164 resultados para Saussurea involucrata
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A new species of Saussurea, S. erecta S. W Liu, J. T Pan A J. Q. Liu sp. nov., is described from Tibet. It resembles S. kingii but may be distinguished by having distinct stems and glabrous achenes. Saussurea kingii was placed in sect. Pseudoeriocoryne of subgen. Eriocoryne; this section was circumscribed by acaulescence and an inflorescence with congested capitula surrounded by a rosette of leaves. The discovery of S. erecta with distinct stems, cauline leaves and corymbose capitula blurred the delimitation of sect. Pseudoeriocoryne and suggested that the section may be polyphyletic. Both the close relationship and the significant difference between S. erecta and S. kingii were confirmed by analyses of nrDNA ITS sequences. The resulting phylogenies based on ITS data further suggest that Saussurea sect. Pseudoeriocoryne, as traditionally defined, does not constitute a monophyletic group. The rapid radiation and speciation of Saussurea in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, as inferred from ITS phylogeny, are discussed. (c) 2005 The Linnean Society of London.
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The genus Saussurea is distributed mainly in the temperate and subarctic regions of Eurasia and consists of about 300 species classified into six subgenera and 20 sections. Sect. Pseudoeriocoryne in the subgenus Eriocoryne comprises four species, and is delimited mainly by acaulescence and an inflorescence with congested capitula surrounded by a rosette of leaves. All of these species are endemic to the and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Sequences from the chloroplast DNA trnL-F region were obtained for the four species in this section and 26 other species from four subgenera of Saussurea to resolve phylogenetic relationships among these species and to determine whether the shared characters that define sect. Pseudoeriocoryne are synapomorphic or were acquired by convergent evolution. The resulting phylogenies indicated that Saussurea sect. Pseudoeriocoryne as traditionally defined does not constitute a monophyletic group and that each of its species belongs to separate clades. Furthermore, none of these species showed a close relationship with the other species of subgenus Eriocoryne. Our results further indicated that none of the investigated subgenera are monophyletic, and that species from different subgenera clustered together. All these conclusions are provisional and their confirmation would require stronger phylogenetic support. Two possible explanations are suggested for low sequence divergence, poor resolution of internal clades and clustering of species with the rather distinct morphology