Individual decision-making by top executives as a valuable resource for strategic management – A resource-based view and dynamic capability approach

Strategy is highly important for organisational success and the achievement of competitive advantage. Strategy is dynamic and it depends on accurate individual decision-making from medium and high-level managers and executives. Since managers always formulate strategy, its formulation depends mostly on their assertive decisions. Making good decisions is a complex task, even more in today’s business world where a large quantity of information and a dynamic environment forces people to decide without having complete information. As Shafir, Simonson, & Tversky (1993) point out, "the making of decisions, both big and small, is often difficult because of uncertainty and conflict". In this paper the author will explain a basic theoretical framework about top manager's individual decision-making, showing how complex the process of making high-impact decisions is; then, he will compare this theory with one of the most important streams in strategic management, the Resource-Based View (RBV) of the firm. Finally, within the context of individual decision-making and the RBV stream, the author will show how individual decision makers in top management positions constitute a valuable, rare, non-imitable and non-substitutable resource that provides sustained competitive advantage.

The Kepler-454 system: a small, not-rocky inner planet, a Jovian world, and a distant companion

<p>Kepler-454 (KOI-273) is a relatively bright (V = 11.69 mag), Sun-like star that hosts a transiting planet candidate in a 10.6 day orbit. From spectroscopy, we estimate the stellar temperature to be 5687 ± 50 K, its metallicity to be [m/H] = 0.32 ± 0.08, and the projected rotational velocity to be v sin i &lt;2.4 km s^-1. We combine these values with a study of the asteroseismic frequencies from short cadence Kepler data to estimate the stellar mass to be , the radius to be 1.066 ± 0.012 R_o, and the age to be Gyr. We estimate the radius of the 10.6 day planet as 2.37 ± 0.13 R_⊕. Using 63 radial velocity observations obtained with the HARPS-N spectrograph on the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo and 36 observations made with the HIRES spectrograph at the Keck Observatory, we measure the mass of this planet to be 6.8 ± 1.4 M_⊕. We also detect two additional non-transiting companions, a planet with a minimum mass of 4.46 ± 0.12 M_J in a nearly circular 524 day orbit and a massive companion with a period &gt;10 years and mass &gt;12.1 M_J. The 12 exoplanets with radii ⊕ and precise mass measurements appear to fall into two populations, with those ⊕ following an Earth-like composition curve and larger planets requiring a significant fraction of volatiles. With a density of 2.76 ± 0.73 g cm^-3, Kepler-454b lies near the mass transition between these two populations and requires the presence of volatiles and/or H/He gas.</p>

The HARPS-N Rocky Planet Search. I. HD 219134 b: A transiting rocky planet in a multi-planet system at 6.5 pc from the Sun

We know now from radial velocity surveys and transit space missions thatplanets only a few times more massive than our Earth are frequent aroundsolar-type stars. Fundamental questions about their formation history,physical properties, internal structure, and atmosphere composition are,however, still to be solved. We present here the detection of a systemof four low-mass planets around the bright (V = 5.5) and close-by (6.5pc) star HD 219134. This is the first result of the Rocky Planet Searchprogramme with HARPS-N on the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo in La Palma.The inner planet orbits the star in 3.0935 ± 0.0003 days, on aquasi-circular orbit with a semi-major axis of 0.0382 ± 0.0003AU. Spitzer observations allowed us to detect the transit of the planetin front of the star making HD 219134 b the nearest known transitingplanet to date. From the amplitude of the radial velocity variation(2.25 ± 0.22 ms-1) and observed depth of the transit(359 ± 38 ppm), the planet mass and radius are estimated to be4.36 ± 0.44 M⊕ and 1.606 ± 0.086R⊕, leading to a mean density of 5.76 ± 1.09 gcm-3, suggesting a rocky composition. One additional planetwith minimum-mass of 2.78 ± 0.65 M⊕ moves on aclose-in, quasi-circular orbit with a period of 6.767 ± 0.004days. The third planet in the system has a period of 46.66 ± 0.08days and a minimum-mass of 8.94 ± 1.13 M⊕, at0.233 ± 0.002 AU from the star. Its eccentricity is 0.46 ±0.11. The period of this planet is close to the rotational period of thestar estimated from variations of activity indicators (42.3 ± 0.1days). The planetary origin of the signal is, however, thepreferredsolution as no indication of variation at the corresponding frequency isobserved for activity-sensitive parameters. Finally, a fourth additionallonger-period planet of mass of 71 M⊕ orbits the starin 1842 days, on an eccentric orbit (e = 0.34 ± 0.17) at adistance of 2.56 AU.The photometric time series and radial velocities used in this work areavailable in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr(ftp://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/584/A72

