Evidences for an opportunistic and endophytic lifestyle of the Bursaphelenchus xylophilus -associated bacteria Serratia marcescens PWN146 isolated from wilting Pinus pinaster

Pine wilt disease (PWD) results from the interaction of three elements: the pathogenic nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; the insect-vector, Monochamus sp.; and the host tree, mostly Pinus species. Bacteria isolated from B. xylophilus may be a fourth element in this complex disease. However, the precise role of bacteria in this interaction is unclear as both plant-beneficial and as plant-pathogenic bacteria may be associated with PWD. Using whole genome sequencing and phenotypic characterization, we were able to investigate in more detail the genetic repertoire of Serratia marcescens PWN146, a bacterium associated with B. xylophilus. We show clear evidence that S. marcescens PWN146 is able to withstand and colonize the plant environment, without having any deleterious effects towards a susceptible host (Pinus thunbergii), B. xylophilus nor to the nematode model C. elegans. This bacterium is able to tolerate growth in presence of xenobiotic/organic compounds, and use phenylacetic acid as carbon source. Furthermore, we present a detailed list of S. marcescens PWN146 potentials to interfere with plant metabolism via hormonal pathways and/or nutritional acquisition, and to be competitive against other bacteria and/or fungi in terms of resource acquisition or production of antimicrobial compounds. Further investigation is required to understand the role of bacteria in PWD. We have now reinforced the theory that B. xylophilus-associated bacteria may have a plant origin.

Microbial susceptibility of condensation products of carboxy-terminated polybutadiene and glycerol

Keeping in view the prospects of biodegradable polymers, a polymer was synthesized by the condensation of carboxy-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) of Mnsim-5000 with glycerol and tested for its microbial susceptibility. The results of end group estimations and viscosity measurements indicated a quantitative reaction between the two reactants under experimental conditions. The clear-zone method was employed in this investigation to test biodegradability. Two strains of Serratia and three strains of Staphylococcus did show a clear zone surrounding the colony. However, the microbial growth was found to diminish after 4 or 5 days.

Biodegradation of gelatin graft copolymers. IV

Gelatin graft copolymers of different compositions were tested for microbial susceptibility in a synthetic medium with pure cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Serratia marcescens. The percent weight losses were recorded over 6 weeks of incubation period in nitrogen-free and nitrogen-rich media. The relationship between [log(rate)] during the first week of the test period and composition of the grafted samples showed a linear behavior. There was no difference in the aggressivity of these bacterial strains. Nitrogen analysis data and pH measurements of the media seem to reinforce our earlier observations. Soil burial tests also indicate degradation of polymer samples under natural weathering conditions. This article also summarizes the salient features of our series of investigations.

The role of productivity in the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of predator-prey interaction

Productivity is predicted to drive the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of predator-prey interaction through changes in resource allocation between different traits. However, resources are seldom constantly available and thus temporal variation in productivity could have considerable effect on the species' potential to evolve. To study this, three long-term microbial laboratory experiments were established where Serratia marcescens prey bacteria was exposed to predation of protist Tetrahymena thermophila in different prey resource environments. The consequences of prey resource availability for the ecological properties of the predator-prey system, such as trophic dynamics, stability, and virulence, were determined. The evolutionary changes in species traits and prey genetic diversity were measured. The prey defence evolved stronger in high productivity environment. Increased allocation to defence incurred cost in terms of reduced prey resource use ability, which probably constrained prey evolution by increasing the effect of resource competition. However, the magnitude of this trade-off diminished when measured in high resource concentrations. Predation selected for white, non-pigmented, highly defensive prey clones that produced predation resistant biofilm. The biofilm defence was also potentially accompanied with cytotoxicity for predators and could have been traded off with high motility. Evidence for the evolution of predators was also found in one experiment suggesting that co-evolutionary dynamics could affect the evolution and ecology of predator-prey interaction. Temporal variation in resource availability increased variation in predator densities leading to temporally fluctuating selection for prey defences and resource use ability. Temporal variation in resource availability was also able to constrain prey evolution when the allocation to defence incurred high cost. However, when the magnitude of prey trade-off was small and the resource turnover was periodically high, temporal variation facilitated the formation of predator resistant biofilm. The evolution of prey defence constrained the transfer of energy from basal to higher trophic levels, decreasing the strength of top-down regulation on prey community. Predation and temporal variation in productivity decreased the stability of populations and prey traits in general. However, predation-induced destabilization was less pronounced in the high productivity environment where the evolution of prey defence was stronger. In addition, evolution of prey defence weakened the environmental variation induced destabilization of predator population dynamics. Moreover, protozoan predation decreased the S. marcescens virulence in the insect host moth (Parasemia plantaginis) suggesting that species interactions outside the context of host-pathogen relationship could be important indirect drivers for the evolution of pathogenesis. This thesis demonstrates that rapid evolution can affect various ecological properties of predator-prey interaction. The effect of evolution on the ecological dynamics depended on the productivity of the environment, being most evident in the constant environments with high productivity.