of Saussurea detected in the present study. The first is rapid radiation and diversification triggered by fast habitat fragmentation due to the recent lifting of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Quaternary climate oscillations. This could have led to rapid morphological divergence while sequences diverged very little, and also caused the convergent acquisition of similar characteristics in unrelated lineages due to similar selection pressures. The second possible explanation is that both introgressive hybridization and reticulate evolution might have caused the transferring of cpDNA sequences between morphologically dissimilar species, thus leading to homogenization of sequences between lineages. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Experiments were conducted in an alpine Kobresia humilis meadow near Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station (37degrees29'-37degrees45'N, 101degrees12'-101degrees33'E; altitude 3200 m). Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on photosynthesis of the alpine plants of Saussurea superba and Gentiana straminea were investigated. Both species were exposed to a UV-B-BE density at 15.80 kJ m(-2) per day, simulating nearly 14% ozone (O-3) reduction during the plant growing season. Neither photosynthetic CO2 uptake rate nor photosynthetic O-2 evolution rate were decreased after a long period of enhanced UV-B radiation treatment. On the contrary, there was a tendency to increase of both parameters in both species. The photosynthetic pigments were also increased, when expressed on a leaf area basis. UV-B absorbing compounds, detected by the absorbance values at 300 mm, had a tendency to increase in both species after enhanced UV-B radiation. After long-term exposure of plants to enhanced UV-B radiation, leaf morphology was also affected. Leaf thickness in both S. superba and G. straminea were increased significantly (P < 0.001). This supports our hypothesis that the increase of leaf thickness in both species after long-term exposure of enhanced UV-B radiation could compensate for the photodestruction of photosynthetic pigments when light passes through the leaf. Therefore, photosynthesis is not reduced in either species when expressed on leaf area basis. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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2009
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Pós-graduação em Química - IQ
