Defining the Attributes of Good In-Service Portland Cement Concrete Pavements, December 2004

Much of the current research in portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements deals with the analysis of early pavement life failures and seeks to find ways to prevent those from reoccurring. The Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) portion of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) has identified some of the key factors in designing and building new PCC pavements. This statement will build on the Iowa Highway Research Board (IHRB) project TR-463, Field Performance Study of Past Iowa Pavement Research: A Look Back. In Iowa and across the nation, there are multiple pavements that were built more than 20 years ago that have been and are continuing to provide very good service to the public. They are found on both state and local routes and in both low and high traffic volume areas. There is a need to learn what went into those pavements, from the subgrade through the surface, that makes them perform so well. The purpose of this research project was to conduct a scoping study that could be used to evaluate the need for additional research to study the attributes of well-performing concrete pavements. The concept of zero-maintenance jointed plain concrete pavements” was iterated in this study for long-lasting, well-performing portland cement concrete pavement sections. The scope of the study was limited to a brief literature survey, pavement performance data collection from many counties, cities, and primary and interstate roads in Iowa, field visits to many selected pavement sites, and analysis of the collected data. No laboratory orfield testing was conducted for this phase of the project. A problem statement with a research plan was created that could be used to guide the second phase of the project.

La recherche sur le transfert des connaissances en santé publique dans les pays à faible revenu : une synthèse exploratoire

Essai doctoral présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du doctorat clinique en psychologie (D.Psy)

Supprimer les paiements directs des soins en Afrique subsaharienne : débat international, défis de mise en oeuvre et revue réaliste du recours aux soins

Payer ses soins est une réalité coûteuse pour les usagers des services de santé en Afrique subsaharienne. Plusieurs pays suppriment donc certains types de paiements directs des soins au point de service, en instaurant des politiques d’exemption des paiements (PEP). Cette thèse explore trois enjeux majeurs soulevés par ces réformes. Le premier article analyse le positionnement des acteurs de la santé mondiale dans le débat sur les paiements directs des soins dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu. Cette étude documentaire montre que la majorité des acteurs s’exprime en défaveur des paiements directs en invoquant notamment leurs effets néfastes sur l’équité d’accès aux soins. Le second article met en lumière les effets perturbateurs des PEP sur les systèmes de santé des pays à faible et moyen revenu. Cette synthèse exploratoire indique que leur mise en œuvre perturbe les systèmes de santé de plusieurs manières : augmentation immédiate de l’utilisation des services gratuits, indisponibilité des médicaments, financement imprévisible et insuffisant, multiplicité des organes impliqués dans la mise en œuvre, et déficiences dans la planification et la communication. Le troisième article examine la manière dont les PEP influencent le recours aux soins des usagers. La revue réaliste a permis de développer une théorie qui explique ce processus, et de la mettre à l’épreuve d’études empiriques. Selon cette théorie, les PEP sont une ressource contribuant à renforcer le pouvoir d’agir des usagers. Ce pouvoir d’agir est également influencé par des facteurs structurels, locaux et individuels qui agissent sur la « capabilité » des usagers de se saisir de cette ressource, et de choisir de recourir aux services de santé gratuits. Trois mécanismes jouent un rôle essentiel dans ce choix : la confiance, l’acceptabilité, et la reconnaissance du risque. Cette thèse contribue au développement des connaissances empiriques sur une réforme majeure des systèmes de santé en Afrique subsaharienne. Elle apporte également des enseignements méthodologiques à la revue réaliste, et participe à la construction du champ de la recherche sur les politiques et systèmes de santé dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu.

Historic environments and tourism: Improving access for disabled people

Historic environments and buildings are valued and valuable features of the UK tourism sector, as visitor attractions and as holiday accommodation. Keeping historic environments in economic use is crucial to their conservation, but they date from eras when access for disabled people was not a consideration. Part III of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (the DDA) took effect on 1 October 2004 and requires service providers to make reasonable building adjustments to remove physical barriers to disabled access. This independent scoping study by the College of Estate Management, sponsored by Marsh Limited and The Mercers' Company, explores progress in making historic environments accessible to disabled people through an examination of UK policy, literature and case studies in South Oxfordshire and London. The report findings are relevant for property and built environment professionals, business managers and all those involved with historic environments that are used for tourism.

