In search of common grounds: Stitching the divided landscape of urban parks in Belfast's interface zones

Political and spatial contestation in divided cities contributes to strategies of self-defense that utilize physical and spatial settings to enable the constitution of social boundaries, borders and territories.
Urban parks that are designed to ease division through an open transitional landscape can instead facilitate further segregation through their spatial order and facility layout. This paper investigates the role of the spatial design and material landscape of integrated parks in Belfast interface areas as instruments of engagement or division. It does so by analyzing the spatial organization of the parks’ facilities and the resultant ‘social voids.’ Space, time and distance were found to be effective tools for the negotiation of privacy, the manifestation of power, and the interplay of dominance and self-confidence. In the context of a divided city, strong community-culture tends to reproduce new boundaries and territories within the shared landscape. Through user interviews and spatial analysis, this paper outlines the design principles that influence spatial behavior in the urban parks of contested urban landscapes. It argues that despite granting equal access to shared public facilities, social voids and physical gaps can instill practices of division that deepen territorial barriers, both psychologically and spatially.

Carl Schmitt et la critique de l’universalisme libéral

Ce mémoire porte sur la pensée politique du juriste allemand Carl Schmitt, plus précisément sur sa critique de l’universalisme libéral. Sur la base d’une analyse de ses principaux textes, nous démontrons que la pertinence de cet auteur controversé réside dans le défi renouvelé que présente son antinormativisme pour la pensée politique contemporaine. Nous soutenons qu’il y a chez Schmitt un souci constant de rattacher le droit à l’ordre concret, qu’il soit institué ou reçu. Nous démontrons ensuite comment l’antinormativisme se prolonge en droit international dans la critique de l’universalisme, entendu comme l’ambition de penser le politique à partir de l’humanité comme sujet unique. D’une perspective décisionniste, l’universalisme masque des intérêts impérialistes qu’il convient de dénoncer ; d’une perspective institutionnaliste, l’universalisme néglige l’ordre spatial concret sur lequel repose le droit international. Nous affirmons que Schmitt démontre l’importance de préserver l’autonomie de la science juridique envers la morale et la technique.

Translation Invariance in Object Recognition, and Its Relation to Other Visual Transformations

Human object recognition is generally considered to tolerate changes of the stimulus position in the visual field. A number of recent studies, however, have cast doubt on the completeness of translation invariance. In a new series of experiments we tried to investigate whether positional specificity of short-term memory is a general property of visual perception. We tested same/different discrimination of computer graphics models that were displayed at the same or at different locations of the visual field, and found complete translation invariance, regardless of the similarity of the animals and irrespective of direction and size of the displacement (Exp. 1 and 2). Decisions were strongly biased towards same decisions if stimuli appeared at a constant location, while after translation subjects displayed a tendency towards different decisions. Even if the spatial order of animal limbs was randomized ("scrambled animals"), no deteriorating effect of shifts in the field of view could be detected (Exp. 3). However, if the influence of single features was reduced (Exp. 4 and 5) small but significant effects of translation could be obtained. Under conditions that do not reveal an influence of translation, rotation in depth strongly interferes with recognition (Exp. 6). Changes of stimulus size did not reduce performance (Exp. 7). Tolerance to these object transformations seems to rely on different brain mechanisms, with translation and scale invariance being achieved in principle, while rotation invariance is not.

Well-posed two-point initial-boundary value problems with arbitrary boundary conditions

We study initial-boundary value problems for linear evolution equations of arbitrary spatial order, subject to arbitrary linear boundary conditions and posed on a rectangular 1-space, 1-time domain. We give a new characterisation of the boundary conditions that specify well-posed problems using Fokas' transform method. We also give a sufficient condition guaranteeing that the solution can be represented using a series. The relevant condition, the analyticity at infinity of certain meromorphic functions within particular sectors, is significantly more concrete and easier to test than the previous criterion, based on the existence of admissible functions.

Mobilidade: a ordem espacial dos deslocamentos urbanos numa sociedade desigual

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

RNA interference-mediated knockdown of CD49e (α5 integrin chain) in human thymic epithelial cells modulates the expression of multiple genes and decreases thymocyte adhesion

