Ten basic factors to identify suitable subcontractors for construction projects

With unpredictable workloads and a need for a multitude of specialized skills, many main contractors rely heavily on subcontracting to reduce their risks (Bresnen et al., 1985; Beardsworth et al., 1988). This is especially the case In Hong Kong, where the average direct labour content accounts for only around 1% of the total contract sum (Lai, 1987). Extensive usage of subcontracting is also reported in many other countries, including the UK (Gray and Flanagan, 1989) and Japan (Bennett et al., 1987). In addition, and depending upon the scale and complexity of works, it is not uncommon for subcontractors to further sublet their works to lower tier(s) subcontractors. Richter and Mitchell (1982) argued that main contractors can obtain a higher profit margin by reducing their performance costs by subcontracting work to those who have the necessary resources to perform the work more efficiently and economically. Subcontracting is also used strategically to allow firms to employ a minimum work force under fluctuating demand (Usdiken and Sözen, 1985). Through subcontracting, the risks of main contractors are also reduced, as errors in estimating or additional costs caused by delays or extra labour requirements can be absorbed by the subcontractors involved (Woon and Ofori, 2000). Despite these benefits, the quality of work can suffer when incapable or inexperienced subcontractors are employed. Additional problems also exist in the form of bid shopping, unclear accountability, and high fragmentation (Palaneeswaran et al., 2002). A recent CIB TG 23 International Conference, October 2003, Hong Kong report produced by the Hong Kong Construction Industry Review Committee (CIRC) points to development of a framework to help distinguish between capable and incapable subcontractors (Tang, 2001). This paper describes research aims at identifying and prioritising criteria for use in such a framework.

Relationship between head contractors and subcontractors in the construction industry : a critical review

The interaction between head contractor and subcontractor in modern construction often contributes to the degree of success or failure of any large-scale construction project. In this paper, previous research on the relationship and interaction between head contractor and subcontractor is examined in order to establish how these relationships will affect the overall performance of a project. Based on the review, research questions on how to best manage the interaction and relationship between these two vital project participants are proposed and future research direction discussed.

Outsourcing risk -the regulation of occupational health and safety where subcontractors are employed

The subcontracting out of production tasks and services is not a new phenomenon, but from the late 1970s, and more especially over the last 15years, the practice-now frequently referred to as outsourcing-has grown substantially across a range of industries in most industrialized countries.Recent surveys undertaken in the United States,Europe,and Australia have all identified a rapid increase in outsourcing/subcontracting, especially amongst large private and public sector organizations. The Second Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey found that the number of contractors, agency workers, outworkers, and volunteers had increased by almost 40% in the last 5 years to 1997 with contracting out more common in the public sector than the private sector. Outsourcing has become a major tool by which large organizations have sought to increase competitiveness/cut costs, bypass regulatory controls, and secure more flexible employment arrangements.

Statutory occupational health and safety workplace arrangements for the modern labour market

Over the past 20 years there has been a significant refashioning of the labour market within Australia and other industrialised countries. This paper examines the implications of the growth of more flexible work arrangements for mechanisms designed to facilitate worker involvement in occupational health and safety at the workplace—a pivotal feature of post-Robens OHS legislation in Australia. It is argued that the growth of subcontracting, casual and home-based work has undermined both coverage and the effectiveness of these provisions, especially in a context where union membership and influence has also been declining. Looking at international experience, the paper examines a number of ways of remedying these deficiencies.

Supply chain regulation to protect the occupational health and safety of vulnerable workers

The last two decades have witnessed a fragmentation of previously integrated systems of production and service delivery with the advent of boundary-less, networked and porous organisational forms. This trend has been associated with the growth of outsourcing and increased use of contingent workers. One consequence of these changes is the development of production/service delivery systems based on complex national and international networks of multi-tiered subcontracting increasingly labelled as supply chains. A growing body of research indicates that subcontracting and contingent work arrangements affect design and decision-making processes in ways that can seriously undermine occupational health and safety (OHS). Elaborate supply chains also present a regulatory challenge because legal responsibility for OHS is diffused amongst a wider array of parties, targeting key decision-makers is more difficult, and government agencies encounter greater logistical difficulties trying to safeguard contingent workers. In a number of industries these problems have prompted new forms of regulatory intervention, including mechanisms for sheeting legal responsibility to the top of supply chains, contractual tracking devices and increasing industry, union and community involvement in enforcement. After describing the problems just alluded to this paper examines recent efforts to regulate supply chains to safeguard OHS in the United Kingdom and Australia.