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水母雪莲属菊科植物,为名贵中药材其主要活性成分为黄酮类化合物。为解决雪莲资源其中匮乏,本文开展了利用水母雪莲细胞培养生产黄酮类活性成分的可行性研究。 采用目视法从水母雪莲原始愈伤组织中筛选得到白色、黄色和红色3种细胞系,其中黄色系的黄酮含量最高。利用γ射线辐射处理从红色系得高产黄酮细胞系。 证明了多种理化因子对水母雪莲培养细胞中黄酮类合成的调控作用。研究发现,温度和光照对水母雪莲愈伤组织黄酮合成影响较大。25℃是最佳培养温度;红光促进愈伤组织生长,蓝光促进黄酮的合成;进一步研究表明:光调节黄酮代谢途径第一步所需酶苯丙氨酸裂解酶(PAL)活性,PAL活性被红光所抑制,被蓝光所促进。碳源、氮源、植物激素对愈伤组织生长和黄酮形成影响较为显著。对MS培养基成分进行调整得到M-13培养基,在M-13培养基上培养的愈伤组织生长量和黄酮产量比MS培养基分别提高33%和82%。 首次建立水母雪莲细胞悬浮培养体系。确定了水母雪莲细胞悬浮培养的最适培养条件和最适培养基成分组成。摇床转速 90~120 r/min、接种量 2.5~4.0gDW/L、接种物种龄 8~10 d 对黄酮合成有利。调整MS培养基成分得到适合于培养水母雪莲悬浮细胞的生长培养基G和黄酮合成培养基MP,从而使细胞生长量与黄酮产量分别长比MS培养基提高32%和70%。 应用2-L搅拌式生物反应器对水母雪莲细胞进行了悬浮培养。TLC和HPLC分析表明,水母雪莲细胞培养物能够形成2种黄酮活性成分金合欢素和高车前素。本论文对水母雪莲细胞培养生产药用活性成分作了基础性工作。
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水母雪莲(Sausswea medusa Maxim)为菊科风毛菊属植物,其主要的活性成份为黄酮类化台物。为进一步提高雪莲细胞培养物的黄酮含量和实现雪莲细胞培养生产黄酮类化合物的工业化,本文开展了水母雪莲细胞悬浮培养黄酮生物合成的调控及雪莲细胞生物反应器放大培养的可行性研究。 在水母雪莲细胞悬浮体系中加入苯丙氨酸和乙酸钠两种前体,结果显示,它们均能促进细胞内黄酮的生物合成,但它们对细胞的生长也有一定的抑制作用。实验表明,前体的添加时间均以第6天为宜,它们的最佳添加浓度都是0.1 mmol/L。苯丙氨酸、乙酸钠两种前体协同添加,黄酮产量是对照的1.94倍,比它们单独加入更能促进细胞的黄酮合成。 两种非生物诱导子硝酸银和谷胱甘肚都能诱导水母雪莲悬浮培养细胞黄酮的生物合成,诱导子的作用效果与诱导于的浓度和添加时间有关。二者协同诱导,获得的黄酮产量达是对照的1.72倍,高于它们单独加入时的黄酮产量。 应用2L通气搅拌式生物反应器一步批式培养水母雪莲细胞。研究了搅拌转速、通气量和接种量对细胞生长和黄酮合成的影响,发现在75 r/min、700-1000 L/min和4.0-5.0 9 DW/L接种量下细胞生长和黄酮合成比较好。经过12 d培养细胞干重达13.8 9 DW/L,黄酮产量416 mg/L。水母雪莲细胞生长及黄酮合成的进程表明,黄酮积累与细胞生长呈正相关。对细胞聚集体分布的研究发现,剪切力等因素使细胞聚集体分裂,使反应器中细胞生长受到影响,黄酮产量较摇瓶中降低。
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水母雪莲(Saussurea medusa Maxim)为名贵珍稀中药材,其主要药用成分为类黄酮,尤其是3-脱氧类黄酮。目前关于雪莲的研究主要集中在采用细胞培养生产类黄酮等方面,但对于雪莲类黄酮生物合成的分子机制了解甚少,极大限制了这一珍贵资源的利用。本研究采用水母雪莲红色系愈伤组织及悬浮细胞为材料,构建cDNA文库,从中克隆水母雪莲类黄酮次生代谢中的相关基因并对这些基因进行了深入的生物信息学分析、转基因研究初步确定其功能,以期了解雪莲类黄酮次生代谢的分子机制,为提高类黄酮的合成奠定基础。主要结果如下: 1. 成功地构建了水母雪莲红色系愈伤组织与悬浮细胞cDNA文库,原始文库滴度达到4×106pfu/ml,扩增文库滴度接近1011 pfu/ml,重组率达98%。PCR检测插入片段,均在0.5kb到3kb之间,1kb以上占62%。从文库中检测到了chs、dfr及Myb转录因子SmP,文库覆盖度达到要求且为PCR筛选文库提供了可能。 2. 采用部分简并引物,通过RT-PCR克隆了水母雪莲查尔酮异构酶基因Smchi特异探针,并根据这一探针序列设计特异引物,采用TD-PCR法筛选cDNA文库,获得Smchi cDNA序列,全长831bp,编码一个232氨基酸残基的蛋白。根据cDNA序列克隆了Smchi DNA序列,结果表明Smchi基因无内含子。Smchi cDNA序列与翠菊chi基因高度同源,ORF区域同源性高达84%,但推测氨基酸序列则只有79.3%。Smchi mRNA具有复杂的二级结构。SmCHI具有典型的Chalcone结构域,其二级结构与苜蓿CHI蛋白十分相似,7个α-螺旋与8个延伸链由随机结构联系起来。但其活性中心的第三个关键氨基酸残基N115为M115所取代,这一取代可能导致该蛋白无生物活性,也可能使它具有一般CHI不同的功能。构建Smchi正义、反义真核表达载体,通过农杆菌介导导入烟草,获得转正义、反义Smchi基因的烟草。转基因烟草花色未改变,但叶片总黄酮发生了显著的变化,50%转正义基因烟草总黄酮含量显著提高,最高比对照提高6倍,70%转反义基因烟草总黄酮含量显著下降,最多达85.1%,初步证明Smchi具有功能,并能有效调控烟草类黄酮次生代谢。因此,SmCHI可能是不同于已知CHI的一类新的CHI蛋白,它催化的反应可能与花色素合成无关,其反应机制也可能有所不同。 3. 伴随Smchi的克隆获得了一个黄烷酮3-羟化酶类似基因Smf3h的cDNA,全长1334bp,编码一个343aa的蛋白。根据这一cDNA序列克隆了Smf3h DNA序列,全长1630bp,结果表明该基因由4个外显子和3个内含子组成。Smf3h mRNA具有十分复杂的二级结构。 推测蛋白氨基酸同源性分析表明,SmF3H属于2OG-FeII_Oxy家族,与同一家族的的颠茄H6H的同源性为45%,与拟南芥F3H的同源性为40%,但对SmF3H、典型F3H及典型H6H推测蛋白二级结构、活性中心关键氨基酸残基的位置与相对距离、软件进行功能预测分析,发现SmF3H与F3H更相似。构建Smf3h的正义与反义真核表达载体,通过农杆菌介导导入烟草,但只获得一批转正义基因的烟草,反义基因导致烟草不能再生而未获得转反义基因烟草。转基因烟草花色未改变,叶片总黄酮也与对照相似,初步确认Smf3h与烟草类黄酮生物合成无关,而是一个既不属于f3h也不属于h6h的功能未确定的新基因。 4. 采用与克隆Smchi基因相似的方法,从cDNA文库中克隆了SmP基因cDNA,全长969bp,编码一个256 aa的蛋白质。根据cDNA序列克隆了SmP基因的DNA序列,结果表明,SmP基因无内含子。SmP基因cDNA 一级结构及mRNA二级结构预测分析表明,该基因A+T含量很高(63%),所形成二级结构以A-T配对为主,其稳定性可能较差。