Competências na utilização das ferramentas/serviços Web 2.0

A evolução da sociedade e da tecnologia sustenta a globalização da sociedade atual e exige aos cidadãos novas literacias. A educação na sociedade do conhecimento é indissociável das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), tanto como elemento mediador como potenciador das aprendizagens. A Web 2.0, entendida como Web social, potencia o acesso à informação, faculta aos docentes a oportunidade de desenvolver os seus conhecimentos e competências, e oferece oportunidades de construção de situações inovadoras de educação no seu percurso profissional, promovendo condições de aprendizagem ao longo da vida. O presente estudo, formalmente integrado no Programa Doutoral em Multimédia em Educação da Universidade de Aveiro, valoriza o levantamento da perceção da necessidade de envolvimento dos docentes em processos informais de aprendizagem ao longo da vida, na promoção do seu desenvolvimento profissional, salientando o papel das redes sociais neste contexto. Adotou-se como metodologia de investigação o survey, com o objetivo de realizar o levantamento das competências de utilização da Web 2.0 pelos professores do ensino básico e secundário, das escolas do ensino público do concelho de Aveiro, no contexto da aprendizagem informal. Através do survey procurou-se caracterizar o contexto profissional em que estes professores estão inseridos, considerando essencialmente duas dimensões: i) equipamentos e recursos e ii) atitude geral da escola face à integração das TIC nas rotinas profissionais. Centrou-se na obtenção de dados que permitissem a descrição de: i) competências TIC dos professores e a identificação dos seus percursos formativos e necessidades de formação; ii) hábitos e finalidades de utilização das tecnologias digitais em contexto profissional e de desenvolvimento profissional; e, ainda, iii) utilização de redes sociais/comunidades educativas, vantagens e condicionantes identificadas e importância para o desenvolvimento profissional; e, finalmente, iv) levantamento da opinião dos professores acerca das suas perceções de impactes associados à integração da utilização das redes nas suas práticas profissionais, nomeadamente nas práticas educativas. Os dados obtidos foram analisados, numa perspetiva qualitativa e exploratória, em função das frequências relativas de resposta e comparando os diferentes grupos de docentes identificados – professores de escolas básicas e professores de escolas secundárias; professores membros e não membros de redes. Os resultados apontam para uma melhoria das competências dos professores na utilização das TIC, sobretudo ao nível das competências básicas, face a outros estudos anteriores realizados em Portugal, como por exemplo Paiva (2002), Barbosa (2009) e Brito (2010). Uma grande parte dos docentes utiliza redes sociais/comunidades educativas, tendo-se identificado prioritariamente uma utilização de cariz genérico e tendencialmente pouco frequente, em detrimento de uma utilização de redes de cariz mais profissional. Os professores, no geral, e os utilizadores de redes, em particular, reconhecem o potencial educativo destas ferramentas/serviços Web 2.0. As conclusões apontam para a necessidade das escolas assumirem o incentivo e a adoção de estratégias que possam impulsionar o desenvolvimento de competências de utilização das TIC/ferramentas e serviços Web 2.0 que garantam equidade no acesso a redes sociais/comunidades educativas pelos professores. Esta recomendação pretende constituir uma via para as escolas promoverem a criação de redes sociais/comunidades educativas e fomentarem, pela sua utilização, o desenvolvimento de hábitos de trabalho colaborativo e de partilha entre os seus professores, contribuindo desta forma para potenciar as competências dos professores no acompanhamento da evolução tecnológica e no acesso a outras oportunidades de desenvolvimento profissional ao longo da vida. Isto é, “equipar” os professores para melhor poderem enfrentar os desafios do Século XXI para a educação, na preparação dos jovens para a sociedade global do conhecimento.