THE SPECTRAL EVOLUTION AND EJECTA OF RECURRENT NOVA U Sco IN THE 2010 OUTBURST

Synoptic spectroscopic observations of the U Sco 2010 outburst from maximum light to quiescence as well as a contemporaneous X-ray observation are presented and analyzed. The X-ray spectrum 52 days after outburst indicates a hot source ( kT(bb) similar to 70 eV). Narrow-line components from the irradiated companion atmosphere were observed in hydrogen and helium optical recombination lines. The formation of a nebular spectrum is seen for the first time in this class of recurrent novae, allowing a detailed study of the ejecta using photoionization models. Unusual [O III] auroral-to-nebular line ratios were found and possible scenarios of their origin are discussed. The modeling of the emission line spectrum suggests highly heterogeneous ejecta with masses around or above 3 x 10(-6) M(sun).

Photometric variability of the Be star CoRoT-ID 102761769

Context. Classical Be stars are rapid rotators of spectral type late O to early A and luminosity class V-III, which exhibit Balmer emission lines and often a near infrared excess originating in an equatorially concentrated circumstellar envelope, both produced by sporadic mass ejection episodes. The causes of the abnormal mass loss (the so-called Be phenomenon) are as yet unknown. Aims. For the first time, we can now study in detail Be stars outside the Earth's atmosphere with sufficient temporal resolution. We investigate the variability of the Be Star CoRoT-ID 102761769 observed with the CoRoT satellite in the exoplanet field during the initial run. Methods. One low-resolution spectrum of the star was obtained with the INT telescope at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos. A time series analysis was performed using both cleanest and singular spectrum analysis algorithms to the CoRoT light curve. To identify the pulsation modes of the observed frequencies, we computed a set of models representative of CoRoT-ID 102761769 by varying its main physical parameters inside the uncertainties discussed. Results. We found two close frequencies related to the star. They are 2.465 c d(-1) (28.5 mu Hz) and 2.441 c d(-1) (28.2 mu Hz). The precision to which those frequencies were found is 0.018 c d(-1) (0.2 mu Hz). The projected stellar rotation was estimated to be 120 km s(-1) from the Fourier transform of spectral lines. If CoRoT-ID 102761769 is a typical Galactic Be star it rotates near the critical velocity. The critical rotation frequency of a typical B5-6 star is about 3.5 c d(-1) (40.5 mu Hz), which implies that the above frequencies are really caused by stellar pulsations rather than star's rotation.

HR Del REMNANT ANATOMY USING TWO-DIMENSIONAL SPECTRAL DATA AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTOIONIZATION SHELL MODELS

The HR Del nova remnant was observed with the IFU-GMOS at Gemini North. The spatially resolved spectral data cube was used in the kinematic, morphological, and abundance analysis of the ejecta. The line maps show a very clumpy shell with two main symmetric structures. The first one is the outer part of the shell seen in H alpha, which forms two rings projected in the sky plane. These ring structures correspond to a closed hourglass shape, first proposed by Harman & O'Brien. The equatorial emission enhancement is caused by the superimposed hourglass structures in the line of sight. The second structure seen only in the [O III] and [N II] maps is located along the polar directions inside the hourglass structure. Abundance gradients between the polar caps and equatorial region were not found. However, the outer part of the shell seems to be less abundant in oxygen and nitrogen than the inner regions. Detailed 2.5-dimensional photoionization modeling of the three-dimensional shell was performed using the mass distribution inferred from the observations and the presence of mass clumps. The resulting model grids are used to constrain the physical properties of the shell as well as the central ionizing source. A sequence of three-dimensional clumpy models including a disk-shaped ionization source is able to reproduce the ionization gradients between polar and equatorial regions of the shell. Differences between shell axial ratios in different lines can also be explained by aspherical illumination. A total shell mass of 9 x 10(-4) M(circle dot) is derived from these models. We estimate that 50%-70% of the shell mass is contained in neutral clumps with density contrast up to a factor of 30.