Healthcare-Associated Infections in Pediatrics

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are known to increase the risk for patient morbidity and mortality in different healthcare settings and thereby to cause additional costs. HAIs typically affect patients with severe underlying conditions. HAIs are prevalent also among pediatric patients, but the distribution of the types of infection and the causative agents differ from those detected in adults. The aim of this study was to obtain information on pediatric HAIs in Finland through an assessment of the surveillance of bloodstream infections (BSIs), through two outbreak investigations in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and through a study of postoperative HAIs after open-heart surgery. The studies were carried out at the Hospital for Children and Adolescents of Helsinki University Central Hospital. Epidemiological features of pediatric BSIs were assessed. For the outbreak investigations, case definitions were set and data collected from microbiological and clinical records. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of the Serratia marcescens and the Candida parapsilosis isolates were determined and they were genotyped. Patient charts were reviewed for the case-control and cohort studies during the outbreak investigations, as well as for the patients who acquired surgical site infections (SSIs) after having undergone open-heart surgery. Also a prospective postdischarge study was conducted to detect postoperative HAIs in these patients. During 1999-2006, the overall annual BSI rate was 1.6/1,000 patient days (range by year, 1.2–2.1). High rates (average, 4.9 and 3.2 BSIs/1,000 patient days) were detected in hematology and neonatology units. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common pathogens both hospital-wide and in each patient group. The overall mortality was 5%. The genotyping of the 15 S. marcescens isolates revealed three independent clusters. All of the 26 C. parapsilosis isolates studied proved to be indistinguishable. The NICU was overcrowded during the S. marcescens clusters. A negative correlation between C. parapsilosis BSIs and fluconazole use in the NICU was detected, and the isolates derived from a single initially susceptible strain became less susceptible to fluconazole over time. Eighty postoperative HAIs, including all severe infections, were detected during hospitalization after open-heart surgery; 34% of those HAIs were SSIs and 25% were BSIs. The postdischarge study found 65 infections that were likely to be associated with hospitalization. The majority (89%) of them were viral respiratory or gastrointestinal infections, and these often led to rehospitalizations. The annual hospital-wide BSI rates were stable, and the significant variation detected in some units could not be seen in overall rates. Further studies with data adequately adjusted for risk factors are needed to assess BSI rates in the patient groups with the highest rates (hematology, neonatology). The outbreak investigations showed that horizontal transmission was common in the NICU. Overcrowding and lapses in hand hygiene probably contributed to the spreading of the pathogens. Following long-term use of fluconazole in the NICU, resistance to fluconazole developed in C. parapsilosis. Almost one-fourth of the patients who underwent open-heart surgery acquired at least one HAI. All severe HAIs were detected during hospitalization. The postdischarge study found numerous viral infections, which often caused rehospitalization.

Evaluación agronómica con enfoque agroecológico en un sistema diversificado de guayaba (Psidium guajava L.), nopal (Opuntia ficus L.), piña (Ananas comosus L.) y papaya (carica papaya L.) utilizando vermicompost, Managua, Nicaragua, 2009-2011

