Manutenção preventiva de um edifício hospitalar

Os Hospitais, equipamentos de interesse público, são edifícios cujos desempenho e disponibilidade das suas instalações e equipamentos podem comprometer a prestação de cuidados de saúde, pelo que nestes estabelecimentos, a Manutenção Preventiva assume um papel relevante. Nesse sentido, pretendeu-se nesta dissertação definir uma estratégia específica que permita efectuar o planeamento da manutenção preventiva de um edifício hospitalar, enquanto infraestrutura para desenvolvimento da actividade clínica. Para tal, foi efectuada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, com a qual se identificaram conceitos de manutenção e requisitos a serem tidos em conta na manutenção de edifícios hospitalares. Foi efectuada uma caracterização genérica do objecto de manutenção, limitada no âmbito desta dissertação às principais componentes dos sistemas de construção e das instalações de águas e esgotos, que podem integrar um edifício hospitalar actual, atendendo às especificações e recomendações técnicas vigentes para este tipo de edifícios. Foram identificados os objectivos e requisitos de manutenção nestes edifícios, estabelecidos pelas condições de funcionamento pretendidas, pelos critérios de durabilidade exigidos pelo Dono de Obra, pelo nível de desempenho funcional requerido para as suas componentes e pelo grau de operacionalidade imposto nas suas diferentes unidades funcionais. Tendo em consideração que a criticidade de uma componente não depende só do contexto operacional da área funcional em se insere mas também das consequências que o seu estado de funcionamento pode acarretar para a unidade funcional. Foi exemplificada a análise dos modos de falha, sua criticidade e seus efeitos para hierarquização do risco associado nas componentes estudadas. As fichas exemplificativas dos planos de manutenção preventiva, que se apresentam no âmbito desta dissertação para algumas componentes básicas, integram acções e procedimentos que derivam de uma análise aos seus modos de falha e seus efeitos, bem como de recomendações técnicas exigências da regulamentação em vigor.

A avaliação de impacte ambiental em Portugal: análise exploratória às pedreiras da região Norte

Mestrado em Engenharia Geotécnica e Geoambiente

Projeto de uma instalação de climatização para um edifício hospitalar

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecância

Tecnologia de revestimentos em zinco e cobre na envolvente exterior de edifícios

Mestrado em Engenharia Civil – ramo Tecnologia e Gestão das Construções

Introduction : la normalisation des services dans la mondialisation

This book examines the role of technical standards in the regulation of services at the international level. It brings together scholarship in international political economy, French regulation theory, and economic sociology in order to discuss the following questions: Which services are most likely to be internationalised and what actors are the most concerned by the phenomenon? What is the relationship between the internationalisation of services and their institutional environment? What is more particularly the role of technical standards in delivering and using services? The introductory chapter presents a comprehensive analysis of cutting edge research on these questions. It argues that technical standards shape new forms of collective action and transnational authority. The chapter suggests some hypotheses for a new research agenda.

Quand les normes font loi : topologie intégrée et processus différenciés de la normalisation internationale

International standardisation refers to voluntary technical specifications pertaining to the production and exchange of goods and services across borders. The paper outlines a theoretical framework which spells out the contention of emerging hybrid forms of non state authority in the global realm. It argues that international standardisation is confronted with a deep rift between promoters of further socialisation of international standards (i.e. a transfer of the universal scope of law into the official framework of standard-setting bodies) and multinational corporations in favour of globalisation of technical standards (i.e. universal recognition of minimal sectorial market-based standards). The problems related to the development of a possible ISO standard of system management in corporate social responsibility provides evidence of the argument.

Conclusion : les usages possibles et contestables des normes et des institutions dans l'internationalisation des services

The conclusion of this volume on technical standards in the regulation of services reviews the authors' contributions to understanding the relation between tertiarisation, internationalisation and standardisation from three distinct perspectives : theoretical, institutional, and sectorial. It argues that conventional views on conditions for standardisation and internationalisation of service activities are overly restrictive, making them dependent on sectorial and institutional specificity. In emphasizing the possible and contestable uses of service standards, the volume opens a critical debate on service offshoring, underlining the social and historical constructions of its transnational logic.

Usability of computerized nursing process from the ICNP® in intensive care units

OBJECTIVE To analyze the usability of Computerized Nursing Process (CNP) from the ICNP® 1.0 in Intensive Care Units in accordance with the criteria established by the standards of the International Organization for Standardization and the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards of systems. METHOD This is a before-and-after semi-experimental quantitative study, with a sample of 34 participants (nurses, professors and systems programmers), carried out in three Intensive Care Units. RESULTS The evaluated criteria (use, content and interface) showed that CNP has usability criteria, as it integrates a logical data structure, clinical assessment, diagnostics and nursing interventions. CONCLUSION The CNP is a source of information and knowledge that provide nurses with new ways of learning in intensive care, for it is a place that provides complete, comprehensive, and detailed content, supported by current and relevant data and scientific research information for Nursing practices.