Australian health and safety inspectors’ perceptions and actions in relation to changed work arrangements

Extensive international research points to an association between changed work arrangements, especially those commonly labelled as contingent work, with adverse occupational health and safety (OHS) outcomes. Research also indicates these work arrangements have weakened or bypassed existing OHS and workers’ compensation regulatory regimes. However, there has been little if any research into how OHS inspectors perceive these issues and how they address them during workplace visits or investigations. Between 2003 and 2007 research was undertaken that entailed detailed documentary and statistical analysis, extended interviews with 170 regulatory managers and inspectors, and observational data collected while accompanying inspectors on 118 ‘typical’ workplace visits. Key findings are that inspectors responsible for a range of industries see altered work arrangements as a serious challenge, especially labour hire (agency work) and subcontracting. Though the law imposes clear obligations, inspectors identified misunderstanding/blameshifting and poor compliance amongst parties to these arrangements. The complexity of these work arrangements also posed logistical challenges to inspectorates.

Resale in Auctions with Financial Constraints

This paper analyzes auctions where bidders face nancial constraints that may force them to resell part of the property of the good (or subcontract part of a project) at a resale market. First we show that the ine¢ cient speculative equilibria of second- price auctions (Garratt and Tröger, 2006) generalizes to situations with partial resale where only the high value bidder is nancially constrained. However, when all players face nancial constraints the ine¢ cient speculative equilibria disappear. Therefore, for auctioning big facilities or contracts where all bidders are nancially constrained and there is a resale market, the second price auction remains a simple and appropriate mechanism to achieve an e¢ cient allocation.

Bricks vs. clicks: Which is better for marketing remanufactured products?

The economical and environmental benefits are the central issues for remanufacturing. Whereas extant remanufacturing research focuses primarily on such issues in remanufacturing technologies, production planning, inventory control and competitive strategies, we provide an alternative yet somewhat complementary approach to consider both issues related to different channels structures for marketing remanufactured products. Specifically, based on observations from current practice, we consider a manufacturer sells new units through an independent retailer but with two options for marketing remanufactured products: (1) marketing through its own e-channel (Model M) or (2) subcontracting the marketing activity to a third party (Model 3P). A central result we obtain is that although Model M is always greener than Model 3P, firms have less incentive to adopt it because both the manufacturer and retailer may be worse off when the manufacturer sells remanufactured products through its own e-channel rather than subcontracting to a third party. Extending both models to cases in which the manufacturer interacts with multiple retailers further reveals that the more retailers in the market, the greener Model M relative to Model 3P.

Barriers to Subcontracted Labor Productivity in Urban Development Projects: An On-site Project Management Perspective

Considering the confined and complex nature of urban construction projects, labor productivity is one of the key factors attributing to project success. With the proliferation of sub-contracted labor, there is a necessity to consider the ramifications of this practice to the sector. This research aims to outline how project managers can optimise productivity levels of sub-contracted labor in urban construction projects, by addressing the barriers that most restrict these efficiency levels. A qualitative research approach is employed, incorporating semi-structured interviews based on three case studies from an urban context. The results are scrutinised using mind mapping software and accompanying analytical techniques. The findings from this research indicate that the effective on-site management of sub-contracted labor has a significant impact on the degree of success of an urban development project. The two core barriers to sub-contracted labor productivity are; 1) ineffective supervision of sub-contracted labor, and 2) lack of skilled sub-contracted labor. The implication of this research is that on-site project management play an integral role in the level of productivity achieved by sub-contracted labor in urban development projects. Therefore, on-site management situated in urban, confined construction sites, are encouraged to take heed of the findings herein and address the barriers documented. The value of this research is obtained through consideration of the critical factors; construction management professionals can mitigate such barriers, in order to optimise subcontracted labor productivity on-site.

Laser Driven Nuclear Physics at ELI–NP

High power lasers have proven being capable to produce high energy γ-rays, charged particles and neutrons, and to induce all kinds of nuclear reactions. At ELI, the studies with high power lasers will enter for the first time into new domains of power and intensities: 10 PW and 10^23 W/cm^2. While the development of laser based radiation sources is the main focus at the ELI-Beamlines pillar of ELI, at ELI-NP the studies that will benefit from High Power Laser System pulses will focus on Laser Driven Nuclear Physics (this TDR, acronym LDNP, associated to the E1 experimental area), High Field Physics and QED (associated to the E6 area) and fundamental research opened by the unique combination of the two 10 PW laser pulses with a gamma beam provided by the Gamma Beam System (associated to E7 area). The scientific case of the LDNP TDR encompasses studies of laser induced nuclear reactions, aiming for a better understanding of nuclear properties, of nuclear reaction rates in laser-plasmas, as well as on the development of radiation source characterization methods based on nuclear techniques. As an example of proposed studies: the promise of achieving solid-state density bunches of (very) heavy ions accelerated to about 10 MeV/nucleon through the RPA mechanism will be exploited to produce highly astrophysical relevant neutron rich nuclei around the N~126 waiting point, using the sequential fission-fusion scheme, complementary to any other existing or planned method of producing radioactive nuclei.

