MECHANISM OF UPREGULATION OF PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE SYNTHESIS DURING PICORNAVIRUS INFECTION AND ITS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VIRAL REPLICATION ORGANELLES

Picornaviruses are a group of human and animal pathogens capable of inflicting serious public health diseases and economic burdens. Treatments options through vaccines for prevention or antivirals to cure infection are not available for the vast majority of these viruses. These shortcomings, in the development of vaccines or antivirals therapeutic, are linked to the genetic diversity and to an incomplete understanding of the biology of these viruses. Despite the diverse host range, this group of positive-strand RNA viruses shares the same replication mechanisms, including the development of membranous structures (replication organelles) in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The development of these membranous structures, which serve as sites for the replication of the viral RNA genome, has been linked to the hijacking of elements of the cellular membrane metabolism pathways. Here we show that upon picornavirus infection, there is a specific activation of acyl-CoA synthetase enzymes resulting in strong import and accumulation of long chain fatty acids in the cytoplasm of infected cells. We show that the newly imported fatty acids serve as a substrate for the upregulation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis required for the structural development of replication organelles. In this work, we identified that acyl-CoA synthetase long chain 3 (ACSL3) is required for the upregulation of lipids syntheses and the replication of poliovirus. We have shown that the poliovirus protein 2A was required but not sufficient for the activation of import of long chain fatty acids in infected cells. We demonstrated that the fatty acid import is upregulated upon infection by diverse picornaviruses and that such upregulation is not dependent on activation of ER stress response or the autophagy pathways. In this work, we have demonstrated that phosphatidylcholine was required for the structural development of replication organelles. Phosphatidylcholine synthesis was dispensable for the production of infectious particles at high MOI but required at a low MOI for the protection of the replication complexes from the cellular innate immunity mechanisms.

Analysis of mangrove forest succession, using sediment cores: a case study in the Cananéia -Iguape coastal system, São Paulo Brazil

Sediment cores are an essential tool for the analysis of the dynamics of mangrove succession. Coring was used to correlate changes in depositional environments and lateral sedimentary facies with discrete stages of forest succession at the Cananéia-Iguape Coastal System in southeastern Brazil. A local level successional pattern was examined based on four core series T1) a sediment bank; T2) a smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora bank; T3) an active mangrove progradation fringe dominated by Laguncularia racemosa, and; T4) a mature mangrove forest dominated by Avicennia schaueriana. Cores were macroscopically described in terms of color, texture, sedimentary structure and organic components. The base of all cores exhibited a similar pattern suggesting common vertical progressive changes in depositional conditions and subsequent successional colonization pattern throughout the forest. The progradation zone is an exposed bank, colonized by S. alterniflora. L. racemosa, replaces S. alterniflora as progradation takes place. As the substrate consolidates A. schaueriana replaces L. racemosa and attains the greatest structural development in the mature forest. Cores collected within the A. schaueriana dominated stand contained S. alterniflora fragments near the base, confirming that a smooth cordgrass habitat characterized the establishment and early seral stages. Cores provide a reliable approach to describe local-level successional sequences in dynamic settings subject to drivers operating on multiple temporal and spatial scales where spatial heterogeneity can lead to multiple equilibria and where similar successional end-points may be reached through convergent paths.

Os faróis da sociedade de informação: uma análise crítica sobre a situação da competência em informação no Brasil

This paper presents and reviews the recommendations done by experts during the specialists meeting held in the city of Alexandria, Egypt, in the end of 2005 and, according to this information, the Brazilian situation is analyzed. Internationalization and institutionalization of information literacy and lifelong learning as essential factors to the development of the nations are also explored. Beacons of the Information Society translate the vision and concepts involved. In Brazil, the actions around information literacy are not a consensus. The challenges to be faced include: to discover forms to foster and to appropriately disseminate national and local knowledge, to advance discussions and deepen the subject, to discover adequate alternatives for disseminating information practices that encompass distinct professional groups and populations, to overcome structural development gaps. As a matter that permeates each and every process of learning, research, development, problem-solving and decision-making, information literacy went beyond the boundaries of librarianship and transformed itself into a world transdiciplinary movement, even under the aegis of different denominations and emphasis.