BONA FIDE, STRONG-VARIABLE GALACTIC LUMINOUS BLUE VARIABLE STARS ARE FAST ROTATORS: DETECTION OF A HIGH ROTATIONAL VELOCITY IN HR CARINAE

We report optical observations of the luminous blue variable (LBV) HR Carinae which show that the star has reached a visual minimum phase in 2009. More importantly, we detected absorptions due to Si lambda lambda 4088-4116. To match their observed line profiles from 2009 May, a high rotational velocity of nu(rot) similar or equal to 150 +/- 20 km s(-1) is needed (assuming an inclination angle of 30 degrees), implying that HR Car rotates at similar or equal to 0.88 +/- 0.2 of its critical velocity for breakup (nu(crit)). Our results suggest that fast rotation is typical in all strong-variable, bona fide galactic LBVs, which present S-Dor-type variability. Strong-variable LBVs are located in a well-defined region of the HR diagram during visual minimum (the ""LBV minimum instability strip""). We suggest this region corresponds to where nu(crit) is reached. To the left of this strip, a forbidden zone with nu(rot)/nu(crit) > 1 is present, explaining why no LBVs are detected in this zone. Since dormant/ex LBVs like P Cygni and HD 168625 have low nu(rot), we propose that LBVs can be separated into two groups: fast-rotating, strong-variable stars showing S-Dor cycles (such as AG Car and HR Car) and slow-rotating stars with much less variability (such as P Cygni and HD 168625). We speculate that supernova (SN) progenitors which had S-Dor cycles before exploding (such as in SN 2001ig, SN 2003bg, and SN 2005gj) could have been fast rotators. We suggest that the potential difficulty of fast-rotating Galactic LBVs to lose angular momentum is additional evidence that such stars could explode during the LBV phase.

Populations III.1 and III.2 gamma-ray bursts: constraints on the event rate for future radio and X-ray surveys

Aims. We calculate the theoretical event rate of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) from the collapse of massive first-generation (Population III; Pop III) stars. The Pop III GRBs could be super-energetic with the isotropic energy up to E(iso) greater than or similar to 10(55-57) erg, providing a unique probe of the high-redshift Universe. Methods. We consider both the so-called Pop III.1 stars (primordial) and Pop III.2 stars (primordial but affected by radiation from other stars). We employ a semi-analytical approach that considers inhomogeneous hydrogen reionization and chemical evolution of the intergalactic medium. Results. We show that Pop III.2 GRBs occur more than 100 times more frequently than Pop III.1 GRBs, and thus should be suitable targets for future GRB missions. Interestingly, our optimistic model predicts an event rate that is already constrained by the current radio transient searches. We expect similar to 10-10(4) radio afterglows above similar to 0.3 mJy on the sky with similar to 1 year variability and mostly without GRBs (orphans), which are detectable by ALMA, EVLA, LOFAR, and SKA, while we expect to observe maximum of N < 20 GRBs per year integrated over at z > 6 for Pop III.2 and N < 0.08 per year integrated over at z > 10 for Pop III.1 with EXIST, and N < 0.2 for Pop III.2 GRBs per year integrated over at z > 6 with Swift.

gamma Cassiopeiae: an X-ray Be star with personality

An exciting unsolved problem in the study of high energy processes of early type stars concerns the physical mechanism for producing X-rays near the Be star gamma Cassiopeiae. By now we know that this source and several ""gamma Cas analogs"" exhibit an unusual hard thermal X-ray spectrum, compared both to normal massive stars and the non-thermal emission of known Be/X-ray binaries. Also, its light curve is variable on almost all conceivable timescales. In this study we reanalyze a high dispersion spectrum obtained by Chandra in 2001 and combine it with the analysis of a new (2004) spectrum and light curve obtained by XMM-Newton. We find that both spectra can be fit well with 3-4 optically thin, thermal components consisting of a hot component having a temperature kT(Q) similar to 12-14 keV, perhaps one with a value of similar to 2.4 keV, and two with well defined values near 0.6 keV and 0.11 keV. We argue that these components arise in discrete (almost monothermal) plasmas. Moreover, they cannot be produced within an integral gas structure or by the cooling of a dominant hot process. Consistent with earlier findings, we also find that the Fe abundance arising from K-shell ions is significantly subsolar and less than the Fe abundance from L-shell ions. We also find novel properties not present in the earlier Chandra spectrum, including a dramatic decrease in the local photoelectric absorption of soft X-rays, a decrease in the strength of the Fe and possibly of the Si K fluorescence features, underpredicted lines in two ions each of Ne and N (suggesting abundances that are similar to 1.5-3x and similar to 4x solar, respectively), and broadening of the strong NeXLy alpha and OVIII Ly alpha lines. In addition, we note certain traits in the gamma Cas spectrum that are different from those of the fairly well studied analog HD110432 - in this sense the stars have different ""personalities."" In particular, for gamma Cas the hot X-ray component remains nearly constant in temperature, and the photoelectric absorption of the X-ray plasmas can change dramatically. As found by previous investigators of gamma Cas, changes in flux, whether occurring slowly or in rapidly evolving flares, are only seldomly accompanied by variations in hardness. Moreover, the light curve can show a ""periodicity"" that is due to the presence of flux minima that recur semiregularly over a few hours, and which can appear again at different epochs.