Software industry experiments: a systematic literature review

There is no specialized survey of experiments conducted in the software industry. Goal: Identify the major features of software industry experiments, such as time distribution, independent and dependent variables, subject types, design types and challenges. Method: Systematic literature review, taking the form of a scoping study. Results: We have identified 10 experiments and five quasi-experiments up to July 2012. Most were run as of 2003. The main features of these studies are that they test technologies related to quality and management and analyse outcomes related to effectiveness and effort. Most experiments have a factorial design. The major challenges faced by experimenters are to minimize the cost of running the experiment for the company and to schedule the experiment so as not to interfere with production processes.

Les approches de synthèse exploratoire dans le domaine de la santé

Contexte: Les approches de synthèse exploratoire (ou scoping studies) font actuellement l’objet de confusion dans leur appellation, définition et but. Elles continuent aussi de manquer de description méthodologique suffisante ou de détails sur le processus de l’analyse de données. Objectif : Cette synthèse exploratoire fait le point des connaissances sur les approches de synthèse exploratoire utilisées en santé. Plus spécifiquement, ses objectifs sont : 1) d’examiner le volume et l’étendue des synthèses exploratoires ainsi que les domaines d’étude dans lesquels elles ont été conduites; 2) de faire l’inventaire de leurs définitions, buts, forces et faiblesses; et 3) et de faire l’inventaire des approches méthodologiques existantes. Méthodes : Une recherche systématique des synthèses exploratoires a été entreprise jusqu’en avril 2014 dans les bases de données Medline, PubMed, ERIC, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, EBM Reviews/Cochrane. Des critères d’inclusion et d’exclusion ont été appliqués afin de ne retenir que des études de langue française et anglaise présentant des définitions, méthodes et écarts de connaissances sur les synthèses exploratoires, ainsi que celles les comparant à d’autres types de revues de littérature. Deux reviseurs ont examiné de façon indépendante les références pertinentes. Une grille d’extraction des données a été conçue afin de recueillir pour chacune des études, les données contextuelles, les étapes méthodologiques ainsi que les définitions, buts et limites des synthèses exploratoires. Les données ont été répertoriées et classées afin de dresser un portrait global des approches de synthèses exploratoires dans un format narratif et tabulaire. Résultats : Sur deux cent cinquante-deux références identifiées, quatre-vingt-douze références pertinentes ont été retenues. Les synthèses exploratoires ont été publiées par 6 pays dans 10 domaines d’études et 73 journaux. Elles ont pour finalité d’être à la fois un support aux connaissances, une aide à la décision et un préalable à une revue systématique de littérature. Cinq auteurs ont été cités en référence et huit autres ont publié sur leur méthodologie. Elles ont 3 étapes importantes de réalisation dont la revue de littérature, la consultation des parties prenantes et la synthèse globale avec ou sans validation des résultats. Les synthèses exploratoires utilisent une méthode systématique, pas toujours exhaustive et sans évaluation formelle des études incluses Des notions claires portant sur leur définition, buts, forces et faiblesses ont été identifiées. Conclusion : Nous suggérons que de nouvelles études soient entreprises afin d’asseoir complètement cette méthode et dégager des lignes directrices pour les chercheurs qui s’y intéresseront.

The use of models and methods for strategic planning:towards an holistic view of strategy

Formulating manufacturing business strategy is often fragmented in as much as current tools address upstream and downstream vertical integration with product integration, or more recently, product and infrastructure integration. Rarely do tools address all of these dimensions in an holistic manner. The research described in this paper is that undertaken in the MAPSTRAT project: a scoping study with industrial partners, aiming to satisfy this business need. A comprehensive literature study is described which is contextualized using six case studies. The paper stresses the importance of ‘joined-up thinking’ and outlines plans for an appropriate tool that is under development.