Virtual plants - integrating architectural and physiological models

Recent advances in computer technology have made it possible to create virtual plants by simulating the details of structural development of individual plants. Software has been developed that processes plant models expressed in a special purpose mini-language based on the Lindenmayer system formalism. These models can be extended from their architectural basis to capture plant physiology by integrating them with crop models, which estimate biomass production as a consequence of environmental inputs. Through this process, virtual plants will gain the ability to react to broad environmental conditions, while crop models will gain a visualisation component. This integration requires the resolution of the fundamentally different time scales underlying the approaches. Architectural models are usually based on physiological time; each time step encompasses the same amount of development in the plant, without regard to the passage of real time. In contrast, physiological models are based in real time; the amount of development in a time step is dependent on environmental conditions during the period. This paper provides a background on the plant modelling language, then describes how widely-used concepts of thermal time can be implemented to resolve these time scale differences. The process is illustrated using a case study. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Slaking, dispersion, and crust formation

Soil structure is generally defined as the arrangement, orientation, and organization of the primary particles of sand, silt, and clay into compound aggregates, which exhibit properties that are unequal to the properties of a mass of nonaggregated material with a similar texture.6 Therefore the nature of soil structure is that it conveys specific properties to the soil and any alteration, i.e., breakdown or structural development, to the soil structural units will affect the physical properties of the soil. The aggregation and organization of the soil particles tend to form a hierarchical order4, 5 where the lower orders tend to have higher densities and greater internal strength than the higher orders. A schematic diagram of the hierarchical nature of soil structural elements in a clay soil is given in Fig. 1.4 Clay particles tend to form domains (packets of parallel clay sheets, generally consisting of 5-7 sheets), in turn several domains form clusters, followed by several orders of clusters, micro- and macroaggregates. The hierarchical nature implies that the destruction of a lower order will result in the destruction of all higher hierarchical orders. An example is the dispersion of sodic clay domains which results in the destruction of all higher orders, resulting in a dense soil with low hydraulic conductivity. Hence the clay domains are the fundamental building blocks of the soil and its integrity may determine the soil's physical properties and behavior.

Alpha-tocopherol prevents intrauterine undernutrition-induced oligonephronia in rats

The role of alpha-tocopherol during nephrogenesis was investigated in rats subjected to maternal undernutrition, which reduces the number of nephrons. alpha-tocopherol (350 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered daily to well-nourished or malnourished Wistar dams during pregnancy, or to prenatal undernourished rats during lactation. The kidneys of 1- and 25-day-old offspring were removed to evaluate expression of angiotensin II (Ang II) and to correlate this with expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, alpha-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin and vimentin in the glomeruli and tubulointerstitial space. One-day-old prenatally undernourished rats had reduced expression of Ang II and of kidney development markers, and presented with an enlarged nephrogenic zone. Maternal administration of alpha-tocopherol restored the features of normal kidney development in undernourished rats. Twenty-five-day-old prenatally undernourished progeny had fewer glomeruli than the control group. Conversely, animals from mothers that received alpha-tocopherol during lactation presented with the same number of glomeruli and the same glomerular morphometrical profile as the control group. Analyzing the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the liver in conjunction with kidney development markers, it is plausible that alpha-tocopherol had antioxidant and non-antioxidant actions. This study provides evidence that alpha-tocopherol treatment restored Ang II expression, and subsequently restored renal structural development.

Desenvolvimento de simulador para orçamentação de infraestruturas elétricas

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo de Energia

Developmental and metabolic brain alterations in rats exposed to bisphenol A during gestation and lactation.

In recent years, considerable research has focused on the biological effect of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Bisphenol A (BPA) has been implicated as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) due to its ability to mimic the action of endogenous estrogenic hormones. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of perinatal exposure to BPA on cerebral structural development and metabolism after birth. BPA (1mg/l) was administered in the drinking water of pregnant dams from day 6 of gestation until pup weaning. At postnatal day 20, in vivo metabolite concentrations in the rat pup hippocampus were measured using high field proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Further, brain was assessed histologically for growth, gross morphology, glial and neuronal development and extent of myelination. Localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) showed in the BPA-exposed rat a significant increase in glutamate concentration in the hippocampus as well as in the Glu/Asp ratio. Interestingly these two metabolites are metabolically linked together in the malate-aspartate metabolic shuttle. Quantitative histological analysis revealed that the density of NeuN-positive neurons in the hippocampus was decreased in the BPA-treated offspring when compared to controls. Conversely, the density of GFAP-positive astrocytes in the cingulum was increased in BPA-treated offspring. In conclusion, exposure to low-dose BPA during gestation and lactation leads to significant changes in the Glu/Asp ratio in the hippocampus, which may reflect impaired mitochondrial function and also result in neuronal and glial developmental alterations.