Nasal trauma due to continuous positive airway pressure in neonates.

PATIENTS: All neonates admitted between January 2002 and December 2007 treated by nCPAP were eligible. METHODS: Patients' noses were monitored during nCPAP. Nasal trauma was reported into three stages: (I) persistent erythema; (II) superficial ulceration; and (III) necrosis. RESULTS: 989 neonates were enrolled. Mean gestational age was 34 weeks (SD 4), mean birth weight 2142 g (SD 840). Nasal trauma was reported in 420 (42.5%) patients and it was of stage I, II and III in 371 (88.3%), 46 (11%) and 3 (0.7%) patients, respectively. Incidence and severity of trauma were inversely correlated with gestational age and birth weight. The risk of nasal trauma was greater in neonates &lt;32 weeks of gestational age (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.59 to 3.86), weighing &lt;1500 g at birth (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.43 to 3.64), treated &gt;5 days by nCPAP (OR 5.36, 95% CI 3.82 to 7.52), or staying &gt;14 days in the NICU (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.28). Most cases of nasal trauma (90%) appeared during the first 6 days of nCPAP. Persistent visible scars were present in two cases. CONCLUSIONS: Nasal trauma is a frequent complication of nCPAP, especially in preterm neonates, but long-term cosmetic sequelae are very rare. This study provides a description of nasal trauma and proposes a simple staging system. This could serve as a basis to develop strategies of prevention and treatment of this iatrogenic event.

LC-MS/MS based assay and reference intervals in children and adolescents for oxysterols elevated in Niemann-Pick diseases.

BACKGROUND: Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) is a rare progressive neurodegenerative lipid storage disorder with heterogeneous clinical presentation and challenging diagnostic procedures. Recently oxysterols have been reported to be specific biomarkers for NP-C but knowledge on the intra-individual variation and on reference intervals in children and adolescents are lacking. METHODS: We established a LC-MS/MS assay to measure Cholestane-3&#946;, 5&#945;, 6&#946;-triol (C-triol) and 7-Ketocholesterol (7-KC) following Steglich esterification. To assess reference intervals and intra-individual variation we determined oxysterols in 148 children and adolescents from 0 to 18 years and repeat measurements in 19 of them. RESULTS: The reported method is linear (r>0.99), sensitive (detection limit of 0.03 ng/mL [0.07 nM] for C-triol, and 0.54 ng/mL [1.35 nM] for 7-KC) and precise, with an intra-day imprecision of 4.8% and 4.1%, and an inter-day imprecision of 7.0% and 11.0% for C-triol (28 ng/ml, 67 nM) and 7-KC (32 ng/ml, 80 nM), respectively. Recoveries for 7-KC and C-triol range between 93% and 107%. The upper reference limit obtained for C-triol is 40.4 ng/mL (95% CI: 26.4-61.7 ng/mL, 96.0 nM, 95% CI: 62.8-146.7 nM) and 75.0 ng/mL for 7-KC (95% CI: 55.5-102.5 ng/mL, 187.2 nM, 95% CI: 138.53-255.8 nM), with no age or gender dependency. Both oxysterols have a broad intra-individual variation of 46%±23% for C-triol and 52%±29% for 7-KC. Nevertheless, all Niemann-Pick patients showed increased C-triol levels including Niemann-Pick type A and B patients. CONCLUSIONS: The LC-MS/MS assay is a robust assay to quantify C-triol and 7-KC in plasma with well documented reference intervals in children and adolescents to screen for NP-C in the pediatric population. In addition our results suggest that especially the C-triol is a biomarker for all three Niemann-Pick diseases.

Severe diarrhea outbreak in beef calves (Bos indicus) caused by G6P[11], an emergent genotype of bovine rotavirus group A