Stream Stabilization in Western Iowa: Structure Evaluation and Design Manual, HR-385, 1998

Stream degradation is the action of deepening the stream bed and widening the banks due to the increasing velocity of water flow. Degradation is pervasive in channeled streams found within the deep to moderately deep loess regions of the central United States. Of all the streams, however, the most severe and widespread entrenchment occurs in western Iowa streams that are tributaries to the Missouri River. In September 1995 the Iowa Department of Transportation awarded a grant to Golden Hills Resource Conservation and Development, Inc. The purpose of the grant, HR-385 "Stream Stabilization in Western Iowa: Structure Evaluation and Design Manual", was to provide an assessment of the effectiveness and costs of various stabilization structures in controlling erosion on channeled streams. A review of literature, a survey of professionals, field observations and an analysis of the data recorded on fifty-two selected structures led to the conclusions presented in the project's publication, Design Manual, Streambed Degradation and Streambank Widening in Western Iowa. Technical standards and specifications for the design and construction of stream channel stabilization structures are included in the manual. Additional information on non-structural measures, monitoring and evaluation of structures, various permit requirements and further resources are also included. Findings of the research project and use and applications of the Design Manual were presented at two workshops in the Loess Hills region. Participants in these workshops included county engineers, private contractors, state and federal agency personnel, elected officials and others. The Design Manual continues to be available through Golden Hills Resource Conservation and Development.

Normalisation et dimension culturelle des délocalisations de services : les cas du Maroc et de l'Inde

Cette thèse explore le rôle de la normalisation technique dans les délocalisations de services en Inde et au Maroc. La recherche appréhende le phénomène en opposant explicitement ou implicitement deux modèles. Un modèle serviciel dans lequel les activités de services sont difficilement délocalisables parce que non-mesurables ; un modèle industriel qui articule des activités de services mesurables par les normes techniques et susceptibles d'être délocalisés dans les pays du Sud à bas salaires. Notre thèse s'interroge sur la manière dont les relations Nord-Sud peuvent s'appréhender au sein de cette dichotomie et propose une réflexion épistémologique sur les représentations culturelles induites au sein de ce cadrage. A partir d'une perspective qui combine les apports de l'économie politique culturelle, la sociologie économique et les études postcoloniales au sein de l'économie politique internationale, elle mobilise trois catégories (la normalisation technique, l'imaginaire économique, la qualité). Ces catégories nous permettent de suggérer la centralité des enjeux de pouvoirs dans la définition de ce que sont les activités de services. L'analyse empirique suggère que les délocalisations de services au Maroc et en Inde expriment des réalités plus poreuses et plus dynamiques que la dichotomie entre modèle serviciel et modèle industriel laisse entendre. Elle met en évidence la capacité d'agir des acteurs des pays du Sud et suggère que les normes techniques ont une fonction politique à travers leurs fonctions de mesure. Abstract This thesis explores the role of technical standards in offshore outsourcing in India and Morocco. Current research captures the phenomenon while opposing explicitly or implicitly two models of production. A service-based model in which service activities are difficult to relocate because they are non-measurable; an industrial model that articulates service activities measured with technical standards and that may be outsourced to developing countries with low wages. Our thesis questions how North-South relations can be grasped within this dichotomy and offers an epistemologica! reflection on cultural representations induced within this framework. From a perspective that combines the contributions of cultural political economy, economic sociology and postcolonial studies in international political economy, it mobilizes three categories (technical standardization, the economic imaginary and quality). These categories allow us to suggest the centrality of power issues in the definition of service activities. The empirical analysis suggests that offshoring of services in Morocco and India express more porous and dynamic realities than the dichotomy suggested between a service model and an industrial model. It highlights the ability of the actors to act in the South and suggests that technical standards have a political function through their measurement functions.

Percutaneous biopsy through the foramen ovale for parasellar lesions: surgical anatomy, method, and indications.