Toimintajärjestelmien harmonisointi kansainvälisessä rakennustuotealan yrityksessä

Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena on määritellä ja antaa suuntaviivat yhtenäisen, harmonisoidun toimintajärjestelmän luomiseksi kansainvälisessä rakennustuotealan yrityksessä. Toimintajärjestelmä tarkoittaa tässä työssä laatujärjestelmän ISO 9001 sekä ympäristöjärjestelmän ISO 14001 muodostamaa kokonaisuutta. Lähtökohtaisesti yrityksessä on useita hajautettuja toimintajärjestelmiä. Tarkoituksena on antaa kehitysehdotus yhtenäisen kokonaisratkaisun toteuttamisesta järkevässä mittakaavassa. Työssä tutkitaan, millainen toimintajärjestelmä soveltuisi parhaiten yrityksen toimintaan tällä hetkellä ja lähitulevaisuudessa. Tutkimus on tehty sisäisen ja ulkoisen esikuva-analyysin sekä yrityksen sisällä luotujen toimintajärjestelmävaihtoehtojen avulla. Sisäinen esikuva-analyysi toteutettiin yhteistyössä kahden sisäisen yksikön kanssa. Ulkoisessa esikuva-analyysissä oli mukana neljä ulkoista yhteistyökumppania. Yrityksen sisällä luodut toimintajärjestelmävaihtoehdot käsittelevät erilaisia sertifiointiratkaisuja ja vaihtoehtoja arvioidaan SWOT-analyysillä yhdessä ulkoisesta esikuva-analyysistä saatujen tuloksien avulla. Työssä otetaan lisäksi kantaa toimintajärjestelmän dokumenttien hallintaan ja toimintajärjestelmän kehittämiseen. Työn tulosten perusteella voidaan nähdä, että toimintajärjestelmän sertifiointi tulevaisuudessa tapahtuisi parhaiten liiketoimintaryhmittäin. Toimintajärjestelmän sähköistä dokumenttien hallintaa tulisi tehostaa ja toimintajärjestelmästä tulisi olla liityntäpinta yrityksen toiminnanohjausjärjestelmään. Toimintajärjestelmän dokumenttien siirrettävyys eri organisaatiotasoille tehostuu yhtenäisen sähköisen järjestelmän myötä ja yrityksen virallisen kielen käyttämistä voitaisiin laajentaa toimintajärjestelmädokumentaatiossa. Järjestelmän rakenteellinen kehittäminen toteutettaisiin kehittämistoimenpiteinä organisaatiossa alhaalta ylöspäin, konsernitason ohjeistus huomioiden.

Parle-t-on de territoire en aménagement du territoire? : la construction des enjeux en contexte de planification collaborative

Le débat public en aménagement du territoire constitue un exercice paradoxal. Bien qu’il fasse nominalement référence au territoire, ce débat public aborde cet objet de façon superficielle. Ce mémoire aborde cette problématique en explorant les utilisations de la notion de territoire formulées dans le cadre d’un exercice de consultation publique sur un projet de revitalisation à Montréal, soit le Programme particulier d’urbanisme du Quartier des spectacles – Pôle du Quartier latin, est étudié. L’analyse se décline en deux étapes. Le sens accordé à la position géographique du Quartier latin et ses répercussions sur les dynamiques d’aménagement à long terme (structurales) sont s’abord explorées. Ensuite, les discours des intervenants au débat public sont analysés à l’aide d’une loupe poststructuraliste. Nos résultats démontrent qu’une majorité de participants ne considèrent pas le territoire comme construction sociale. Toutefois, les intervenants qui adoptent le point de vue contraire ont tendance à adopter une position plus critique face au projet. Ce constat remet en question les fondements de l’intervention proposée par les autorités municipales et, plus largement, interroge la prise en compte du concept de territoire en contexte de planification collaborative et post-collaborative.

Descripción de la estructura organizacional del área de responsabilidad empresarial de Ecopetrol

Este artículo tiene como objetivo documentar, mediante el uso de la descripción, el funcionamiento y desarrollo estructural del área de responsabilidad social empresarial de la compañía colombiana de petróleos Ecopetrol S.A. El trabajo se fundamenta a partir de la definición de variables como: Historia y evolución del área, plataforma estratégica, división y coordinación de trabajo. Realizando esta detallada descripción, un análisis de su funcionamiento y buscando una comprensión de sus relaciones con todas las demás divisiones de la empresa; así como, un entendimiento de la sinergia con sus grupos de interés, se conocerán los impactos que genera. Con ello se puede organizar un marco descriptivo que permita aclarar la actividad de un área de RSE; examinando los paralelos con otras empresas que harán posible, en un futuro, entender los modelos de creación y funcionamiento para otras compañías.