Abstract Background The thymus is a central lymphoid organ, in which bone marrow-derived T cell precursors undergo a complex process of maturation. Developing thymocytes interact with thymic microenvironment in a defined spatial order. A component of thymic microenvironment, the thymic epithelial cells, is crucial for the maturation of T-lymphocytes through cell-cell contact, cell matrix interactions and secretory of cytokines/chemokines. There is evidence that extracellular matrix molecules play a fundamental role in guiding differentiating thymocytes in both cortical and medullary regions of the thymic lobules. The interaction between the integrin α5β1 (CD49e/CD29; VLA-5) and fibronectin is relevant for thymocyte adhesion and migration within the thymic tissue. Our previous results have shown that adhesion of thymocytes to cultured TEC line is enhanced in the presence of fibronectin, and can be blocked with anti-VLA-5 antibody. Results Herein, we studied the role of CD49e expressed by the human thymic epithelium. For this purpose we knocked down the CD49e by means of RNA interference. This procedure resulted in the modulation of more than 100 genes, some of them coding for other proteins also involved in adhesion of thymocytes; others related to signaling pathways triggered after integrin activation, or even involved in the control of F-actin stress fiber formation. Functionally, we demonstrated that disruption of VLA-5 in human TEC by CD49e-siRNA-induced gene knockdown decreased the ability of TEC to promote thymocyte adhesion. Such a decrease comprised all CD4/CD8-defined thymocyte subsets. Conclusion Conceptually, our findings unravel the complexity of gene regulation, as regards key genes involved in the heterocellular cell adhesion between developing thymocytes and the major component of the thymic microenvironment, an interaction that is a mandatory event for proper intrathymic T cell differentiation.

I manoscritti miniati dell'Illustratore nella cultura figurativa del secondo quarto del XIV secolo

La tesi è dedicata alla personalità artistica dell’Illustratore, tra i protagonisti della miniatura bolognese degli anni trenta e quaranta del Trecento, così felicemente soprannominato da Roberto Longhi. Dopo un capitolo dedicato alla vicenda critica dell’artista, la tesi affronta il percorso artistico dell’Illustratore nell’ambito della decorazione libraria bolognese del secondo quarto del XIV secolo. Ho trattato le opere attribuite al’Illustratore insieme agli esempi contemporanei della miniatura bolognese, in modo da far emergere il ruolo di questo maestro nelle relazioni con il contesto cittadino. Nella successione cronologica dei manoscritti, emerge un nuovo sconvolgimento caotico che scardina l’ordine spaziale e compositivo delle opere iniziali debitrici del giottismo del Maestro del 1328. Il capitolo si conclude con alcune osservazioni sui rapporti tra il maestro e i suoi aiuti e sul rapporto con Buffalmacco. In questo capitolo sono inoltre presentate due nuove attribuzioni. Gli ultimi due capitoli sono un approfondimento sull’interazione tra il linguaggio figurativo dell’artista e la funzione dell’immagine quale forma di comunicazione visiva in stretta relazione con i testi scritti che accompagnano e sui caratteri della committenza, là dove è possibile definirli. La prima parte del terzo capitolo è dedicata all’illustrazione dei libri legales, mentre nella seconda parte si tratta di un caso particolare, le iniziali istoriate dell’Inferno e del Purgatorio di Dante Alighieri della Biblioteca Riccardiana di Firenze (ms. 1005), per molti aspetti riconducibili all’illustrazione giuridica. La mia intenzione in questo capitolo è di verificare come il caratteristico linguaggio narrativo espressivo e diretto dell’Illustratore abbia risposto alla funzione delle immagini dipinte nei codici giuridici di offrire una struttura materiale alla memorizzazione visiva per via di luoghi e figure dei contenuti di studio del diritto comune. In appendice alla tesi si trova un catalogo dei manoscritti decorati da miniature dell’Illustratore, comprensivo anche di una sezione per le opere di dubbia o erronea attribuzione.

Los territorios corporativos de la globalización

Cada período histórico puede ser visto como un orden socio-espacial, un momento de la formación socio-espacial, que requiere un esfuerzo de análisis -más complejo cada día- sobre dos importantes dimensiones. En primer lugar, podemos analizar lo que está ahí, las existencias del territorio usado, el territorio tal como es hoy utilizado a partir de una articulación de variables clave de la época; esto es, el complejo de la llamada tecnociencia, pero también con los contenidos de información y, ciertamente, los contenidos financieros. Éstas son las variables que revelan el rostro hegemónico del espacio y cuyo análisis muestra el funcionamiento de los territorios. En segundo lugar, deberíamos estar atentos al movimiento; es decir, cómo el territorio está siendo usado y cómo podría ser usado. En otras palabras, una mirada sobre las posibilidades del período histórico que vivimos, que pueden o no volverse existencias. El espacio actual, dominado por la ciencia y la técnica, cuya dinámica responde a los totalitarismos de la información y de las finanzas, podría también ser resultado de otras posibilidades y combinaciones, que comienzan tímidamente a surgir como formas de vida y de trabajo.