Capturing Emergent Semantics from Social Annotation Systems

The ongoing growth of the World Wide Web, catalyzed by the increasing possibility of ubiquitous access via a variety of devices, continues to strengthen its role as our prevalent information and commmunication medium. However, although tools like search engines facilitate retrieval, the task of finally making sense of Web content is still often left to human interpretation. The vision of supporting both humans and machines in such knowledge-based activities led to the development of different systems which allow to structure Web resources by metadata annotations. Interestingly, two major approaches which gained a considerable amount of attention are addressing the problem from nearly opposite directions: On the one hand, the idea of the Semantic Web suggests to formalize the knowledge within a particular domain by means of the "top-down" approach of defining ontologies. On the other hand, Social Annotation Systems as part of the so-called Web 2.0 movement implement a "bottom-up" style of categorization using arbitrary keywords. Experience as well as research in the characteristics of both systems has shown that their strengths and weaknesses seem to be inverse: While Social Annotation suffers from problems like, e. g., ambiguity or lack or precision, ontologies were especially designed to eliminate those. On the contrary, the latter suffer from a knowledge acquisition bottleneck, which is successfully overcome by the large user populations of Social Annotation Systems. Instead of being regarded as competing paradigms, the obvious potential synergies from a combination of both motivated approaches to "bridge the gap" between them. These were fostered by the evidence of emergent semantics, i. e., the self-organized evolution of implicit conceptual structures, within Social Annotation data. While several techniques to exploit the emergent patterns were proposed, a systematic analysis - especially regarding paradigms from the field of ontology learning - is still largely missing. This also includes a deeper understanding of the circumstances which affect the evolution processes. This work aims to address this gap by providing an in-depth study of methods and influencing factors to capture emergent semantics from Social Annotation Systems. We focus hereby on the acquisition of lexical semantics from the underlying networks of keywords, users and resources. Structured along different ontology learning tasks, we use a methodology of semantic grounding to characterize and evaluate the semantic relations captured by different methods. In all cases, our studies are based on datasets from several Social Annotation Systems. Specifically, we first analyze semantic relatedness among keywords, and identify measures which detect different notions of relatedness. These constitute the input of concept learning algorithms, which focus then on the discovery of synonymous and ambiguous keywords. Hereby, we assess the usefulness of various clustering techniques. As a prerequisite to induce hierarchical relationships, our next step is to study measures which quantify the level of generality of a particular keyword. We find that comparatively simple measures can approximate the generality information encoded in reference taxonomies. These insights are used to inform the final task, namely the creation of concept hierarchies. For this purpose, generality-based algorithms exhibit advantages compared to clustering approaches. In order to complement the identification of suitable methods to capture semantic structures, we analyze as a next step several factors which influence their emergence. Empirical evidence is provided that the amount of available data plays a crucial role for determining keyword meanings. From a different perspective, we examine pragmatic aspects by considering different annotation patterns among users. Based on a broad distinction between "categorizers" and "describers", we find that the latter produce more accurate results. This suggests a causal link between pragmatic and semantic aspects of keyword annotation. As a special kind of usage pattern, we then have a look at system abuse and spam. While observing a mixed picture, we suggest that an individual decision should be taken instead of disregarding spammers as a matter of principle. Finally, we discuss a set of applications which operationalize the results of our studies for enhancing both Social Annotation and semantic systems. These comprise on the one hand tools which foster the emergence of semantics, and on the one hand applications which exploit the socially induced relations to improve, e. g., searching, browsing, or user profiling facilities. In summary, the contributions of this work highlight viable methods and crucial aspects for designing enhanced knowledge-based services of a Social Semantic Web.

Nonnegative shared subspace learning and its application to social media retrieval

Although tagging has become increasingly popular in online image and video sharing systems, tags are known to be noisy, ambiguous, incomplete and subjective. These factors can seriously affect the precision of a social tag-based web retrieval system. Therefore improving the precision performance of these social tag-based web retrieval systems has become an increasingly important research topic. To this end, we propose a shared subspace learning framework to leverage a secondary source to improve retrieval performance from a primary dataset. This is achieved by learning a shared subspace between the two sources under a joint Nonnegative Matrix Factorization in which the level of subspace sharing can be explicitly controlled. We derive an efficient algorithm for learning the factorization, analyze its complexity, and provide proof of convergence. We validate the framework on image and video retrieval tasks in which tags from the LabelMe dataset are used to improve image retrieval performance from a Flickr dataset and video retrieval performance from a YouTube dataset. This has implications for how to exploit and transfer knowledge from readily available auxiliary tagging resources to improve another social web retrieval system. Our shared subspace learning framework is applicable to a range of problems where one needs to exploit the strengths existing among multiple and heterogeneous datasets.

Potentials of social media for tacit knowledge sharing amongst physicians : preliminary findings

Tacit knowledge sharing amongst physicians, such as the sharing of clinical experiences, skills, or know-how, or know-whom, is known to have a significant impact on the quality of medical diagnosis and decisions. This paper posits that social media can provide new opportunities for tacit knowledge sharing amongst physicians, and demonstrates this by presenting findings from a review of relevant literature and a survey conducted with physicians. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten physicians from around the world who were active users of social media. Initial thematic analysis revealed eight themes as potential contributions of social web tools to facilitate tacit knowledge flow amongst physicians. The emergent themes are defined, linked to the literature, and supported by instances of interview transcripts. Findings presented here are preliminary, and final results will be reported after accomplishing all phases of data collection and analysis.