SmP推测蛋白序列具有R2R3-Myb转录因子的典型特征,在N-端具有两个Myb DNA-binding Domain,其二级结构与鸡Myb转录因子1A5J十分相似,与其他基因如水稻OsMYB、番茄ThMYB的同源区域主要集中在这一结构域,分别为71.3%和70.8%;C-端富含丝氨酸,与烟草NtMYB、葡萄VlMYB等类黄酮调控因子相似,都呈寡聚体分布,并具有相同的保守磷酸化位点S170与S206。构建SmP基因真核表达载体,通过农杆菌介导导入烟草,获得大量转基因烟草。转基因烟草花色未发生改变,但51%的转基因烟草叶片总黄酮含量都显著提高(0.5-6倍),表明SmP具有促进烟草类黄酮生物合成的功能,但所调控的支路与花色素合成无关。初步试验结果表明,转SmP基因烟草对蚜虫具有很高的抗性,可有效地抑制蚜虫在烟草上的生长,抑制率最高可达92%-100%。这一抗性与烟草中类黄酮的积累可能具有直接的联系,但还需要进一步的试验证明。 5. 与美国俄亥俄州立大学Erich Grotewold 博士实验室合作,完成了微型EST库50个克隆的测序并进行了分析,从中获得了水母雪莲花色素合酶基因SmANS及醛脱氢酶基因SmALDH的特异探针。根据SmANS特异探针设计引物,采用PCR从这50个克隆中筛选获得了SmANS的cDNA序列,全长1229bp,编码一个356aa的蛋白质。SmANS在cDNA水平上与同属的翠菊ANS基因高度同源,但同源区域集中在ORF区域,达到80%,mRNA 预测二级结构十分复杂;推测氨基酸序列与翠菊ANS同源性达到82.9%。SmANS属于2OG-FeII_Oxy家族,在2OG-FeII_Oxy结构域高度保守,与翠菊、甜橙ANS保守结构域同源性达到94%。预测蛋白二级结构以α-螺旋-β-折叠为主,由7个主螺旋和11个主β-折叠及随机结构连接而成,并具有2OG-FeII_Oxy家族活性中心的三个保守的组氨酸残基(His84、His235、His291)和一个天冬氨酸残基(Asp237)。 6. 根据微型EST库中获得的SmALDH特异探针设计引物,采用PCR从这50个克隆中筛选获得了SmALDH基因cDNA 序列,全长1664bp,编码一个491aa的蛋白质。SmALDH基因cDNA具有独特的碱基组成,3/-UTR富含A+T,占该区域碱基总量的80%,5/-UTR的A+T和G+C各占50%,比ORF区域(52%)还低,因此其mRNA二级结构中5/-UTR可以单独形成自身二级结构并且十分稳定,这可能影响基因的表达。这一现象在水稻、玉米等植物中也存在。SmALDH在cDNA水平上在ORF区域与拟南芥、藏红花、水稻等具有较高同源性,分别为64.03%、63.89%、63.72%,但在推测蛋白氨基酸序列水平上同源性反而较低,分别为54.9%、54.3%、54.0%。SmALDH缺少线粒体定位信号,为胞质醛脱氢酶,具有一个Aldedh 保守结构域,还具有与1OF7-H相似的以α-螺旋-β-折叠为主的二级结构,由10个主螺旋和15个主β-折叠及随机结构连接而成。由于ALDH在植物细胞乙醇发酵中具有解除醛类物质毒害的功能,因此SmALDH基因的克隆为改造细胞自身以适应发酵培养条件,解决水母雪莲细胞大规模培养中需氧问题提供了可能。
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水母雪莲(Saussurea medusa Maxim)为菊科凤毛菊属植物,是名贵中药材,其主要活性成分为黄酮类化合物。为解决雪莲资源匮乏,本文开展了利用水母雪莲毛状根培养生产黄酮类活性成分的研究。 在1/2MS液体培养基上研究了不同理化因子对水母雪莲毛状根生长和黄酮类化合物生物合成的影响。实验结果表明:氮源总浓度(包括NH4+和NO3-)为30 mmol/L;NH4+/NO3-比例为5:25;2 %蔗糖和3 %葡萄糖组合;0.5 mg/L GA3和0.5 mg/L IBA;pH 5.8;18 h/d的光照(光强为3500 Lux);24℃;摇床转速为100 rpm的条件有利于毛状根生长及黄酮类化合物的生物合成。在此培养条件下,经过21 d的培养毛状根生长量达到12.8 g/L(DW),黄酮类化合物合成量为1922 mg/L,即黄酮类化合物含量占毛状根干重的15 %,约为野生水母雪莲植株干重黄酮类化合物含量的25倍。 用MJ和SA两种诱导子分别处理水母雪莲的毛状根,适宜条件下它们均能使毛状根中黄酮类化合物的产量得到提高。实验发现,在水母雪莲毛状根培养过程中,MJ抑制其生长,但提高了黄酮类化合物在毛状根中的百分含量;SA降低了黄酮类化合物在毛状根中的百分含量,但促进其生长。诱导子的作用效果与诱导子的浓度和添加时间有关。在延迟期后期添加浓度为0.02 mmol/L的MJ时黄酮类化合物产量达到 849 mg/L,比对照(633 mg/L)提高34.1 %;在指数生长期中期添加浓度为0.03 mmol/L的SA时,黄酮类化合物产量达到968 mg/L,比对照(633 mg/L)提高52.9 %。在指数生长期前期同时添加浓度为0.02 mmol/L的MJ 和0.03 mmol/L的SA,黄酮类化合物的产量为1125 mg/L,比对照(633 mg/L)提高77.7 %。 另外采取热水、碱提取,乙醇沉淀获得水母雪莲毛状根多糖。进一步用α-萘酚—浓硫酸法进行定性、定量分析,测得水母雪莲毛状根中水溶性多糖与碱溶性多糖的含量分别为2.453 %和3.391 % 。
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水母雪莲(Saussurea medusa Maxim)为菊科凤毛菊属植物,是名贵中药材。为解决雪莲资源匮乏,我们实验室通过植物组织培养技术,成功的建立起水母雪莲细胞和毛状根体系。通过对它的药理实验及化学成分分析,主要成分为黄酮类物质和紫丁香甙单体。为了进一步提高这些物质在水母雪莲培养物中的含量,本文开展通过添加外源诱导子手段来调控水母雪莲次生代谢合成途径。 利用水杨酸(SA)和酵母提取物(YE)作为外源诱导子,添加到水母雪莲细胞系和毛状根系培养基中,研究诱导子不同添加浓度和不同添加时间对水母莲细胞系和毛状根系的生长及次生物质合成的诱导效应。实验结果发现:对于细胞系来说,SA比YE的诱导效果要好,低浓度SA处理时,不仅能促进细胞的生长,还能提高水母雪莲细胞中黄酮化合物和紫丁香甙的含量。其中,在细胞生长周期的第6天添加终浓度为20 μM的SA,诱导效果表现最佳。在此条件下,细胞内总黄酮产量达到532 mg/l,紫丁香甙为630 mg/l,分别比对照提高了130%,和150%。