Con el propósito de responder a preguntas de orden nutricional y biológico del suelo con un enfoque agroecológico se desarrolló el presente trabajo, en un terreno calcáreo, no salino, que permaneció en barbecho cinco años antes de iniciado el estudio. Se evaluó la implementación de una diversificación de cultivos (guayaba, nopal, piña y papaya) y tres dosis de vermicompost (a 1 :10, a 2 :15 y a 3 :20 t (ha año) - 1 . La investigación se inició en mayo del 2009 hasta diciembre del 2011 y el diseño usado fue cuasiexperimental en franjas pareadas. Las características físicas - químicas de suelo analizadas fueron: pH en H 2 O, materia orgánica , N, arena, limo y arcilla en %; P disponible, Fe, Cu, Mn y Zn en ppm; K disponible, Ca y Mg en meq, conductividad eléctrica en μS/cm y la relación C/N. Desde el punto de vista biológico del suelo se determinaron presencia de hongos, bacterias y actinomicetos. Antes de iniciar el estudio en 2009, y durante el ensayo, se determinaron las variables físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo. Para la interpretación agronómica de la nutrición para cada cultivo se hizo un análisis combinado entre los resultados de las propiedades físico - químicas y los rangos definidos para cada cultivo por la metodología propuesta por Quintana (1983) . La diversificación de cultivos, influyó sobre las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo. En el cultivo de guayaba si se aplica 20 t (ha año) - 1 hay que realizar aplicaciones suplementarias de Cu. Aplicaciones de a 1 y a 2 en nopal y papaya respectivamente, además de aplicaciones complementarias de Cu, también necesitan suplemento de P. Sin efecto antropogénico los microorganismos que predominaron fueron bacterias del género Bacillus y esporádicamente Pseudomona y Sarcina . Con la diversificación de cultivos y aplicaciones de vermicompost se incrementó la diversidad de géneros de microorganismos. El total de géneros de microorganismos, al concluir el estudio fueron 13; de éstos 10 fueron diferentes (Cinco hongos: Curvularia, A spergillus, Pestalotia, Fusarium, Penicillium ; cuatro bacterias: Serratia, Erwinia, Sporolactobacillus y Caryophanon y un actinomiceto: Streptomyces). Variables del crecimiento en el cultivo de guayaba demostraron que con un mayor número de ramas terciarias existe un 70 % de probabilidad de tener más frutos comerciales. En nopal, el tratamiento con los mejores resultados para variables del crecimiento es 15 t (ha año) - 1 cosechado cada 90 días. Para piña, se encontró resultados superiores con 10 t (ha año) - 1 . Papaya obtuvo los mejores resultados con 20 t (ha año) - 1 . Con el cultivo de guayaba el mejor rendimiento se alcanzó utilizando 20 t (ha año) - 1 . En nopal un mayor número de cladodios se alcanza aplicando 15 t (ha año) - 1 cosechado cada 30 días. Un mayor peso en el cladodio se obtiene al aplicar 20 t (ha año) - 1 , cosechado cada 90 días. La piña obtiene mayor número de frutos aplicando 15 t (ha año) - 1 . En el cultivo de papaya un mayor número de frutos cosechados fue alcanzado con 15 - 20 t (ha año) - 1.

Tratamiento de aguas residuales mediante fangos activados: importancia de los mecanismos de reducción de enterobacterias

Presentación de la la comunicación al IX Congreso de Microbiología del Medio Acuático celebrado en Barcelona del 13 al 15 de septiembre de 2012.

Expressão de fatores de virulência, mecanismos de resistência aos agentes antimicrobianos e análise molecular da resistência aos beta-lactâmicos de enterobactérias isoladas de bolsas periodontais