Knowledge of the pathological diagnosis before deciding the best strategy for treating parasellar lesions is of prime importance, due to the relative high morbidity and side-effects of open direct approaches to this region, known to be rich in important vasculo-nervous structures. When imaging is not evocative enough to ascertain an accurate pathological diagnosis, a percutaneous biopsy through the transjugal-transoval route (of Hartel) may be performed to guide the therapeutic decision.The chapter is based on the authors' experience in 50 patients who underwent the procedure over the ten past years. There was no mortality and only little (mostly transient) morbidity. Pathological diagnosis accuracy of the method revealed good, with a sensitivity of 0.83 and a specificity of 1.In the chapter the authors first recall the surgical anatomy background from personal laboratory dissections. They then describe the technical procedure, as well as the tissue harvesting method. Finally they define indications together with the decision-making process.Due to the constraint trajectory of the biopsy needle inserted through the Foramen Ovale, accessible lesions are only those located in the Meckel trigeminal Cave, the posterior sector of the cavernous sinus compartment, and the upper part of the petroclival region.The authors advise to perform this percutaneous biopsy method when imaging does not provide sufficient evidence of the pathological nature of the lesion, for therapeutic decision. Goal is to avoid unnecessary open surgery or radiosurgery, also inappropriate chemo-/radio-therapy.

A novel set of DIP-STR markers for improved analysis of challenging DNA mixtures.

Currently available molecular biology tools allow forensic scientists to characterize DNA evidence found at crime scenes for a large variety of samples, including those of limited quantity and quality, and achieve high levels of individualization. Yet, standard forensic markers provide limited or no results when applied to mixed DNA samples where the contributors are present in very different proportions (unbalanced DNA mixtures). This becomes an issue mostly for the analysis of trace samples collected on the victim or from touched objects. To this end, we recently proposed an innovative type of genetic marker, named DIP-STR that relies on pairing deletion/insertion polymorphisms (DIP) with standard short tandem repeats (STR). This novel compound marker allows detection of the minor DNA contributor in a DNA mixture of any gender and cellular origin with unprecedented resolution (beyond a DNA ratio of 1:1000). To provide a novel analytical tool useful in practice to common forensic laboratories, this article describes the first set of 10 DIP-STR markers selected according to forensic technical standards. The novel DIP-STR regions are short (between 146 and 271 bp), include only highly polymorphic tri-, tetra- and pentanucleotide tandem repeats and are located on different chromosomes or chromosomal arms to provide statistically independent results. This novel set of DIP-STR can target the amplification of 0.03-0.1 ng of DNA when mixed with a 1000-fold excess of major DNA. DIP-STR relative allele frequencies are estimated based on a survey of 103 Swiss individuals. Finally, this study provides an estimate of the occurrence of informative alleles and a calculation of the corresponding random match probability of the detected minor DIP-STR genotype assessed across 10,506 pairwise conceptual mixtures.

Testes de desempenho de eletrodos: eletrodos de referência

This paper is designed to divulge some tests found in books, articles and international technical standards, by means of which it is possible to evaluate the performance of reference electrode widely used in potentiometric and voltammetric methods. The reference potential (Eref), junction resistance (Rj), the ability of keeping up the potential when current is flowing (polarizability), and of generating junction potentials (Ej) are applied to some commercial electrodes. The results obtained are amply discussed and some corrective procedures are suggested when the electrode fails.

Le dépôt électronique au Canada : commentaires sur le Modèle de fournisseur de services de dépôt électronique

"Des spécialistes de la Cour suprême du Canada et de la Cour fédérale du Canada, Bill MURRAY et Gary PINDER, ont entrepris d’explorer les moyens par lesquels ces institutions pourraient prendre le virage vers l’électronique pour leurs échanges et leur gestion de l’information. Deux projets ont initialement été présentés au programme Gouvernement en direct. Ces projets ont progressivement convergés jusqu’au point de n’en former qu’un seul, celui décrit dans le « Document de travail : Modèle de fournisseur de services de dépôt électronique ». Un document, avertissent ses auteurs, qui ne vise pas l’endossement d’un modèle particulier, mais plutôt l’identification des voies par lesquelles un système cohérent de dépôt électronique pourrait être mis en place au Canada. D'emblée, quatre éléments du modèle proposé apparaissent particulièrement remarquables : il offre un cadre d’ensemble plutôt qu’un projet isolé ; il s’appuie sur l’utilisation de normes techniques, « Standard as Key Enabler » écrivent-ils ; il met à profit l’entreprise privée, un partenaire capable de trouver les marchés et de les développer ; il prévoit enfin, et ce n’est pas le moindre de ses mérites, la création d’un environnement compétitif pour le dépôt électronique. Selon nous, la voie qu’ils ont tracée peut être empruntée. Ce n’est pas dire qu’il faille accepter, tels quels, tous les éléments du projet sans examiner d’autres orientations ou poursuivre certaines réflexions. Mais, dans l’ensemble, la direction est juste et nous devrions nous y engager. Nous avons choisi de suggérer des orientations, et elles convergent presque toujours avec celles adoptées par les auteurs du document de travail. Nous ne mentionnons ici que la plus centrale d’entre elles. Le projet de mettre en place un système cohérent de dépôt électronique confirme s’il était nécessaire le besoin maintes fois ressenti d’un conseil canadien de l’information juridique. Un tel conseil pourrait mener des consultations et procéder à l’adoption des normes techniques qui manquent aujourd’hui cruellement au monde juridique canadien. Le présent projet et la réflexion qu’il nous impose nous offrent peut-être l’occasion de nous doter de cet outil qui non seulement pourrait clarifier le cadre du dépôt électronique, mais aussi d’élaborer les autres normes et lignes de conduite nécessaires à notre domaine. Il reste à inviter la magistrature à examiner attentivement le projet avancé par MURRAY et PINDER. Il esquisse une approche audacieuse et nouvelle pour que nos institutions judiciaires évoluent vers une utilisation encore plus efficiente des nouveaux moyens technologiques. L’influence et l’appui éclairé de la magistrature sont essentiels au démarrage d’un tel projet. D’autres aussi auront à examiner les mérites du modèle proposé, notamment les responsables administratifs des grandes institutions judiciaires canadiennes, nous sommes certains qu’ils sauront eux aussi reconnaître les possibilités que recèle ce projet."