SANS/WANS time-resolving neutron scattering studies of polymer phase transitions using NIMROD

We use new neutron scattering instrumentation to follow in a single quantitative time-resolving experiment, the three key scales of structural development which accompany the crystallisation of synthetic polymers. These length scales span 3 orders of magnitude of the scattering vector. The study of polymer crystallisation dates back to the pioneering experiments of Keller and others who discovered the chain-folded nature of the thin lamellae crystals which are normally found in synthetic polymers. The inherent connectivity of polymers makes their crystallisation a multiscale transformation. Much understanding has developed over the intervening fifty years but the process has remained something of a mystery. There are three key length scales. The chain folded lamellar thickness is ~ 10nm, the crystal unit cell is ~ 1nm and the detail of the chain conformation is ~ 0.1nm. In previous work these length scales have been addressed using different instrumention or were coupled using compromised geometries. More recently researchers have attempted to exploit coupled time-resolved small-angle and wide-angle x-ray experiments. These turned out to be challenging experiments much related to the challenge of placing the scattering intensity on an absolute scale. However, they did stimulate the possibility of new phenomena in the very early stages of crystallisation. Although there is now considerable doubt on such experiments, they drew attention to the basic question as to the process of crystallisation in long chain molecules. We have used NIMROD on the second target station at ISIS to follow all three length scales in a time-resolving manner for poly(e-caprolactone). The technique can provide a single set of data from 0.01 to 100Å-1 on the same vertical scale. We present the results using a multiple scale model of the crystallisation process in polymers to analyse the results.

Proveniência das rochas metassedimentares do Cinturão Araguaia com base em datações Pb-Pb em zircão e idades-modelo Sm-Nd

Este trabalho apresenta dados geocronológicos ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb de grãos detríticos de zircão obtidos pelo método de evaporação de chumbo e idades-modelo Sm-Nd (T_DM) de rochas metassedimentares do Cinturão Araguaia, e discute as possíveis áreas-fonte dessas rochas, buscando investigar a história evolutiva deste cinturão no contexto da amalgamação do Gondwana. As datações em grãos detríticos de zircão de quartzitos da Formação Morro do Campo apontaram idades arqueanas (3,0-2,65 Ga) para o domínio norte (região de Xambioá) e, para o domínio sul (região de Paraíso do Tocantins), revelaram idades meso-neoproterozoicas (1,25-0,85 Ga) e, secundariamente, paleoproterozoicas (1,85-1,70 Ga), sugerindo a existência de áreas fontes distintas para os dois domínios. As idades-modelo Sm-Nd (T_DM) obtidas em metapelitos (ardósias, filitos, micaxistos) dos grupos Estrondo e Tocantins apresentaram distribuição bimodal com maior frequência de idades entre 2,1 e 1,4 Ga, com moda entre 1,7 e 1,6 Ga, e outras menos frequentes entre 2,7 e 2,4 Ga, sugerindo mistura de fontes de idade Paleoproterozoica (ou até Arqueana) com fontes mais jovens, provavelmente do Meso-Neoproterozoico. Os principais candidatos a fonte para as rochas do Cinturão Araguaia seriam os segmentos crustais situados a sudeste (Cráton São Francisco, Maciço de Goiás e Arco Magmático de Goiás). Toda a sucessão de rochas sedimentares da bacia oceânica Araguaia e rochas magmáticas associadas a estes segmentos foram transportados, posteriormente, em direção à margem oriental do Cráton Amazônico, durante a tectônica principal de estruturação do Cinturão Araguaia, resultante da amalgamação do supercontinente Gondwana.

O compositor na sala de aula: sonoridades contemporâneas para educação musical

Pós-graduação em Música - IA

Diretrizes para o desenvolvimento e a avaliação de blogs de biblioteca

Blogging become popular due to its ease of use and publication, which influences the growth of digital information environments. Therefore, studies are needed to optimize the organization of information in the blog, to contribute in its development. Using the direct observation of nonparticipatory, analysis was performed on 6 blogs of university libraries to identify the elements of Information Architecture (IA) that is considered essential and optional for the structural development of a blog. Thus, were conducted planning guidelines for blogs and a model for its evaluation, and were proposed specific elements of IA for blogs, to contribute to the study of Digital Information Architecture.