In what ways does policy on academic integrity, copyright and privacy need to respond in order to accommodate assessment with Web 2.0 tools?

Increasingly social web technologies, such as blogging and micro-blogging, audio and video podcasting, photo/video, social bookmarking, social networking, wiki writing or virtual worlds are being used as forms of authoring or content creation to support students’ learning in higher education. As Web 2.0 teaching practice is characterised by open access to information and collaborative networks there are both familiar and novel challenges for policy-makers in higher education institutions. The Government 2.0 Taskforce heralded legislative and practice changes necessary because of Web 2.0. We reflect on the qualitative feedback received from innovative higher education practitioners using Web 2.0 to assess student work. This indicates a need for information policy review to accommodate the cultural shift towards information exchange and communication across traditional institutional boundaries. Issues involved when implementing Web 2.0 assessments are identified to highlight requisite areas for policy improvement in higher education, in particular for academic integrity, copyright and privacy policies

Generating Awareness from Collaborative Working Environment using Social Data

Nowadays, Internet is a place where social networks have reached an important impact in collaboration among people over the world in different ways. This article proposes a new paradigm for building CSCW business tools following the novel ideas provided by the social web to collaborate and generate awareness. An implementation of these concepts is described, including the components we provide to collaborate in workspaces, (such as videoconference, chat, desktop sharing, forums or temporal events), and the way we generate awareness from these complex social data structures. Figures and validation results are also presented to stress that this architecture has been defined to support awareness generation via joining current and future social data from business and social networks worlds, based on the idea of using social data stored in the cloud.

Almetrics: measuring the influence of the media on the social impact of research

Social media is changing the way we interact, present ideas and information and judge the quality of content and contributions. In recent years there have been hundreds of platforms to freely share all kinds of information and connect across networks. These new tools generate activity statistics and interactions among users such as mentions, retweets, conversations, comments on blogs or Facebook; managers references showing popularity ratings of more references shared by other researchers or repositories that generate statistics of visits or downloads of articles. This paper analyzes that have meaning and implications altmetrics, what are its advantages and critical platforms (Almetric.com, ImpactStory, Plos altmetrics, PlumX), reports progress and benefits for authors, publishers and librarians. It concluded that the value of alternative metrics as a complementary tool citation analysis is evident, although it is suggested that you should dig deeper into this issue to unravel the meaning and the potential value of these indicators to assess their potential.

Navegar na web : as redes sociais como espaços de comunicação, partilha de conhecimento e de promoção de competências de aprendizagem

A aprendizagem em rede e as potencialidades do software social trouxeram novos e estimulantes desafios para os sistemas educativos e para os seus profissionais. Um dos principais desafios prende-se com a necessidade de conceber uma “nova” didática para a docência na web social que deve basear-se não só nos conhecimentos científico, tecnológico, curricular e pedagógico, mas também num conhecimento científico e pedagógico da tecnologia que permita planear, conceber e utilizar as redes sociais, como o Facebook, no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de forma eficaz. Assim, e perante esta realidade, neste estudo exploratório procurámos perceber em que medida a utilização do Facebook no processo de ensino-aprendizagem permite a promoção de competências de aprendizagem de estudantes de cursos pós-graduados, a nível da capacidade para aprender, da iniciativa e da autonomia. Os resultados sugerem que os estudantes aceitam o Facebook como um novo contexto para a aprendizagem, que não impede a reflexão crítica sobre os conceitos e as temáticas apresentadas para trabalho, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de comunidades de aprendizagem desde que exista uma intencionalidade educativa explícita.

Movimiento estudiantil en Chile, aprendizaje situado y activismo digital. Compromiso, cambio social y usos tecnológicos adolescentes