对于毛状根体系来说,SA和YE生长早期添加会抑制毛状根生长。总体上,YE的诱导效果比SA明显。在第10天添加终浓度为40 μg/ml的YE,总黄酮达到741 mg/l,紫丁香甙达到303 mg/l,分别是对照的2.8和2.5倍。 同时研究了20 μM和100 μM SA诱导下,黄酮合成途径中相关酶的变化。发现,低浓度的SA能在短时间内诱导CHS和CHI表达,24h后PAL酶活性升高到对照的7.5倍,而48 h总黄酮的含量检测到最高值。因此可以初步断定,SA诱导苯基苯丙烷类物质的积累与CHS和CHI表达,PAL酶活性提高有关。 另外,从水母雪莲cDNA中克隆到雪莲黄酮合成途径的第一个关键酶—查耳酮合成酶基因(SmCHS)全长cDNA。此cDNA序列全长为1313bp,其编码的蛋白为389个氨基酸,推测的氨基酸序列与许多物种都高度同源,同源性高达88%。生物信息学分析,SmCHS具有CHS-like保守结构域,其二级结构与苜蓿的CHS十分相似,且苜蓿中的CHS酶活性中心的关键氨基酸位点在SmCHS也一致对应相同,没有突变。因此可以初步推测这个SmCHS应该具有查耳酮合成酶功能。并进一步构建SmCHS植物表达载体,转化拟南芥chs突变体,通过功能互补分析研究此基因的功能。由于时间关系这部分研究尚在进行中。
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水母雪莲(Saussurea medusa Maxim.)为多年生菊科植物,是我国珍稀药用资源。所含的主要生物活性成分是黄酮类物质,具有抗炎、镇痛、免疫抑制及抗氧化等功效。但由于水母雪莲生长环境特殊,生长缓慢,人工引种困难;加上长期掠夺性采挖,造成其野生药用资源短缺,已经不能满足市场的需求。近年来,世界上掀起了植物药开发的热潮,植物药以其天然低毒的特点倍受关注,而黄酮类化合物更是以其广谱的药理作用引人瞩目。 黄酮类化合物的合成代谢途径在植物界进化过程中很保守,黄酮类生物合成途径中的相关酶也已得到确证并进行了系统的研究。二氢黄酮醇-4-还原酶(Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase, DFR)是一个处于花色素或者原花色素合成途径中的关键酶,它与黄酮合成途径中的黄酮醇合成酶(flavonol synthase)竞争底物。本研究以水母雪莲为研究对象,根据近缘物种DFR基因的保守核苷酸序列设计兼并引物,通过PCR技术,从已经建立的水母雪莲红色愈伤组织cDNA文库中筛选到一个编码该酶的cDNA序列,该序列全长1166个碱基对。根据生物信息学分析,此cDNA编码342个氨基酸;Blastp分析结果显示,该氨基酸序列与同科植物翠菊(Callistephus chinensis)的相似性最高,达87%;SWISSMODEL软件预测其蛋白的三级结构与葡萄(Vitis vinifera)的十分相似,活性中心的关键氨基酸残基也完全一致。据此可以断定,我们所得到的cDNA为编码二氢黄酮醇还原酶的基因,并命名为水母雪莲二氢黄酮醇还原酶基因(SmDFR)。为了得到SmDFR的DNA序列,我们又设计特异引物,从水母雪莲的基因组中扩增出了由1871个碱基对组成的DNA序列,该序列包含五个内含子和六个外显子。 为了提高水母雪莲和大苞雪莲中黄酮类物质的含量,我们构建了SmDFR的反义植物表达载体,利用根癌农杆菌介导进行基因转化。通过改变影响农杆菌转化的实验条件包括外植体来源、农杆菌菌株、细菌浓度、外植体预培养时间、侵染时间和乙酰丁香酮的浓度进行转基因试验,目前尚未得到转基因植株。另外,我们构建了SmDFR正义植物表达载体,通过对拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana) DFR基因突变体和矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida)进行基因转化,来验证SmDFR的功能;目前,此实验尚在进行之中。
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本文是中国科学院“八五”重大项目:“生物多样性保护与持续利用的生物学基础”中的子课题“中国濒危特有动、植物保护生物学及种群生存力分析”的一部分。本文研究了我国一级保护植物珙桐(Davidia involucrata Baill.)在种群生态学、群落生态学各方面的特征,主要包括其天然分布,群落类型,种群空间分布格局,植株生长规律,种群生物量结构及变化规律,元素化学成份,种群年龄结构,数量统计及生存力分析等。 研究结果表明:珙桐分布区是连续的,其变种光叶珙桐(Davidia involucrata var. vilmoriniana (Dode) wanger)的分布区存在间断;珙桐群落可依优势种不同分为多种类型,但都属于亚热带中山落叶——常绿阔叶混交林类型;群落区系成份复杂,地理成份以北温带及东亚成分占绝对优势:种群空间分布格局无论在不同群落中还是在不同发育阶段中均属集群分布:植株胸径、树高及材积生长符合Logistic方程:种群生物量随群落类型不同而有较大差异,种群增长规律符合Logistic增长;种群年龄结构稳定,但实生苗的匮乏对种群更新不利:种群存活曲线属Deevy I型。对影响种群生存力的因素分析表明,主要的因素有系统压力和环境因素。
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本学位论文报道了作为传统藏药材广泛使用的西藏产雪莲花化学成分的研究。论文由五章组成,第一章是三种西藏产雪莲花的化学成分的系统分离纯化和结构鉴定;第二章为西藏产雪莲花化学成分的液-质及串联质谱联用分析;第三章提出了以HPLC和TLC为检测方法的雪莲花药材质量标准草案;第四章给出了对西藏产雪莲花挥发油化学成分的气-质联用分析结果;第五章概述了雪莲花的化学成分及药理研究进展。 第一章包括三个部分。第一部分报道了绵头雪莲花(Saussurea laniceps Hand.-Mazz.)全草乙醇提取物化学成分的分离鉴定。采用正相硅胶柱层析及凝胶柱层析等分离方法,从西藏产绵头雪莲花的乙醇提取物中共分离鉴定出15个化合物。其中11个化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到,当中2个化合物系在凤毛菊属植物中首次发现。