The episodes of diarrhea caused by neonatal bovine rotavirus group A (BoRVA) constitute one of the major health problems in the calf rearing worldwide. The main G (VP7) and P (VP4) genotypes of BoRVA strains involved in the etiology of diarrhea in calves are G6P[1], G10P[11], G6P[5], and G8P[1]. However, less frequently, other G and P genotypes have been described in BoRVA strains identified in diarrheic fecal samples of calves. This study describes the identification and molecular characterization of an emerging genotype (G6P[11]) in BoRVA strains involved in the etiology of a diarrhea outbreak in beef calves in a cattle herd of high production in extensive management system. The diarrhea outbreak, which showed high morbidity (60%) and lethality (7%) rates, occurred in calves (n= 384) Nelore (Bos indicus) up to 30-day-old from the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. BoRVA was identified in 80% (16/20) of the fecal samples analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) technique. In all PAGE-positive fecal samples were amplified products with 1,062-bp and 876-bp in the RT-PCR assays for VP7 (G type) and VP4 (VP8*) (P type) of BoRVA, respectively. The nucleotide sequence analysis of VP7 and VP4 genes of four wild-type BoRVA strains showed G6-III P[11]-III genotype/lineage. The G6P[11] genotype has been described in RVA strains of human and animal hosts, however, in calves this genotype was only identified in some cross-sectional studies and not as a single cause of diarrhea outbreaks in calves with high morbidity and lethality rates as described in this study. The monitoring of the G and P genotypes of BoRVA strains involved in diarrhea outbreaks in calves is important for both animal and public health by allowing the identification of the most frequent genotypes, the characterization of novel genotypes and to identify reassortments with genotypes described in animal and human hosts. The results of this study show the importance of the monitoring of the genotypes of BoRVA strains involved in episodes of bovine neonatal diarrhea as for characterization of frequency of occurrence and pathogenic potential of uncommon genotypes as for monitoring of the emergency of different BoRVA genotypes not included in commercial vaccines.

A safety and feasibility study of cell therapy in dilated cardiomyopathy

The aim of this study was to determine if bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMC) transplantation is safe for moderate to severe idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC). Clinical trials have shown that this procedure is safe and effective for ischemic patients, but little information is available regarding non-ischemic patients. Twenty-four patients with IDC, optimized therapy, age 46 ± 11.6 years, 17 males, NYHA classes II-IV, and left ventricular ejection fraction <35% were enrolled in the study. Clinical evaluation at baseline and 6 months after stem cell therapy to assess heart function included echocardiogram, magnetic resonance imaging, cardiopulmonary test, Minnesota Quality of Life Questionnaire, and NYHA classification. After cell transplantation 1 patient showed a transient increase in enzyme levels and 2 patients presented arrhythmias that were reversed within 72 h. Four patients died during follow-up, between 6 and 12 weeks after therapy. Clinical evaluation showed improvement in most patients as reflected by statistically significant decreases in Minnesota Quality of Life Questionnaire (63 ± 17.9 baseline vs 28.8 ± 16.75 at 6 months) and in class III-IV NYHA patients (18/24 baseline vs 2/20 at 6 months). Cardiopulmonary exercise tests demonstrated increased peak oxygen consumption (12.2 ± 2.4 at baseline vs 15.8 ± 7.1 mL·kg-1·min-1 at 6 months) and walked distance (377.2 ± 85.4 vs 444.1 ± 77.9 m at 6 months) in the 6-min walk test, which was not accompanied by increased left ventricular ejection fraction. Our findings indicate that BMMC therapy in IDC patients with severe ventricular dysfunction is feasible and that larger, randomized and placebo-controlled trials are warranted.

Recueil de pièces originales et de copies concernant l'histoire de France, de la fin du XVIe siècle à l'année 1625.

