paper presents the major stages of PRISM, including: (1) the definition and promotion of scientific and technical standards to increase component modularity; (2) the development of an end-to-end software environment (graphical user interface, coupling and I/O system, diagnostics, visualization) to launch, monitor and analyse complex Earth system models built around state-of-art community component models (atmosphere, ocean, atmospheric chemistry, ocean bio-chemistry, sea-ice, land-surface); and (3) testing and quality standards to ensure high-performance computing performance on a variety of platforms. PRISM is emerging as a core strategic software infrastructure for building the European research area in Earth system sciences. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Avaliação da conformidade de blocos cerâmicos para alvenaria de vedação produzidas na Região Integrada de Desenvolvimento da Grande Teresina

This research presents an outlook of the industries of red ceramic in the region next to the city of Teresina and an analysis of the ceramic products producted in this pole. The microregion investigated possesses 13 boroughs where were identified 32 ceramic in operation, being that 24 are located in Teresina, the ceramic region more important of Piauí, 1 is located in the city of Miguel Leão and 7 is located in Timon city that belongs to the state of Maranhão. The majority of ceramics are pulverized in these two cities, Teresina and Timon , responsible by a largely production independent of distance between fabric and consumer market. Furthermore, there is an artisanal production realized in other boroughs, mainly manual conformation bricks, where are producted diverse types of handicraft and ceramics utilitarian. The objective of this research is to evalue the conformity of ceramic blocks for brick of obstruction made by red ceramic industry of microregion at studying, verifying their pontentialities and adequacy in terms of production. In this research universe made a search of ceramic industries related to the Foundation CEPRO (Foundation Center of Research Social and Economic of Piauí). For the analysis of the ceramic products , were colected 60 crude bricks sample in three industries for their characterization, and 39 burned bricks sample for the Evaluation of Conformity. The results of the characterization made reached a accetptable standard in all formulations and temperature studied. The burned samples were applied to the geometric, physical and mechanical assays according to the ABNT standards (Brazilian Association of Technical Standards). The results of the physical assays showed that all the samples are at the same band recommended by standard. However, through the geometric assays just two industries did not present results according to the standard, due to lack of control in their process such as in their equipments. Taking into account the mechanical properties, only one industry investigated was not according to the standard

Estudo da adição de resíduo de scheelita em matriz cerâmica: formulação, propriedades físicas e microestrutura

Extractivism mineral is considered an activity highly degrading, due to the large volume of material that he moves in the form of ore and residues. The vast majority of mining companies do not show any technology or economically viable application that will allow the recycling of mineral residue, these being launched in areas receiving located the "open skies" degrade the environment. In Rio Grande do Norte to the production of ceramic red restricts their activities to the production of products such as: solid bricks, ceramic blocks, tiles, among others. Seeking to unite experiences and technical information that favor sustainable development, with important benefits to the construction sector and civil society in general, the present work studies the incorporation of the residue of scheelite in ceramic matrix kaolinitic, coming from the municipality of Boa Saúde - RN, in percentage of 5 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30% 40% and 50 %, by evaluating its microstructure, physical properties and formulation. The raw materials were characterized through the trials of X ray fluorescence, Diffraction of X rays, Differential Thermal Analysis and Termogravimetric Analysis. The samples were formed and fired at temperatures of 850o, 900o, 1000o, 1050o, 1100o, 1150o and 1200 oC, with isotherm of 1 hour and heating rate of 10 oC/min. Assays were performed technological of loss to fire, Water Absorption, Apparent Porosity, Apparent Density, Mass Loss in Fire and Bending Resistance; in addition to the Scanning Electron Microscopy, analyzing their physical and mechanical properties. The use of residue of scheelite in ceramic mass kaolinitic provided a final product with technological properties that meet the technical standards for the production of bricks and roofing tiles, with the percentage of 20% of waste that showed the best results

Formulação de bloco intertravado cerâmico com adição de resíduos urbanos e industriais