第二部分报道了水母雪莲花(Saussurea medusa Maxim.)全草乙醇提取物的化学成分。采用正、反相硅胶柱层析及凝胶柱层析等分离方法,共分离鉴定出15个化合物,其中1个为新化合物,另有4个化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。新化合物结构通过质谱和一维及二维核磁共振等波谱解析方法及碱水解反应确定为巴豆酰基-高车前苷(M-7)。第三部分报道了三指雪莲花 (Saussurea tridactyla Sch.-Bip. ex Hook. f.)全草乙醇提取物的化学成分。采用正相硅胶柱层析及凝胶柱层析等分离方法,共分离鉴定出7个化合物,其中1个化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。 第二章也包括三个部分。首先是采用液-质联用(HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn)分析方法,对7个西藏不同产地的三指雪莲花化学成分进行了分析,通过与标准品的 UV和MS数据比较,共鉴定出14个峰,并对其中8个共有成分进行了定量测定。其次是关于八种西藏产雪莲花化学成分的液-质联用(HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn)分析,通过与标准品的UV和MS数据比较,共鉴定出15个峰,并对其中8个共有成分进行了定量检测。最后通过对八种西藏产雪莲花主要化学成分的多级串联质谱(ESI-MSn)分析,快速、灵敏地鉴定出10个黄酮和3个香豆素化学成分。 第三章同样包括三个部分。首先是以绵头雪莲花中主要香豆素成分东莨菪素和伞形花内酯为对照品,通过TLC定性检测和HPLC含量测定,草拟出较严谨的药材质量标准。其次是将绵头雪莲花、三指雪莲花和雪兔子作为一个药材看待,草拟了以东莨菪素和伞形花内酯的TLC检测为指标的药材质量标准。最后是针对水母雪莲花,以主要黄酮成分芹菜素-7-O-b-D-葡萄糖苷为对照品作TLC检测,并草拟出该药材的质量标准草案。 第四章报道了西藏产雪莲花挥发油的化学成分分析。采用传统水蒸气蒸馏法分别从八种雪莲花全草中提取挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分别从水母雪莲花、绵头雪莲花、槲叶雪莲花、云状雪兔子、拉萨雪兔子、小果雪兔子、雪兔子和三指雪莲花中分别鉴定出83、83、56、34、21、20、24和20个化学成分,分别占其挥发油总量的70.7%、76.0%、82.2%、55.4%、49.7%、70.4 %、76.2%和 76.7%。 第五章为综述,总结和概括了雪莲花的化学和药理研究进展。 The dissertation reports the investigation of the chemical constituents of the genus Saussurea. Quite a lot of species in this genus are traditional Tibetan medicinal plants, and hence have been widely used in traditional Tibetan medicine. This dissertation consisted of five chapters. The first chapter is on the chemical constituents of three Saussurea plants. The second section is about the analysis of chemical constituents of Saussurea plants using HPLC-MS and ESI-MS/MS. In the third chapter, we proposed quality-control standards for the Genus Saussurea based on TLC (thin layer chromatography) and HPLC. The fourth chapter is about chemical compositions of the essential oil from the whole plant of Saussurea plants. The last chapter reviews the research progress of the Genus Saussurea. The first chapter consists of three parts. The first part is about chemical constituents of ethanol extracts from whole plant of Saussurea laniceps Hand.-Mazz. Fifteen compounds were isolated by column chromatography on normal phase silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Among them, eleven compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time, and two compounds were isolated from Genus Saussurea for the first time. The second part is about chemical constituents of ethanol extracts from whole plant of Saussurea medusa Maxim. Fifteen compounds were isolated by column chromatography on normal phase, reversed phase silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Five of them were isolated from this plant for the first time, and there is one new flavonoid glucoside which was identified as 6″-O-crotonoyl-homoplantaginin (M-7) based on the evidence of one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry analysis, and alkaline hydrolysis reaction. The last part is about chemical constituents of ethanol extracts from whole plant of Saussurea tridactyla Sch.