Contient : 1 Lettre signée : « HENRY ». Adresse : « A ma mere, Mme d'Uzes ». Cette lettre commence (fol. 1) par : « Ma mere, j'ay donné charge à Mr de Turenne,... » ; 2 Lettre de « CATHERINE » DE MEDICIS à la duchesse de Nevers. Copie ; 3 Lettre, signée : « LA GUICHE », au duc de Nevers. « Au camp devant Sens, le 2 may » ; 4 Lettre, signée : « DE GONDI », au duc de Nevers. « Montsojon, ce 29 janvier 1594 » ; 5 Lettre des « deputez des XIII cantons du pays des Ligues » au duc de Nevers. « De Solleure, en Suysse, ce jour de Pentecouste 1589 » ; 6 Lettre non signée, avec chiffre et déchiffrement ; 7 Lettre, dont la signature est coupée, adressée au roi; commence (fol. 8) par : « Sire, afin d'empescher que l'armée conduite par le Marquis de Warambon ne fît aucun progres plus important au bien de vostre service, j'avois assemblé ce qu'il m'avoit esté possible de bons serviteurs et m'estois advancé vers lad. armée, qui faisoit contenance de vouloir investir Dourlens... » ; 8 Questions et réponses concernant les agissements du duc de Parme ; 9-10 Lettres de LOUIS DE GONZAGUE, duc DE NEVERS, à la duchesse de Nevers ; 11 Fragment de dépêche en clair et en chiffre ; 12 Lettre de CHARLES DE GONZAGUE et DE CLEVES, duc DE NEVERS, en faveur du Sr de Vaudargent, exempt des gardes du roy ». Adressée au « conte de Carli », peu de temps avant le mariage de Charles Ier, roi d'Angleterre, et d'Henriette de France. Minute ; 13 Requête adressée au roi Henri IV pour le Sr « DE GUYONNELLE ». Minute ; 14 Minute d'une lettre de LOUIS DE GONZAGUE, duc DE NEVERS, à la duchesse, sa femme ; 15 Lettre de CATHERINE DE CLEVES, duchesse DE GUISE, au duc de Nevers ; 16 Copie d'une lettre ; 17 « Articles du sieur DE CHAMOY, presentées à Monseigneur le mareschal de Biron, lorsqu'il receut le serment de fidelité dud. Sr, et par luy verballement accordez » ; 18 Placet ; 19 « Memoyre et advis pour le donmayne du païs de Piedmont » ; 20 Copie d'une lettre ; 21 Lettre ; 22 Fragments ; 23 « Lectres d'office de garde des sceaulx de France pour... Philippes Hurault,... de Chiverny ». Acte de HENRI III. « Donné à Fontainebleau, au mois de septembre 1578 ». Copie ; 24 Lettre, du Sr Chalmand (voir ms. 4716, fol. 108), signée d'un monogramme ; 25 Maximes de conduite, divisées par paragraphes cotés tantôt C, tantôt C. G. La première maxime, cotée C, commence (fol. 33) par : « Prenez garde de ne rire ny parler à l'oreille devant les gens sotz... ». La dernière maxime, cotée C. G., est telle : « Accarasser à part les Italiens, lorsque les François n'y sont, parler aussi quelquefois à eux, mais par intervalles » ; 26 Fragment de notes et réflexions sur la conduite à tenir par Henri III pour abattre « les huguenots » ; 27 « Memoire de quelque propos qui se passoit durant la première ligue » ; 28 « Livres envoiez au Sr Volte par Bussiere,... 19 settembre [15] 89 » ; 29-30 Lettres du duc DE NEVERS, LOUIS DE GONZAGUE, au roi Henri III. Clamecy, 11 mai 1589. Copies ; 31 Lettre du Sr DE « DINTEVILLE » au duc de Nevers. « Saincte Manehould, le 13 decembre 1590 » ; 32 Minute de lettre de LOUIS DE GONZAGUE, duc DE NEVERS ; 33-34 Lettres de CHARLES DE GONZAGUE et DE CLEVES, duc DE NEVERS, adressées, la première « à Mr Terason, [le] 8 mars 1625 », en faveur de Julio Menocchio, et la seconde « à Mr le cardinal de Savoye », en faveur du « baron de St Gilles » ; 35 Fin d'une lettre dudit duc DE NEVERS « à M. de C., chevalier de l'ordre de la Milice chrestienne et residant à Rome pour les affaires dudit ordre, au pallais de S. Jean de Latran ». Minute ; 36-37 Lettres, dont une signée d'un monogramme et l'autre non signée, de CATHERINE DE GONZAGUE et DE CLEVES, à Charles de Gonzague et de Clèves, duc de Nevers, son frère ; 38 Lettre adressée « à Mr l'archevesque de Reins », par CHARLES DE GONZAGUE et DE CLEVES, duc DE NEVERS. Minute ; 39 « Minutte d'une lettre sur la mort d'un filz » ; 40 Lettre de « CHRISTIEN NICOLAS CATTIUS, chanoine de l'eglise cathedrale de Nostre Dame d'Arras... à S. E. le duc de Nivers et de Retelos, pair de France, grand prieur de l'occident de l'ordre de la Milice christiene, à Paris » ; 41 Lettre adressée au roi Louis XIII, par CHARLES DE GONZAGUE et DE CLEVES, duc DE NEVERS, pour lui réclamer 50,000 écus, prix de quelques vaisseaux vendus par ledit duc audit roi, lesquels vaisseaux venaient d'être pris par « ceux de la religion... dans le port Louys ». Minutes ; 42 Mémoire sur les offices et sur le prix qu'ils se vendent ; 43 Lettre adressée par CHARLES DE GONZAGUE et DE CLEVES, duc DE NEVERS, « à Mr le prince de Chimay », concernant « les bois que l'on apelle du Chastelet ». Minute ; 44-45 Lettres dudit duc en faveur de l'abbesse d'Avenay, qui avait procès « contre aucuns de la ville de Chaalons, touchant la fondation d'un prieuré qu'elle y a estably ». Minutes ; 46 Fragment d'une instruction ; 47 Lettre, signée : « JOYEUSE », adressée au duc de Nevers. « De Ville sus Tourbe, ce 21 febvrier 1625 » ; 48 Lettre, signée : « VASSE », adressée au duc de Nevers ; 49 Lettre, signée : « LA FOREST BOCHETEL », adressée au duc de Nevers ; 50 Ordre adressé aux « maire et habitans du Grand et Petit Remilly » pour recevoir et loger « les compagnéez du regiment de M. le viconte de Turenne » ; 51 Minute d'une lettre de CHARLES DE GONZAGUE, duc DE NEVERS ; 52 Lettre adressée « à Mr le viconte de Brigneul » et signée : « Vostre tres humble... servante, F. DE BATARNAY » ; 53 Requête de « messire ARNAUD SORBIN, dict DE SAINCTE FOY, evesque de Nevers, demandeur en cassation de contract... contre le sieur de Revillon et sa femme, sieurs de la