Em estudo anterior, as espécies de enterobactérias apresentando perfis variados de resistência aos antimicrobianos foram detectadas em 20% dos sítios com lesões periodontais de pacientes sadios do ponto de vista sistêmico. Tais cepas microbianas foram submetidas a investigações com o intuito de determinar à expressão de enzimas hidrolíticas para substratos diversos, a multirresistência aos agentes antimicrobianos e os mecanismos de resistência aos antimicrobianos da classe dos β lactâmicos. A maioria das amostras expressou atividade de gelatinase (65%), caseinase (30%) e elastase (10%). Lipase, lecitinase e DNase foram observadas apenas para Serratia marcescens. A multirresistência (considerado como a resistência a pelo menos dois agentes antimicrobianos de famílias diferentes) foi observada em 56% das amostras isoladas. A maioria das cepas foi resistentes à ampicilina (93,75%) e amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico (81,25%). Investigações sobre a resistência aos antibióticos β-lactâmicos mostraram que três amostras resistentes à cefalosporinas de 2 geração, apresentaram perfis plasmidiais de diferentes pesos moleculares. A expressão fenotípica de β-lacatamases, foi detectada nas cepas de Enterobacter cloacae (PcOM46 e PcOM5) e S. marcescens (PcOM63). No entanto, na análise molecular, não foi possível confirmar a expressão fenotípica de diferentes β-lactamases, com exceção do E. cloacae PcOM46, que apresentou amplificação para AmpC e blaTEM. Embora sensível à maioria dos antibióticos β-lactâmicos (exceção feita à ampicilina e amoxicilina / ácido clavulânico), amostra de S. marcescens PcOM68 apresentou amplificação para o gene blaSHV. Os experimentos de conjugação não detectaram a transferência de plasmídios para uma cepa de Escherichia coli K12 sensívei aos β-lactâmicos, o mesmo ocorreu nos procedimentos de transformação por eletroporação e por CaCl2, sugerindo uma resistência dependente de genes cromossomiais. A expressão de diferentes atividades enzimáticas, juntamente com a resistência aos antimicrobianos, aponta estes grupos de bactérias como agentes patogênicos potenciais capazes de contribuir para a patogênese e resposta à quimioterapia antimicrobiana nas doenças periodontais, além da disseminação sistêmica para outros locais do corpo, especialmente em indivíduos imunocomprometidos. A colonização prévia de lesões periodontais por espécies resistentes aos β-lactâmicos, pode contribuir para a disseminação destes genes relacionados à resistência aos antimicrobianos em ambientes hospitalares.

Estudo do crescimento bacteriano e da aplicação de procedimentos de limpeza e desinfecção no aço inoxidável 304L

Técnicas de limpeza química ou mecânica são comumente empregadas para evitar a formação de biofilmes e problemas associados com a colonização de superfícies por micro-organismos. Neste trabalho, amostras de aço inox 304L foram submetidas a ensaios acelerados de crescimento de biofilme, o qual foi posteriormente removido por tratamentos de limpeza e desinfecção (choque térmico com água a 70C por 1h, limpeza com ácido fosfórico 20 % v/v por 30min e desinfecção com peróxido de hidrogênio 0,17 % v/v por 1h). Com o objetivo de verificar a influência destes tratamentos na remoção do biofilme, este foi caracterizado (por quantificação microbiana e análises de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica - EIE), antes e após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Dois casos foram estudados. No primeiro caso, simularam-se condições presentes em tubulações de ambientes hospitalares e sistemas de distribuição de água quente. O micro-organismo utilizado foi a bactéria Serratia marcences. O processo de formação de biofilme e posterior limpeza e desinfecção foi realizado de modo contínuo durante 15 semanas. Os resultados de quantificação microbiana e de EIE mostraram que desde a primeira semana de exposição e ao longo dos ensaios, formou-se um biofilme aderente à superfície do aço e que o emprego dos tratamentos de limpeza e desinfecção não foi eficaz na remoção do biofilme. Em um segundo caso, simularam-se condições presentes em tubulações da indústria de água mineral, empregando-se a bactéria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Neste caso, as técnicas de limpeza e desinfecção foram aplicadas individualmente e em conjunto. A aplicação de choque térmico, assim como da limpeza ácida, sobre um biofilme com 72 h de formação foi capaz de eliminar as bactérias viáveis, presentes na superfície do aço. Entretanto, a desinfecção com peróxido de hidrogênio não foi capaz de eliminá-las. Nas duas condições, porém, as análises de EIE do sistema aço/biofilme mostraram que o mesmo não foi completamente removido da superfície do metal. Correlacionando os dois casos, pode-se inferir que a superfície do aço inox 304L é rapidamente colonizada pelas duas espécies microbianas e que as técnicas de limpeza e desinfecção são capazes de reduzir e até eliminar as células viáveis, embora não removam completamente o biofilme da superfície. Por outro lado, é importante ressaltar que fatores como a arquitetura, espessura e porosidade do biofilme, e propriedades intrínsecas da superfície, são fatores que afetam os valores de impedância medidos, sendo necessário considerá-los na análise, tanto da formação do biofilme, quanto dos efeitos dos procedimentos de limpeza e desinfecção