-Bip. ex Hook. f.. Seven compounds were isolated by column chromatography on normal phase silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. There is one compound which was isolated from this plant for the first time. The second chapter consists of three parts. In the first part, we analyzed the chemical constituents of S. tridactyla collected from seven different places in Tibet using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn. Fourteen peaks in the HPLC were identified by comparison of UV and MS spectra with those of authentic compounds, among which eight common peaks were quantified. In the second part, we analyzed the chemical constituents of eight Saussurea species using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn method. Fifteen peaks in the HPLC were identified by comparison of UV and MS spectra with those of authentic compounds and eight main peaks of them were quantified. In the last part, we analyzed the chemical compounds of the above eight Saussurea plants directly by ESI-MS/MS. Thirteen major compounds, including 10 flavonoids and 3 coumarins were easily rapidly identified. The third chapter consists of three parts. In the first part, we proposed a comparative high quality-control standard for S. laniceps, based on quality detection by TLC and quantity analysis by HPLC using two major compounds (umbelliferone and scopoletin) as standard compounds. In the second part, in viewing S. laniceps, S. tridactyla and S. gossypiphora as the members of one family of medicinal herbs, we suggested a quality-control standard based on the TLC detection of the two major compounds (umbelliferone and scopoletin). In the last part, we proposed a quality-control standard for S. medusa based on the TLC detection of its major component (apigenin 7-O-glucoside). The four chapter analyzed the chemical constituents of essential oil of eight Saussurea species. The essential oils were extracted from the whole plants of these samples with water stream distillation. By GC-MS analysis, we identified eighty-three compounds from S. medusa, eighty-three from S. laniceps, fifty-six from S. quercifolia, thirty-four from S. aster, twenty-one from S. kingii, twenty from S. simpsoniana, twenty-four from S. gossypiphora, and twenty from S. tridactyla respetively, which accounted for 70.7%, 76.0%, 82.2%, 55.4%, 49.7%, 70.4 %, 76.2% and 76.7% of the total essential oil, respectively. The last chapter reviews the research progress of the Genus Saussurea.