terre et maison des Bordes ». Adressée à « Mrs du conseil privé et d'Estat ». Pièce imprimée ; 54 Placet du gouverneur de Pignerol au duc de Nevers ; 55 Lettre adressée au duc de Nevers, signée : « LA BLANQUE » ; 56 Convention arrêtée « entre Mr de Pleuvost, gouverneur... de Vezelay, pour Mr le duc de Mayenne, et Mr de Champlemis, lieutenant general au gouvernement de Nyvernois, en l'absence de Monseigneur le duc de Nyvernois, gouverneur dud. pays et de Champaigne et Brye... Clamecy », vers le 27 septembre 1589 ; 57-58 Copies de lettres adressées par LOUIS DE GONZAGUE, duc DE NEVERS, aux habitants d'une ville de Champagne, menacés par Antoine Monbeton, seigneur de St-Pol ; 59 Lettre du Sr « DE JOYEUSE GRANDPRE » au duc de Nevers ; 60 Requête adressée au duc de Nevers par « le Sr DE GRANDPRE, gouverneur de Mouzon, et les habitans dud. Mouzon » ; 61 Lettre pleine de récriminations de HENRIETTE DE CLEVES, duchesse DE NEVERS, à sa soeur Catherine de Clèves, duchesse de Guise. Vers 1588 ? Copie ; 62 « Estat du revenu que le roy a au Piémont » ; 63 « Attestation des sindictz de Carmagnolles de ce que La Vallette a dict au commissaire et mareschal des logis de la compagnie du Sr Centurion, voullans entrer aud. Carmagnolles et y loger le tiers de lad. compagnie, selon l'intention et vouloir du roy ». 7 janvier 1572. En italien. Copie collationnée ; 64 Lettre de CHARLES DE GONZAGUE et DE CLEVES, duc DE NEVERS. Minute ; 65 Lettre du Sr « GIELIS DE VILLABOS », concernant « une entreprinse sur la Terre Sainte », pour laquelle le duc de Nevers, Ch. de G., pourra compter sur « douze navires equipées » ; 66-71 Lettres de CHARLES DE GONZAGUE et DE CLEVES, duc DE NEVERS. Minutes ; La première concerne « le baron de Bolandre » ; La seconde est adressée « à M. de Villiers » ; La troisième est adressée « à Mr le comte de Rochefort » ; La quatrième est adressée à la duchesse de Mantoue ; La cinquième est adressée « au prince don Vincent » ; La sixième est adressée au duc de Rethelois, son fils ; 72 Lettre de la reine CATHERINE DE MEDICIS au roi Henri III. « Escript à Castelnaudarry, le 4 may 1579 ». Copie ; 73 Déchiffrement d'une note adressée, semble-t-il, au duc de Nevers ; 74 Lettre de CHARLES DE GONZAGUE et DE CLEVES, duc DE NEVERS, à « Mrs d'Aubenton ». Minute ; 75 Lettre de « HUGUES, card. » DE LOUBENS DE VERDALLE, « gran maistre de Malte », au duc de Nevers. « De Malte, ce 24 juillet 1592 » ; 76 Lettre de CHARLES DE GONZAGUE et DE CLEVES, duc DE NEVERS, à « Mr de S. Pé, consul des François dans les royaume et seigneuries de Portugal », pour désavouer « l'abbé de S. Medard, nommé Rubens, qui prenait en Espagne et en Portugal la qualité d'agent de l'ordre de la Milice chretienne ». Minute ; 77 Lettre du Sr « DE JOYEUSE GRANDPRE », gouverneur de Mouzon, au duc de Nevers ; 78-80 Lettres de CHARLES DE GONZAGUE et DE CLEVES, duc DE NEVERS ; La première de ces trois lettres est adressée à « Mrs de Chaalons, sur le sujet du procez » pour « le prioré S. Joseph », procès soutenu contre eux par l'abbesse d'Avenay, Bénédicte de Gonzague-Clèves. Minute ; La seconde est adressée au roi et concerne le transport des grains hors des frontières du royaume, défendu par édit. Minute ; La troisième, dont nous n'avons ici que la fin, parle du duc de Longueville. Minute ; 81 Lettre du Sr DE « CHANTLIVAULT » au duc de Nevers ; 82 Fragment d'un mémoire qui semblait destiné à détourner le roi de l'achat de la terre de Château-Regnault (Ardennes) ; 83 Lettre de CHARLES DE GONZAGUE et DE CLEVES, duc DE NEVERS, « à Mrs de Reins ». Minute ; 84 « Forme du serment que preste le prevost des archers de la principaulté d'Arches » ; 85 Lettre de CHARLES DE GONZAGUE et DE CLEVES, duc DE NEVERS, « à Mrs les bourgsmestres de la cité de Lieges ». Minute ; 86 État de recettes sur revenus publics. Les généralités mentionnées sont Lyon, Paris, Champagne, Bourges, Poitiers, Dauphiné, Marseille, Dijon, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Tours, Caen. Fragment ; 87 Acte par lequel le roi HENRI III évoque à sa personne l'instance criminelle commencée contre Jacques de Morogues, Sr Des Landes, pour raison de l'assassinat commis en la personne de Pierre Allyot, appelé le capitaine Pierre. Après 1577. Copie ; 88 Lettre, signée d'un monogramme, adressée au duc de Nevers, Charles de Gonzague ; 89 Mémoire adressé au roi, concernant un projet d'ordonnance sur les procureurs à nommer par chaque élection, pour les causes des particuliers contre le fisc ; 90 Fin de lettre de CHARLES DE GONZAGUE, duc DE NEVERS, au duc de Mantoue ; 91 Lettre, en faveur de la ville de Varzy, des « maire, gouverneurs, eschevins et gens du conseil de la ville d'Aucerre... à Mr de Champlemiz,... D'Aucere, ce 4 octobre » ; 92 « Coppie de lectre de Mr D'OCQUERRE au duc de Nevers, « sur le sujet de la deffense de sortir grains hors le royaume » ; 93 Requête des « esleuz, manans et habitans » du « marquisat de Saluces » au roi Henri III. 1574 ? Copie ; 94 Lettre des « gouverneurs et eschevins de la ville de Sezanne » au duc de Nevers. « De Sezanne, ce 22 febvrier » ; 95 « Contrerolleurs. Thoulouse ». Minute d'un état de recettes ; 96 Lettre de « RENEE DE MARCONNAY » au duc de Nevers. « Grancey... 14 apvril 1593 » ; 97 « Abregé d'un discours faict avec [S.] S. par aulcuns de ses confidens, apres le despartement de Mr l'evesque de Paris [Pierre de Gondi] de Romme, pour ruyner la maison de France par elle-mesme et rendre ung nouveau roy vassal du pape. Trouvé es papiers et memoires de l'avocat David, avec ung advertissement à tous bons et naturelz François ». 1576