Les approches de synthèse exploratoire dans le domaine de la santé

Contexte: Les approches de synthèse exploratoire (ou scoping studies) font actuellement l’objet de confusion dans leur appellation, définition et but. Elles continuent aussi de manquer de description méthodologique suffisante ou de détails sur le processus de l’analyse de données. Objectif : Cette synthèse exploratoire fait le point des connaissances sur les approches de synthèse exploratoire utilisées en santé. Plus spécifiquement, ses objectifs sont : 1) d’examiner le volume et l’étendue des synthèses exploratoires ainsi que les domaines d’étude dans lesquels elles ont été conduites; 2) de faire l’inventaire de leurs définitions, buts, forces et faiblesses; et 3) et de faire l’inventaire des approches méthodologiques existantes. Méthodes : Une recherche systématique des synthèses exploratoires a été entreprise jusqu’en avril 2014 dans les bases de données Medline, PubMed, ERIC, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, EBM Reviews/Cochrane. Des critères d’inclusion et d’exclusion ont été appliqués afin de ne retenir que des études de langue française et anglaise présentant des définitions, méthodes et écarts de connaissances sur les synthèses exploratoires, ainsi que celles les comparant à d’autres types de revues de littérature. Deux reviseurs ont examiné de façon indépendante les références pertinentes. Une grille d’extraction des données a été conçue afin de recueillir pour chacune des études, les données contextuelles, les étapes méthodologiques ainsi que les définitions, buts et limites des synthèses exploratoires. Les données ont été répertoriées et classées afin de dresser un portrait global des approches de synthèses exploratoires dans un format narratif et tabulaire. Résultats : Sur deux cent cinquante-deux références identifiées, quatre-vingt-douze références pertinentes ont été retenues. Les synthèses exploratoires ont été publiées par 6 pays dans 10 domaines d’études et 73 journaux. Elles ont pour finalité d’être à la fois un support aux connaissances, une aide à la décision et un préalable à une revue systématique de littérature. Cinq auteurs ont été cités en référence et huit autres ont publié sur leur méthodologie. Elles ont 3 étapes importantes de réalisation dont la revue de littérature, la consultation des parties prenantes et la synthèse globale avec ou sans validation des résultats. Les synthèses exploratoires utilisent une méthode systématique, pas toujours exhaustive et sans évaluation formelle des études incluses Des notions claires portant sur leur définition, buts, forces et faiblesses ont été identifiées. Conclusion : Nous suggérons que de nouvelles études soient entreprises afin d’asseoir complètement cette méthode et dégager des lignes directrices pour les chercheurs qui s’y intéresseront.

Tanzanian Food Origins and Protected Geographical Indications

As the world`s population is constantly growing, food security will remain on the policy Agenda, particularly in Africa. At the same time, global food systems experience a new wave focusing on local foods and food sovereignty featuring high quality food products of verifiable geographical origin. This article argues that Geographical Indications (GI´s) hold the potential to help transform the Tanzanian agriculture-dependent economy through the tapping of value from unique products, attributing taste and colour to place or regional geography. This study aims to identify the existence and characteristics of food origin products in Tanzania that have potential for GI certification. The hypothesis was that there are origin products in Tanzania whose unique characteristics are linked to the area of production. Geographical indications can be useful policy instruments contributing to food security and sovereignty and quality within an efficient marketing system with the availability of government support, hence the need to identify key candidates for GI certification. Five Tanzanian origin products were selected from 14 candidate agricultural products through a scoping study. Rice from Kyela, Aloe vera, Coffee and Sugar from Kilimanjaro and Cloves from Zanzibar are some of the product cases investigated and provides for in-depth case study, as ´landscape´ products incorporating ´taste of place´. Interviews were conducted to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Data was collected on the production area, product quality perceived by the consumer in terms of taste, flavour, texture, aroma, appearance (colour, size) and perceptions of links between geography related factors (soil, land weather characteristics) and product qualities. A qualitative case study analysis was done for each of the (five) selected Tanzanian origin products investigated with plausible prospects for Tanzania to leapfrog into exports of Geographical Indications products. Framework conditions for producers creating or capturing market value as stewards of cultural and landscape values, environments, and institutional requirements for such creation or capturing to happen, including presence of export opportunities, are discussed. Geographical indication is believed to allow smallholders to create employment and build monetary value, while stewarding local food cultures and natural environments and resources, and increasing the diversity of supply of natural and unique quality products and so contribute to enhanced food security.