The studies will be implemented predominantly in the E1 area of ELI-NP. However, many of them can be, in a first stage, performed in the E5 and/or E4 areas, where higher repetition laser pulses are available, while the harsh X-ray and electromagnetic pulse (EMP) environments are less damaging compared to E1.

A number of options are discussed through the document, having an important impact on the budget and needed resources. Depending on the TDR review and subsequent project decisions, they may be taken into account for space reservation, while their detailed design and implementation will be postponed.

The present TDR is the result of contributions from several institutions engaged in nuclear physics and high power laser research. A significant part of the proposed equipment can be designed, and afterwards can be built, only in close collaboration with (or subcontracting to) some of these institutions. A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) is currently under preparation with each of these key partners as well as with others that are interested to participate in the design or in the future experimental program.

Projeto de internacionalização de uma microempresa do setor de venda de componentes de elevadores

Trabalho de Projeto de Mestrado apresentado ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Empreendedorismo e Internacionalização sob orientação da Doutora Celsa Maria Carvalho Machado

Reabilitação da Envolvente e Estrutura do Edifício da Piscina de Vila Nova de Cerveira

O presente relatório de estágio foi elaborado no âmbito da unidade curricular de DIPRE (Dissertação/Projeto/Estágio), que se encontra no plano de estudos do 2º semestre do 2º ano do Mestrado em Engenharia Civil, no ramo de Construções do Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto. Este documento faz referência ao estágio que se desenvolveu em ambiente empresarial na Telhabel Construções S.A. durante um período de seis meses. Nesse período foi me dada a oportunidade de acompanhar a obra de Reabilitação e Beneficiação do Edifício das Piscinas Municipais de Vila Nova de Cerveira. Numa primeira fase, o estágio foi desenvolvido no departamento de Subempreitadas da empresa, onde foi possível obter um primeiro contacto com os projetos da obra. Este período teve uma duração de cerca de 1 mês. Na segunda fase do estágio foi-me confiada a função de Diretor de Obra Adjunto, o que permitiu um acompanhamento mais direto da obra e uma participação mais ativa em todos os componentes da obra. Neste relatório procurou-se descrever algumas técnicas e soluções construtivas utilizadas na intervenção realizada. O relatório inicia-se com a fundamentação teórica que pretende dar a conhecer alguns conceitos teóricos, de forma a proporcionar uma melhor compressão do caso de estudo. A segunda parte deste relatório faz referência à aplicação dessas técnicas e soluções. Como no desenvolvimento do estágio tive oportunidade de ter uma intervenção bastante direta e ativa, será feita também uma referência a algumas situações onde esta participação foi mais notada. Este edifício, cuja arquitetura data a década de 90 do século passado, é tido como uma referência em Vila Nova de Cerveira, uma vez que se trata de um edifício com grande presença e singularidade a nível arquitetónico. Na intervenção que se realizou foram poucas as especialidades e zonas do edifício que não sofreram qualquer tipo de intervenção. Contudo, este relatório teve como grande foco a intervenção e o tratamento a que a estrutura metálica foi alvo. Este enfoque justifica-se com base na complexidade e importância que esta intervenção teve na globalidade da obra.

La protection des créances des sous-traitants dans le domaine de la construction

La sous-traitance est une pratique constante dans le domaine de la construction, en raison de ses atouts économiques et techniques. Par cette pratique, les sous-traitants effectuent des travaux sans être, sur le plan juridique, liés contractuellement au maître de l’ouvrage. Comment assurer le paiement de leurs créances, eu égard au risque de défaillance de l'entrepreneur. Le législateur a prévu un régime légal de protection et la pratique a élaboré des mécanismes. Le régime légal, bien qu’il assure efficacement la protection des créances des sous-traitants, comporte certaines faiblesses dans son application qui peuvent causer des inconvénients aux sous-traitants et au propriétaire. L’assurance de titres et des retenues de fonds par l’institution financière ou le notaire peuvent pallier ces difficultés pour le propriétaire. Les mécanismes de protection élaborés par la pratique, tels que le cautionnement et les garanties monétaires, accroissent la protection des sous-traitants lorsqu’ils sont utilisés parallèlement au régime légal et profitent au propriétaire.