Los territorios corporativos de la globalización

Cada período histórico puede ser visto como un orden socio-espacial, un momento de la formación socio-espacial, que requiere un esfuerzo de análisis -más complejo cada día- sobre dos importantes dimensiones. En primer lugar, podemos analizar lo que está ahí, las existencias del territorio usado, el territorio tal como es hoy utilizado a partir de una articulación de variables clave de la época; esto es, el complejo de la llamada tecnociencia, pero también con los contenidos de información y, ciertamente, los contenidos financieros. Éstas son las variables que revelan el rostro hegemónico del espacio y cuyo análisis muestra el funcionamiento de los territorios. En segundo lugar, deberíamos estar atentos al movimiento; es decir, cómo el territorio está siendo usado y cómo podría ser usado. En otras palabras, una mirada sobre las posibilidades del período histórico que vivimos, que pueden o no volverse existencias. El espacio actual, dominado por la ciencia y la técnica, cuya dinámica responde a los totalitarismos de la información y de las finanzas, podría también ser resultado de otras posibilidades y combinaciones, que comienzan tímidamente a surgir como formas de vida y de trabajo.

Los territorios corporativos de la globalización

Cada período histórico puede ser visto como un orden socio-espacial, un momento de la formación socio-espacial, que requiere un esfuerzo de análisis -más complejo cada día- sobre dos importantes dimensiones. En primer lugar, podemos analizar lo que está ahí, las existencias del territorio usado, el territorio tal como es hoy utilizado a partir de una articulación de variables clave de la época; esto es, el complejo de la llamada tecnociencia, pero también con los contenidos de información y, ciertamente, los contenidos financieros. Éstas son las variables que revelan el rostro hegemónico del espacio y cuyo análisis muestra el funcionamiento de los territorios. En segundo lugar, deberíamos estar atentos al movimiento; es decir, cómo el territorio está siendo usado y cómo podría ser usado. En otras palabras, una mirada sobre las posibilidades del período histórico que vivimos, que pueden o no volverse existencias. El espacio actual, dominado por la ciencia y la técnica, cuya dinámica responde a los totalitarismos de la información y de las finanzas, podría también ser resultado de otras posibilidades y combinaciones, que comienzan tímidamente a surgir como formas de vida y de trabajo.

A new approach to spatial data interpolation using higher-order statistics

Interpolation techniques for spatial data have been applied frequently in various fields of geosciences. Although most conventional interpolation methods assume that it is sufficient to use first- and second-order statistics to characterize random fields, researchers have now realized that these methods cannot always provide reliable interpolation results, since geological and environmental phenomena tend to be very complex, presenting non-Gaussian distribution and/or non-linear inter-variable relationship. This paper proposes a new approach to the interpolation of spatial data, which can be applied with great flexibility. Suitable cross-variable higher-order spatial statistics are developed to measure the spatial relationship between the random variable at an unsampled location and those in its neighbourhood. Given the computed cross-variable higher-order spatial statistics, the conditional probability density function (CPDF) is approximated via polynomial expansions, which is then utilized to determine the interpolated value at the unsampled location as an expectation. In addition, the uncertainty associated with the interpolation is quantified by constructing prediction intervals of interpolated values. The proposed method is applied to a mineral deposit dataset, and the results demonstrate that it outperforms kriging methods in uncertainty quantification. The introduction of the cross-variable higher-order spatial statistics noticeably improves the quality of the interpolation since it enriches the information that can be extracted from the observed data, and this benefit is substantial when working with data that are sparse or have non-trivial dependence structures.

Spatial confinement of exciton transfer and the role of conformational order in organic nanoparticles

Organic nanoparticles consisting of single conjugated polymer chains were investigated as a function of degree of conjugation by means of single-molecule spectroscopy. The degree of conjugation was synthetically controlled. For highly conjugated chains, singlet excitons are efficiently funneled over nanometer distances to a small number of sites. In contrast, chains with less conjugation and a high number of saturated bonds do not exhibit energy funneling due to a highly disordered conformation.

Quantifying the Transmit Diversity Order of Euclidean Distance Based Antenna Selection in Spatial Modulation

In this letter, we quantify the transmit diversity order of the SM system operating in a closed-loop scenario. Specifically, the SM system relying on Euclidean distance based antenna subset selection (EDAS) is considered and the achievable diversity gain is evaluated. Furthermore, the resultant trade-off between the achievable diversity gain and switching gain is studied. Simulation results confirm our theoretical results. Specifically, at a symbol error rate of about 10(-4) the signal-to-noise ratio gain achieved by EDAS is about 7 dB in case of 16-QAM and about 5 dB in case of 64-QAM.