Clinical reasoning in undergraduate nursing education: a scoping review

Abstract OBJECTIVE This study aimed at analyzing the current state of knowledge on clinical reasoning in undergraduate nursing education. METHODS A systematic scoping review through a search strategy applied to the MEDLINE database, and an analysis of the material recovered by extracting data done by two independent reviewers. The extracted data were analyzed and synthesized in a narrative manner. RESULTS From the 1380 citations retrieved in the search, 23 were kept for review and their contents were summarized into five categories: 1) the experience of developing critical thinking/clinical reasoning/decision-making process; 2) teaching strategies related to the development of critical thinking/clinical reasoning/decision-making process; 3) measurement of variables related to the critical thinking/clinical reasoning/decision-making process; 4) relationship of variables involved in the critical thinking/clinical reasoning/decision-making process; and 5) theoretical development models of critical thinking/clinical reasoning/decision-making process for students. CONCLUSION The biggest challenge for developing knowledge on teaching clinical reasoning seems to be finding consistency between theoretical perspectives on the development of clinical reasoning and methodologies, methods, and procedures in research initiatives in this field.

Food choices and practices during pregnancy of immigrant and Aboriginal women in Canada: a study protocol

Abstract Background Facilitating the provision of appropriate health care for immigrant and Aboriginal populations in Canada is critical for maximizing health potential and well-being. Numerous reports describe heightened risks of poor maternal and birth outcomes for immigrant and Aboriginal women. Many of these outcomes may relate to food consumption/practices and thus may be obviated through provision of resources which suit the women's ethnocultural preferences. This project aims to understand ethnocultural food and health practices of Aboriginal and immigrant women, and how these intersect with respect to the legacy of Aboriginal colonialism and to the social contexts of cultural adaptation and adjustment of immigrants. The findings will inform the development of visual tools for health promotion by practitioners. Methods/Design This four-phase study employs a case study design allowing for multiple means of data collection and different units of analysis. Phase 1 consists of a scoping review of the literature. Phases 2 and 3 incorporate pictorial representations of food choices (photovoice in Phase 2) with semi-structured photo-elicited interviews (in Phase 3). The findings from Phases 1-3 and consultations with key stakeholders will generate key understandings for Phase 4, the production of culturally appropriate visual tools. For the scoping review, an emerging methodological framework will be utilized in addition to systematic review guidelines. A research librarian will assist with the search strategy and retrieval of literature. For Phases 2 and 3, recruitment of 20-24 women will be facilitated by team member affiliations at perinatal clinics in one of the city's most diverse neighbourhoods. The interviews will reveal culturally normative practices surrounding maternal food choices and consumption, including how women negotiate these practices within their own worldview and experiences. A structured and comprehensive integrated knowledge translation plan has been formulated. Discussion The findings of this study will provide practitioners with an understanding of the cultural differences that affect women's dietary choices during maternity. We expect that the developed resources will be of immediate use within the women's units and will enhance counseling efforts. Wide dissemination of outputs may have a greater long term impact in the primary and secondary prevention of these high risk conditions.

Selecting an electrical power source at the scoping level for a mining project

The electrical power source is a critical component of the scoping level study as the source affects both the project economics and timeline. This paper proposes a systematic approach to selecting an electrical power source for a new mine. Orvana Minerals Copperwood project is used as a case study. The Copperwood results show that the proposed scoping level approach is consistent with the subsequent much more detailed feasibility study.

Evaluation of an integrated system for classification, assessment and comparison of services for long-term care in Europe: the eDESDE-LTC study

Background: The harmonization of European health systems brings with it a need for tools to allow the standardized collection of information about medical care. A common coding system and standards for the description of services are needed to allow local data to be incorporated into evidence-informed policy, and to permit equity and mobility to be assessed. The aim of this project has been to design such a classification and a related tool for the coding of services for Long Term Care (DESDE-LTC), based on the European Service Mapping Schedule (ESMS). Methods: The development of DESDE-LTC followed an iterative process using nominal groups in 6 European countries. 54 researchers and stakeholders in health and social services contributed to this process. In order to classify services, we use the minimal organization unit or “Basic Stable Input of Care” (BSIC), coded by its principal function or “Main Type of Care” (MTC). The evaluation of the tool included an analysis of feasibility, consistency, ontology, inter-rater reliability, Boolean Factor Analysis, and a preliminary impact analysis (screening, scoping and appraisal). Results: DESDE-LTC includes an alpha-numerical coding system, a glossary and an assessment instrument for mapping and counting LTC. It shows high feasibility, consistency, inter-rater reliability and face, content and construct validity. DESDE-LTC is ontologically consistent. It is regarded by experts as useful and relevant for evidence-informed decision making. Conclusion: DESDE-LTC contributes to establishing a common terminology, taxonomy and coding of LTC services in a European context, and a standard procedure for data collection and international comparison.