Microbial community analysis of Acropora palamata mucus swabs, water and sediment samples from Hawksnest Bay, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands

Colonies of the scleractinian coral Acropora palmata, listed as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act in 2006, have been monitored in Hawksnest Bay, within Virgin Islands National Park, St. John, from 2004 through 2010 by scientists with the US Geological Survey, National Park Service, and the University of the Virgin Islands. The focus has been on documenting the prevalence of disease, including white band, white pox (also called patchy necrosis and white patches), and unidentified diseases (Rogers et al., 2008; Muller et al., 2008). In an effort to learn more about the pathologies that might be involved with the diseases that were observed, samples were collected from apparently healthy and diseased colonies in July 2009 for analysis. Two different microbial assays were performed on Epicentre Biotechnologies DNA swabs containing A. palmata coral mucus, and on water and sediment samples collected in Hawksnest Bay. Both assays are based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of portions of the small rRNA gene (16S). The objectives were to determine 1) if known coral bacterial pathogens Serratia marcescens (Acroporid Serratiosis), Vibrio coralliilyticus (temperature-dependent bleaching, White Syndrome), Vibrio shiloi (bleaching, necrosis), and Aurantimonas coralicida (White Plague Type II) were present in any samples, and 2) if there were any differences in microbial community profiles of each healthy, unaffected or diseased coral mucus swab. In addition to coral mucus, water and sediment samples were included to show ambient microbial populations. In the first test, PCR was used to separately amplify the unique and diagnostic region of the 16S rRNA gene for each of the coral pathogens being screened. Each pathogen test was designed so that an amplified DNA fragment could be seen only if the specific pathogen was present in a sample. A positive result was indicated by bands of DNA of the appropriate size on an agarose gel, which separates DNA fragments based on the size of the molecule. DNA from pure cultures of each of the pathogens was used as a positive control for each assay.

PCR-based assay for detection of four coral pathogens

Several microorganisms have been identified as pathogenic agents responsible for various outbreaks of coral disease. Little has been learned about the exclusivity of a pathogen to given disease signs. Most pathogens have only been implicated within a subset of corals, leaving gaps in our knowledge of the host range and geographic extent of a given pathogen. PCR-based assays provide a rapid and inexpensive route for detection of pathogens. Pathogen-specific 16S rDNA primer sets were designed to target four identified coral pathogens: Aurantimonas coralicida, Serratia marcescens, Vibrio shilonii, and Vibrio coralliilyticus. Assays detected the presence of targets at concentrations of less than one cell per microliter. The assay was applied to 142 coral samples from the Florida Keys, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands as an in situ specificity test. Assays displayed a high-level of specificity, seemingly limited only by the resolution of the 16S rDNA.

Diversidade de bactérias endofíticas na cultura da mandioca.

A diversidade de bactérias endofíticas na cultura da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) foi avaliada em plantas coletadas em plantios comerciais no estado de São Paulo e em etnovariedades coletadas em aldeias indígenas e pequenos agricultores nos estados do Amazonas e Bahia. A identificação das bactérias foi realizada pela análise do perfil dos ácidos graxos (FAME). Nos três estados foram identificadas 48 espécies bacterianas pertencentes a 27 gêneros, sendo que os mais freqüentemente isolados foram: Bacillus, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Serratia e Stenotrophomonas. O gênero Bacillus foi encontrado com maior freqüência em todas as regiões amostradas e o maior número de espécies deste gênero foi encontrado no estado de São Paulo. No estado do Amazonas, à exceção do B. pumilus, e na Bahia, à exceção do B. atrophaeus, todas as espécies de Bacillus encontradas foram pertencentes ao grupo do B. cereus. Nas plantas dos estados do Amazonas e da Bahia foram encontradas espécies bacterianas endofíticas pertencentes aos três grupos bacterianos, ou seja, Proteobacteria, Firmicute e Actinobacteria; o mesmo não foi observado para o estado de São Paulo, onde não foram isoladas bactérias do grupo Actinobacteria. O número de gêneros bacterianos encontrados, associados a 11 diferentes famílias, no estado do Amazonas, demonstra a maior diversidade de bactérias endofíticas nas plantas provenientes deste estado.