The production of waste from urban and industrial activities is one of the factors of environmental contamination and has aroused attention of the scientific community, in the sense of its reuse. On the other hand, the city of Salvador/Ba, with approximately 262 channels, responsible for storm water runoff, produces every year, by the intervention of cleaning and clearing channels, a significant volume of sediments (dredged mud), and thus an appropriate methodology for their final destination. This study aims to assess the influence of incorporation of these tailings in arrays of clay for production of interlocked block ceramic, also known as ceramic paver. All the raw materials from the metropolitan region of Salvador (RMS) were characterized by x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (TG and TDA), particle size analysis and dilatometry. With the use of statistical experimental planning technique, ternary diagram was defined in the study region and the analyzed formulations. The specimens were prepared with dimensions of 60x20x5mm³, by uniaxial pressing of 30 MPa and after sintering at temperatures of 900°, 1000º and 1100ºC the technological properties were evaluated: linear shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent specifies mass, flexural rupture and module. For the uniaxial compression strength used cylindrical probe body with Ø 50 mm. The standard mass (MP) was prepared with 90% by weight of clay and 10% by weight of Channel sediment (SCP), not being verified significant variations in the properties of the final product. With the incorporation of 10% by weight of manganese residue (PFM) and 10% by weight of the Ceramic waste (RCB) in the mass default, in addition to adjusting the plasticity due to less waste clay content, provided increased linear firing shrinkage, due the significant concentration of K2O, forming liquid phase at low temperature, contributing to decreased porosity and mechanical resistance, being 92,5 MPa maximum compressive strength verified. After extract test leachate and soluble, the piece containing 10% of the PFM, was classified as non-hazardous and inert material according to NBR10004/04 ABNT. The results showed the feasibility on using waste, SCP, RCB and PFM clay mass, at temperatures above 900ºC, paver ceramic production, according to the specifications of the technical standards, so that to exceed the 10% of the PFM, it becomes imperative to conduct studies of environmental impacts

Formulação e caracterização de pastas espumadas por incorporação de ar e estabilizantes minerais

Cementing operations may occur at various stages of the life cycle of an oil well since its construction until its definitive abandonment. There are some situations in which the interest zones are depleted or have low fracture pressure. In such cases, the adoption of lowdensity cement slurries is an efficient solution. To this end, there are basically three ways to reduce the density of cement slurries: using microspheres, water extending additives or foamed cement. The objective of this study is to formulate, to study and to characterize lowdensity foamed cement, using an air entrainment surfactant with vermiculite or diatomite as water extenders and stabilizers. The methodology consists on preparation and evaluation of the slurries under the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) guidelines. Based on calculated densities between 13 and 15 ppg (1.559 and 1.799 g/cm3), the slurries were prepared with fixed surfactant concentration, varying the concentrations of vermiculite and diatomite and were compared with the base slurries. The results of plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength and the compressive strength for 24 h showed that the slurries presented suitable rheology and mechanical strength for cementing operations in oil wells, and had their densities reduced between 8.40 and 11.89 ppg (1.007 and 1.426 g/cm3). The conclusion is that is possible, under atmospheric conditions, to obtain light weighted foamed cement slurries with satisfactory rheological and mechanical properties by means of air entrainment and mineral additions with extenders and stabilizers effects. The slurries have great potential for cementing operations; applicability in deep wells, in low fracture gradient formations and in depleted zones and bring cost savings by reducing the cementing consumption

Performance comparativa entre R290/R600a (50:50) e R134a para drop-in em refrigerador doméstico

This research this based on the seminar on Use of Natural Fluids in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Systems conducted in 2007 in Sao Paulo. The event was inserted in the National Plan for Elimination of CFCs, coordinated by the Ministry of Environment and implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The objective of this research is analyze the performance of the hydrocarbons application as zeotropic mixtures in domestic refrigerator and validate the application of technical standards for pull down and cycling (on-off) tests to the mixture R290/R600a (50:50) in domestic refrigerator. It was first developed an computational analysis of R290/R600a (50:50) compared to R134a and other mass fractions of the hydrocarbons mixtures in the standard ASHRAE refrigeration cycle in order to compare the operational characteristics and thermodynamic properties of fluids based on the software REFPROP 6.0. The characteristics of the Lorenz cycle is presented as an application directed to zeotropic mixtures. Standardized pull down and cycling (on-off) tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the hydrocarbons mixture R290/R600a (50:50) as a drop-in alternative to R134a in domestic refrigerator of 219 L. The results showed that the use of R290/R600a (50:50) with a charge of refrigerant reduced at 53% compared to R134a presents reduced energy performance than R134a. The COP obtained with hydrocarbon mixture was about 13% lower compared to R134a. Pull down times in the refrigerator compartments for fluids analyzed were quite close, having been found a 4,7% reduction in pull down time for the R290/R600a compared to R134a, in the freezer compartment. The data indicated a higher consumption of electric current from the refrigerator when operating with the R290/R600a. The values were higher than about 3% compared to R134a. The charge of 40 g of R290/R600a proved very low for the equipment analyzed