Palliative Medicine:Scoping the level and extent of service provision to people with intellectual disability at end of life Poster Presentation

Background: Concerns exist about the end of life care
that people with intellectual disabilities receive. This population
are seldom referred to palliative care services and
inadequate data sets exist about their place of death.
Aim: To scope the extent of service provision to people
with intellectual disabilities at the end of life by specialist
palliative care and intellectual disability services in one
region of the United Kingdom.
Methods: As part of a larger doctoral study a regional survey
took place of a total sample (n=66) of specialist palliative
care and intellectual disability services using a postal
questionnaire containing forty items. The questionnaire
was informed by the literature and consultation with an
expert reference group. Data were analysed using SPSS to
obtain descriptive statistics.
Results: A total response rate from services of 71.2%
(n=47) was generated. Findings showed a range of experience
among services in providing end of life care to people
with intellectual disabilities in the previous five years, but
general hospitals were reported the most common place of
death. A lack of accessible information on end of life care
for people with learning disabilities was apparent. A few
services (n=14) had a policy to support this population to
make decisions about their care or had used adapted Breaking
Bad News guidelines (n=5) to meet their additional
needs. Both services recognised the value of partnership
working in assessing and meeting the holistic needs of
people with intellectual disabilities at end of life.
Conclusions: A range of experience in caring for people
with intellectual disabilities was present across services,
but more emphasis is required on adapting communication
for this population to facilitate them to participate in their
care. These findings could have international significance
given that studies in other countries have highlighted a
need to widen access to palliative care for this group of
people.

The use of motivational interviews by nurses to promote health behaviors in adolescents: A scoping review protocol

Abstract The developmental changes during adolescence may affect subsequent risk for diseases and health-related behaviors. Traditionally, professionals assume that knowledge is sufficient for behavioral changes; however adolescents continue to engage in unhealthy behaviors despite clearly knowing what they should do and how to change. "What is lacking is the motivation to apply that knowledge". Motivational Interview (MI) may be taken as an essential tool in the provision of nursing care to adolescents, being itself a workspace with possible therapeutic effects. Objectives The objective of this scoping is to examine and map the use of MI by nurses in their clinical practice with adolescents to promote health behaviors. The review will focus on knowing what is the current extent of the use of nurse-led MI; which adolescent populations were included; in which contexts nurses use MI; which MI techniques/strategies have been used and what outcomes on health behaviors promotion have been reported. Methodology This scoping review will be informed by JBI methodology. The population of this study is adolescents aged 10 to 19 years participating in nurse-led MI. The concept of MI include MI done by personal or telephone call, with any number of sessions, brief interventions and other motivational interventions grounded but not limited to the principles described by Miller & Rollnick (2008). All geographical and all clinical practice contexts where nurses' undertake MI with adolescents such as hospitals, primary health care, health care centers, community or schools will be contemplated. English, Spanish and Portuguese published studies will be considered for inclusion. Results An initial limited search of MEDLINE and CINAHL was undertaken followed by analysis of the text words contained in the title and abstract, and of the index terms used to describe the concepts, synonyms (with truncations), MeSH Terms and Cinhal headings of this study. It was identified 5 synonyms for "Adolescents", 7 for "MI" and 2 for "nurse". A first search using the all 14 identified keywords and index terms was made at Medline (Title/Abstract) and brought up 125 articles. Other 16 databases referenced at the protocol will be searched to identify additional studies. Articles identified from the final search will be assessed for relevance to the review, based on information provided in the title and abstract. The full article will be retrieved for all studies that meet the inclusion criteria of the review. It is expected that findings from this Scoping Review provide needed information to nurses related to the use of MI to promote health behaviors in adolescents. Conclusions There is little knowledge of what works for whom (which adolescent subpopulation) under what circumstances (in which setting, for what problem) in relation to nurse-led MI. There is a need for scoping or mapping the nurse-led MI with adolescents to identify evidence gaps and to inform opportunities for future development in nursing practice. Moreover, information regarding implemented and evaluated interventions, techniques used, contexts of application and adolescents groups is dispersed in the literature which impedes the formulation of questions about the outcomes and effectiveness of those interventions. The practical implication of this mapping will be clarifying all these aspects.