Isolation and characterisation of bacterial strains containing enantioselective DMSO reductase activity: application to the kinetic resolution of racemic sulfoxides

The kinetic resolution of racemic sulfoxides by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reductases was investigated with a range of microorganisms. Three bacterial isolates (provisionally identified as Citrobacter braakii, Klebsiella sp. and Serratia sp.) expressing DMSO reductase activity were isolated from environmental samples by anaerobic enrichment with DMSO as terminal electron acceptor. The organisms reduced a diverse range of racemic sulfoxides to yield either residual enantiomer depending upon the strain used. C. braakii DMSO-11 exhibited wide substrate specificity that included dialkyl, diaryl and alkylaryl sulfoxides, and was unique in its ability to reduce the thiosulfinate 1,4-dihydrobenzo-2, 3-dithian-2-oxide. DMSO reductase was purified from the periplasmic fraction of C. braakii DMSO-11 and was used to demonstrate unequivocally that the DMSO reductase was responsible for enantiospecific reductive resolution of racemic sulfoxides.

Characterization of RarA, a Novel AraC Family Multidrug Resistance Regulator in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Transcriptional regulators, such as SoxS, RamA, MarA, and Rob, which upregulate the AcrAB efflux pump, have been shown to be associated with multidrug resistance in clinically relevant Gram-negative bacteria. In addition to the multidrug resistance phenotype, these regulators have also been shown to play a role in the cellular metabolism and possibly the virulence potential of microbial cells. As such, the increased expression of these proteins is likely to cause pleiotropic phenotypes. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major nosocomial pathogen which can express the SoxS, MarA, Rob, and RamA proteins, and the accompanying paper shows that the increased transcription of ramA is associated with tigecycline resistance (M. Veleba and T. Schneiders, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56:4466-4467, 2012). Bioinformatic analyses of the available Klebsiella genome sequences show that an additional AraC-type regulator is encoded chromosomally. In this work, we characterize this novel AraC-type regulator, hereby called RarA (Regulator of antibiotic resistance A), which is encoded in K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp. 638, Serratia proteamaculans 568, and Enterobacter cloacae. We show that the overexpression of rarA results in a multidrug resistance phenotype which requires a functional AcrAB efflux pump but is independent of the other AraC regulators. Quantitative real-time PCR experiments show that rarA (MGH 78578 KPN_02968) and its neighboring efflux pump operon oqxAB (KPN_02969_02970) are consistently upregulated in clinical isolates collected from various geographical locations (Chile, Turkey, and Germany). Our results suggest that rarA overexpression upregulates the oqxAB efflux pump. Additionally, it appears that oqxR, encoding a GntR-type regulator adjacent to the oqxAB operon, is able to downregulate the expression of the oqxAB efflux pump, where OqxR complementation resulted in reductions to olaquindox MICs.

Diversity among bacteria causing blotch disease on the commercial mushroom, agaricus bisporus /

A total of 251 bacterial isolates were isolated from blotched mushroom samples obtained from various mushroom farms in Canada. Out of 251 stored isolates, 170 isolates were tested for pathogenicity on Agaricus bisporus through mushroom rapid pitting test with three distinct pathotypes observed: dark brown, brovm and yellow/yellow-brown blotch. Phenotypic analysis of 83 isolates showed two distinct proteinase K resistant peptide profiles. Profile group A isolates exhibited peptides with masses of 45, 18, 16 and 14 kDa and fiirther biochemical tests identified them as Pseudomonasfluorescens III and V. Profile group B isolates lacked the 16-kDa peptide and the blotch causing bacterial isolates of this group was identified as Serratia liquefaciens and Cedecea davisae. Comparative genetic analysis using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) on 50 Pseudomonas sp. isolates (Group A) showed that various blotch symptoms were caused by isolates distributed throughout the Pseudomonas sp. clusters with the exception of the Pseudomonas tolaasii group and one non-pathogenic Pseudomonas fluorescens cluster. These results show that seven distinct Pseudomonas sp. genotypes (genetic clusters) have the ability to cause various symptoms of blotch and that AFLP can discriminate blotch causing from non-blotch causing Pseudomonasfluorescens. Therefore, a complex of diverse bacterial organisms causes bacterial blotch disease