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本学位论文共有5章。第一章报道白芍的化学成分及芍药苷的微生物转化研究成果;第二章报道天山雪莲的化学成分研究;第三章报道两面针的化学成分研究;第四章报道通关藤的化学成分研究成果;第五章概述了花椒属植物中最近十年报道的新化合物及药理研究情况。 在第1章的第一部分报道了白芍(Paeonia lactiflora Pall.)的化学成分。我们采用正、反相硅胶柱层析等各种分离方法,从白芍的干燥根中共分离出14个化合物,其中1个为新化合物,其结构通过波谱分析证实为没食子酰白芍苷,另外还有2个为首次从该植物中分离得到。第二部分报道了芍药苷的微生物转化生产芍药苷代谢素-I的研究,从15株厌氧菌中筛选出10株有转化活性的菌株,其中短乳杆菌Lactobacillus brevis AS1.12的转化活性最好,对其转化条件进行了初步的筛选,确定了相对合理的转化工艺。 在第2章报道了天山雪莲(Saussurea involucrate Kar.et Kir.)全草乙醇提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析,共分离鉴定了28个化合物,结构类型分属于黄酮、倍半萜和木脂素等,其中2个新倍半萜化合物的结构分别表征为6α-羟基云木香酸6-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷和11βH-11,13-二氢去氢云木香内酯8α-O-(6′-乙酰)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。 第3章报道了两面针(Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.)DC.)干燥根的乙醇提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析以及X-射线单晶衍射,共分离鉴定了16个生物碱,结构类型分属于苯并啡啶类、喹啉类和阿朴啡类等,其中2个新苯并啡啶类生物碱的结构分别表征为二聚双氢两面针碱和丙酮基双氢崖定椒碱。 第4章报道了通关藤(Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn.)水提取物化学成分的分离纯化和结构鉴定。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离纯化和MS、NMR等波谱解析以及X-射线单晶衍射,共分离鉴定了14个化合物,结构类型均属于C21多羟基甾醇,其中4个新化合物tenacigenoside A, tenacigenoside B, tenacigenoside C和tenacigenoside D的结构分别表征为3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-17β-tenacigenin B (62), 3-O-2,6- dideoxy-4-O-methyl-D-lyxo-hexopyranosly-11α-O- methylbutyryl-12β-O-acetyl-tenacigenin B (63), 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D- allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-tigloyl-tenacigenin C (64)和3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-2- methylbutyryl-tenacigenin C (65)。 第5章概述了花椒属植物的化学成分及药理活性研究进展。 This dissertation consists of 5 chapters. The first chapter elaborate the phytochemical investigation of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and microbial transformation of paeoniforin. The second, third and four chapters elaborate the phytochemical investigation of Saussurea involucrate Kar.et Kir., Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC. and Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn., respectively. Chapter 5 is a review on chemical constituents and bioactivities of Zanthoxylum species. The part one of chapter 1 focus on the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from P. lactiflora. Fourteen compounds were isolated from the roots of P. lactiflora by repeat column chromatography over normal and reversed phase silica gel. Among them, one is a new compound and the structure was suggested as galloyl-albiflorin by spectral evidence. In addition, two compounds were firstly reported in this plant. The part 2 is about microbial transformation of paeoniforin. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 were isolations and identifications of chemical constituents from S. involucrate, Z. nitidum and M. tenacissima, respectively. From the aerial parts of S. involucrate, 28 compounds including 7 flavonoids and 13 sesquiterpenoids were isolated and identified. Among them, 2 new compounds were characterized as 6α-hydroxycostic acid 6-β-D-glucoside and 11βH-11,13-dihydrodehydro- costuslactone 8α-O-(6'-acetyl)-β-D-glucoside, respectively, by means of spectroscopic analysis. Otherwise, 11 ones were firstly reported from this plant. The third chapter is about the phytochemical investigation of Z. nitidum. Sixteen compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, 2 new benzophenanthridine alkaloids were characterized as 8-acetonyldihydrofagaridine and 1,3-bis(8-dihydronitidinyl)-acetone by spectroscopic analysis. The fourth chapter is about the phytochemical investigation of M. tenacissima. Fourteen compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, 4 new compounds, tenacigenosides A~D, were characterized as 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-17β- tenacigenin B, 3-O-2,6-dideoxy-4-O-methyl-D-lyxo-hexopyranosly-11α-O-methyl butyryl-12β-O-acetyl-tenacigenin B, 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl- (1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-tigloyl-tenacigenin C, and 3-O-6-deoxy-3-O- methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-oleandropyranosyl-11α-O-2-methylbutyryl- tenacigenin C. Chapter 5 is a review on recent progress in bioactive constituents from plants of Zanthoxylum species.