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de padrão de torque para calibração de torquímetros em três faixas de medição

The continuous development of instruments and equipment used as tools or torque measurement in the industry is demanding more accurate techniques in the use of this kind instrumentation, including development of metrological characteristics in torque measurement. The same happens with the needs in calibration services. There is a diversity of methods of hand torque tools in the market with different measuring range but without complaining with technical standards in terms of requirements of quality and reliability. However, actually there is no choice of a torque measuring standard that fulfils, with low cost, the needs for the calibration of hand torque tools in a large number of ranges. The objective of this thesis is to show the development and evaluation of a torque measuring standard device with a conception to allow the calibration of hand torque tools with three levels of torque with an single instrument, promoting reduction of costs and time in the calibration, also offering reliability for the evaluation of torque measuring instrument. To attend the demand in the calibration of hand torque tools it is necessary that the calibration laboratories have a big collection of torque measuring standards, to fulfills the needs of the costumer, what is very costly. The development of this type of torque measuring standard revealed a viable technique and economically making possible the calibration of hand torque tools in different nominal ranges through a single measurement system versatile, efficient and of easy operation

Influência do teor e granulometria da calcita e da temperatura de sinterização no desenvolvimento de massas cerâmicas para revestimento poroso(BIII)

This work aims at studying the influence of the concentration of calcite, its grain size and sintering temperature to obtain porous coating formulations that meet the design specifications. The experiments involved the physical-chemical and mineralogical caracterization of the raw materials, and mechanical tests on specimens dried and sintered, performing a planning mixture and factorial experiment, using the response surface methodology. The ceramic bodies studied were prepared by dry process, characterized, placed in conformity by uniaxial pressing and sintered at temperatures of 940 º C, 1000ºC, 1060ºC, 1120°C and 1180°C using a fast-firing cycle. The crystalline phases formed during sintering at temperatures under study, revealed the presence of anorthite and wolastonite, and quartz-phase remaining. These phases were mainly responsible for the physical and mechanical properties of the sintered especimens. The results shown that as increases the participation of carbonate in the composition of ceramic bodies there is an increase of water absorption and a slight reduction in linear shrinkage for all sintering temperatures. As for the mechanical strength it was observed that it tended to decrease for sintering at temperatures between 940 ° C and 1060 ° C and to increase for sintering at temperatures above 1060 ° C occurring with greater intensity for compositions with higher content of calcite. The resistence decreased with increasing participation of quartz in all sintering temperatures. The decrease in grain size of calcite caused a slight increase in water absorption for formulation with the same concentration of carbonate, remaining virtually unchanged the results of linear shrinkage and mechanical strength. In conclusion, porous ceramic coating (BIII) can be obtained using high concentrations of calcite and keeping the properties required in technical standards and that the particle size of calcite can be used as tuning parameter for the properties of ceramic products.

O tratamento cartográfico da informação em saúde do trabalhador

Apesar do reconhecimento da importância dos conhecimentos geográficos e do uso das ferramentas de análise espacial nos estudos da saúde coletiva, esse é um campo ainda pouco explorado pelos pesquisadores brasileiros. em levantamento realizado nas principais revistas científicas que veiculam os resultados de pesquisa em saúde do trabalhador, verificou-se o grande predomínio do uso de tabelas e gráficos como meio de organizar e apresentar os resultados obtidos, e o número reduzido de mapas. Para isso foram examinados todos os artigos publicados em quatro periódicos (Revista de Saúde Pública, Cadernos de Saúde Pública, Revista Saúde e Sociedade e Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia) no período de 1967 a 2009. Uma vez analisado o conjunto de artigos selecionados no estudo, aqueles que utilizaram representações cartográficas receberam atenção especial. Verificou-se que, embora ainda pouco utilizadas, as ferramentas do geoprocessamento e da geoestatística com suporte em SIG abrem um campo de novas possibilidades no uso da cartografia temática em saúde do trabalhador no Brasil. Contudo, recomenda-se para os editores das revistas científicas o detalhamento de normas técnicas para publicação de figuras cartográficas, assim como a elaboração de pareceres específicos que possam auxiliar os autores em vista das modificações necessárias para a melhoria da qualidade da comunicação visual de mapas e da correlação espacial por meio do tratamento cartográfico.