A partir del movimiento estudiantil que surge en Chile en 2011 el artículo reflexiona sobre la escuela como espacio de aprendizaje situado de tecnologías digitales audiovisuales y el modo en que este proceso puede impactar sobre la dimensión político-comunicacional de un movimiento social. Para ello, se describe y analiza el caso de una escuela donde la educación formal en lenguajes y tecnologías digitales se imbrica con el uso que hacen, estudiantes secundarias que se convierten en dirigentas estudiantiles, de aplicaciones y recursos de la web social y los llamados “social media” (youtube, blogs, redes sociales). Se trabaja con datos generados a través de entrevistas a informantes claves y una selección de videos creados por el estudiantado y subidos a internet. El contenido de las entrevistas es abordado desde el concepto de aprendizaje situado (Lave y Wenger, 1991) y los videos desde el concepto de videoactivismo (Askanius, 2013; Mateos y Rajas, 2014). Los resultados muestran que el uso concreto de herramientas digitales obtenidas en contextos educativos formales y dentro de procesos de movilización, genera a su vez nuevas experiencias de aprendizaje no-formal, que permiten tanto a estudiantes como docentes reflexionar sobre sus prácticas y mejorar su potencial comunicativo. Asimismo, muestran un uso acrítico de las herramientas digitales, lo cual constituye un llamado de atención respecto a la necesidad de incorporar los tópicos de privacidad y autocuidado en internet dentro de los contenidos a desarrollar por la escuela como espacio de aprendizaje digital.

The surveillance of social networking and the social value of privacy

This chapter argues that theories about privacy would benefit from embracing deliberative democratic theory on the grounds that it addresses harms to democracy, and widens our understandings of privacy infringements in social networking environments. We first explore how social networking services (SNS) have evolved through different phases and how they enable political deliberation. Subsequently, we discuss more traditional individualistic and intersubjective theories of privacy in relation to social networking and point out their limitations in identifying and redressing social networking-related harms. We then critique emerging claims concerning the social value of privacy in the context of the social Web. Here we point out how these theories might identify non-individualized harms, yet, at the same time, suffer important challenges in application. We conclude by arguing that deliberative democratic theory can add some critical insights into the privacy harms encountered on the contemporary “social Web” that are only imperfectly understood by individualistic and social conceptions of privacy.

What learners "know" through digital media production : learning by design

The power to influence others in ever-expanding social networks in the new knowledge economy is tied to capabilities with digital media production that require increased technological knowledge. This article draws on research in elementary classrooms to examine the repertoires of cross-disciplinary knowledge that literacy learners need to produce innovative digital media via the “social web”. The article builds on Learning by Design and the Knowledge Processes to describe “how” learning occurs, while presenting a model to theorise “what” students know – the Knowledge Assets – when learners produce digital and multimodal texts.

Microblogging as a literacy practice for educational communities

Microblogging is an emergent adolescent and adult literacy practice that has become popularized through platforms such as Twitter, Plurk and Jaiku, in the rise of Web 2.0 – “the social web”. Yet the potentials of microblogging for literacy learning in educational contexts is currently underexplored in the research and literature. This article draws on new research with 150 adolescent and adult participants in school and university contexts, which was made possible through cross-disciplinary collaboration between specialists English and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) educators. Strategies are provided for teachers to establish their own microblogging networks, with suggested activities to enhance the literacy learning of adolescents in educational contexts.

Learning domain ontology for tag recommendation

Recently, user tagging systems have grown in popularity on the web. The tagging process is quite simple for ordinary users, which contributes to its popularity. However, free vocabulary has lack of standardization and semantic ambiguity. It is possible to capture the semantics from user tagging and represent those in a form of ontology, but the application of the learned ontology for recommendation making has not been that flourishing. In this paper we discuss our approach to learn domain ontology from user tagging information and apply the extracted tag ontology in a pilot tag recommendation experiment. The initial result shows that by using the tag ontology to re-rank the recommended tags, the accuracy of the tag recommendation can be improved.

Reframing the design of context-aware computing

From location-aware computing to mining the social web, representations of context have promised to make better software applications. The opportunities and challenges of context-aware computing from representational, situated and interactional perspectives have been well documented, but arguments from the perspective of design are somewhat disparate. This paper draws on both theoretical perspectives and a design framing, using the problem of designing a social mobile agile ridesharing system, in order to reflect upon and call for broader design approaches for context-aware computing and human-computer Interaction research in general.

Towards semantic search and inference in electronic medical records : an approach using concept-based information retrieval

For more than a decade research in the field of context aware computing has aimed to find ways to exploit situational information that can be detected by mobile computing and sensor technologies. The goal is to provide people with new and improved applications, enhanced functionality and better use experience (Dey, 2001). Early applications focused on representing or computing on physical parameters, such as showing your location and the location of people or things around you. Such applications might show where the next bus is, which of your friends is in the vicinity and so on. With the advent of social networking software and microblogging sites such as Facebook and Twitter, recommender systems and so on context-aware computing is moving towards mining the social web in order to provide better representations and understanding of context, including social context. In this paper we begin by recapping different theoretical framings of context. We then discuss the problem of context- aware computing from a design perspective.