La sous-traitance « boomerang » : l’influence des relations industrielles sur l’internalisation d’activités manufacturières confiées en sous-traitance

Au cours de la dernière décennie, le secteur manufacturier québécois a subi d’importantes transformations. La mondialisation ayant amené les entreprises à restructurer leurs activités, 96% des établissements manufacturiers québécois ont choisi d’avoir recours à la sous-traitance (Jalette, 2004). Or, nous savons que l’octroi de contrats en sous-traitance est un processus qui se révèle parfois décevant pour les entreprises. En raison de l’évolution de certains facteurs organisationnels internes ou externes qui contribue à changer le contexte au sein duquel les décisions de sous-traitance avaient été prises initialement (ex. : augmentation des coûts de main-d’œuvre et de transport, changements technologiques), il arrive que les entreprises renversent les décisions de sous-traitance par une décision d’internalisation (OCDE, 2013). Le concept d’internalisation réfère ici à l’action d’une entreprise de ramener vers un établissement des activités de production qui avaient été antérieurement transférées en dehors de celui-ci, et ce, que ce soit en raison d’une sous-traitance d’activités à une entreprise indépendante ou d’une délocalisation au sein d’un autre établissement de l’entreprise (Jalette & Chevance, 2008). La présente étude a pour objectif d’expliquer la décision managériale d’internalisation par le biais des dynamiques sociales inhérentes aux relations industrielles, en allant au-delà des seuls facteurs économiques. L’effet sur l’internalisation de quatre variables indépendantes liées aux relations industrielles est étudié, soit la capacité stratégique du syndicat local, la solidarité interne de l’acteur syndical local et sa solidarité externe, ainsi que le climat des relations patronales-syndicales. La typologie des positions syndicales de Jalette (2005), le modèle des ressources de pouvoir syndicales de Lévesque et Murray (2003) et les travaux de Dastmalchian (2008) traitant du climat des relations industrielles constituent le cadre théorique de cette recherche. La présente étude utilise des données recueillies dans le cadre d’une enquête par questionnaire réalisée en 2005 auprès de présidents de syndicats locaux affiliés à la CSD et à la FTQ qui œuvrent dans le secteur manufacturier québécois. L’étude révèle que 24% des syndicats locaux sondés ont vécu l’internalisation d’activités antérieurement sous-traitées dans les deux années précédentes au sondage. De plus, les résultats sont à l’effet que les chances d’internalisation d’activités augmentent lorsque plusieurs stratégies et actions visant l’internalisation sont adoptées par le syndicat local, lorsque la vie syndicale d’un syndicat local s’améliore et lorsque le temps de libération syndicale d’un syndicat local augmente. Toutefois, les chances d’internalisation d’activités diminuent lorsque le rapport de force d’un syndical local augmente. L’internalisation d’activités diminue également lorsque le climat des relations du travail se détériore. Bref, les résultats de cette recherche montrent que les syndicats n’ont pas qu’à subir la mondialisation et que, par leurs actions, ils sont à même d’en influencer le cours, notamment en favorisant l’internalisation d’activités antérieurement confiées en sous-traitance.

A Negotiation Style Recommender Based on Computational Ecology in Open Negotiation Environments

The system described herein represents the first example of a recommender system in digital ecosystems where agents negotiate services on behalf of small companies. The small companies compete not only with price or quality, but with a wider service-by-service composition by subcontracting with other companies. The final result of these offerings depends on negotiations at the scale of millions of small companies. This scale requires new platforms for supporting digital business ecosystems, as well as related services like open-id, trust management, monitors and recommenders. This is done in the Open Negotiation Environment (ONE), which is an open-source platform that allows agents, on behalf of small companies, to negotiate and use the ecosystem services, and enables the development of new agent technologies. The methods and tools of cyber engineering are necessary to build up Open Negotiation Environments that are stable, a basic condition for predictable business and reliable business environments. Aiming to build stable digital business ecosystems by means of improved collective intelligence, we introduce a model of negotiation style dynamics from the point of view of computational ecology. This model inspires an ecosystem monitor as well as a novel negotiation style recommender. The ecosystem monitor provides hints to the negotiation style recommender to achieve greater stability of an open negotiation environment in a digital business ecosystem. The greater stability provides the small companies with higher predictability, and therefore better business results. The negotiation style recommender is implemented with a simulated annealing algorithm at a constant temperature, and its impact is shown by applying it to a real case of an open negotiation environment populated by Italian companies