Caracterización del comportamiento emprendedor de los estudiantes de jurisprudencia de la Universidad del Rosario

Hoy en día, el emprendimiento se ha convertido en uno de los factores esenciales para promover el desarrollo y fomentar la evolución de la sociedad a nivel mundial. Enfocándonos en Colombia y más específicamente en una población delimitada, el centro de emprendimiento de la Universidad del Rosario desarrolló un estudio que permitiera medir la caracterización del perfil emprendedor de sus estudiantes, éste con el objetivo de identificar diferentes variables que inciden en el entorno de los estudiantes al momento de edificar su perfil emprendedor. Por lo anterior, esta investigación se centró en realizar un análisis de la caracterización del comportamiento del perfil emprendedor de los estudiantes de Pregrado de la Facultad de Jurisprudencia de la Universidad del Rosario, la cual permitió comprender un perfil mucho más detallado a la luz de variables identificables. Para su desarrollo, se utilizó la herramienta homologada a nivel internacional conocida como "Características del Comportamiento Emprendedor" o CCE de EMPRETEC basándose en la teoría de McClelland donde se observaron los factores motivacionales que se asocian directamente al comportamiento emprendedor. La metodología usada permitió caracterizar el comportamiento de los estudiantes de la facultad de Jurisprudencia de 1° a 10° semestre mediante la evaluación de 10 factores asociados a necesidades de logro, poder y afiliación.