Derecho administrativo y autorregulación: la autorregulación regulada

El objeto de esta tesis es el análisis de la autorregulación regulada, es decir, el análisis de las normas y de los controles privados que poseen relevancia para el Derecho público. A pesar de su aparente desvinculación con el Derecho Administrativo, la autorregulación es una tendencia que se percibe cada vez con mayor nitidez; es, claramente, un fenómeno que se asocia principalmente al uso de nuevas tecnologías, pero que desborda con mucho este ámbito. La autorregulación es una noción directamente relacionada con la transformación de las formas de gobernanza impulsada desde la Unión Europea; es una nueva técnica o instrumento que las normas jurídico-públicas, a través de numerosas remisiones a la autorregulación, ponen en manos de la administración para gestionar los fines que ésta tiene encomendados. Existe, sin embargo una clara disociación entre las esperanzas puestas en la autorregulación y la falta de respuestas que ofrece el derecho positivo. Un análisis exhaustivo de la jurisprudencia y de la legislación que utilizan la voz "autorregulación" me ha llegado a concluir que este vocablo es en nuestro ordenamiento, un "término sin concepto". En esta fuentes se asimila la "autorregulación" con la capacidad de autonormación de un sujeto. Es el derecho comunitario el que la autorregulación como una alternativa o un complemento a la desreglamentación estatal y como una manifestación de un traslado de funciones y responsabilidades públicas a la sociedad. Por influencia del Derecho comunitario, el legislador pretende, a través de la autorregulación, alcanzar dos finalidades aparentemente contradictorias: (a) facilitar la función de garante que tiene atribuida el Estado, mediante una intervención más extensa i más intensa en las actividades privadas; (b) hacer efectivo los objetos propuestos con la desregulación, mediante una contención del ejercicio de la potestad reglamentaria y una disminución de los controles, preventivos o represivos, realizados directamente por la Administración. Para salvar esta contradicción, es necesario que el legislador establezca una regulación adecuada de la autorregulación. Dicha regulación es, hoy por hoy, manifiestamente insuficiente. Deberían fijarse con carácter general -y no sólo puntualmente y por sectores- las medidas adecuadas para el fomento de la autorregulación; los efectos públicos que ésta posee en cada caso y, significativamente, las garantías y controles necesarios para contrarrestar tales efectos. Esto es, los principios que rigen la actividad administrativa deberían ser aplicados también a la autorregulación en aquellos casos en los que sus diversas manifestaciones poseen efectos similares a los que son propios de los reglamentos, las inspecciones o las sanciones administrativas. Esta propuesta deja abierta la cuestión acerca de la incidencia recíproca de ambas técnicas; esto es , la incidencia de la regulación pública en la autorregulación de origen privado y, a la inversa, el impacto del desarrollo de la autorregulación regulada en el ejercicio de las potestades reglamentaria, autorizatoria, y sancionadora de la Administración. Esta cuestión sólo puede ser contestada hoy caso por caso, de modo que la respuesta es distinta si se analiza una norma técnica, un código ético, un manual de buenas prácticas, una certificación privada del cumplimiento de normas técnicas, el ejercicio de la potestad disciplinaria privada o el arbritaje. De lo que no cabe duda alguna es que ni la autorregulación es sólo una actividad de interés privado, ni la regulación pública conserva hoy sus rasgos tradicionales.