456 resultados para SPS SPV germanio nanoporoso impiantazione
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NA61/SHINE (SPS Heavy Ion and Neutrino Experiment) is a multi-purpose experimental facility to study hadron production in hadron-proton, hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. It recorded the first physics data with hadron beams in 2009 and with ion beams (secondary 7Be beams) in 2011. NA61/SHINE has greatly profited from the long development of the CERN proton and ion sources and the accelerator chain as well as the H2 beamline of the CERN North Area. The latter has recently been modified to also serve as a fragment separator as needed to produce the Be beams for NA61/SHINE. Numerous components of the NA61/SHINE set-up were inherited from its predecessors, in particular, the last one, the NA49 experiment. Important new detectors and upgrades of the legacy equipment were introduced by the NA61/SHINE Collaboration. This paper describes the state of the NA61/SHINE facility — the beams and the detector system — before the CERN Long Shutdown I, which started in March 2013.
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Fragestellung / Zielsetzung Rollenspiel von standardisierten Patienten (SPs) bei hochstehenden Prüfungen unterliegt hohen Qualitätsansprüchen, um die Reliabilität und Validität der Prüfung zu gewährleisten. Die Literatur über die Qualitätskontrolle bei SPs konzentriert sich vor allen Dingen auf das Feedback (1,2) oder das Ausfüllen der Checklisten (3,4). Bei Qualitätskontrollen bezüglich des Rollenspiels sind Instrumente mit Bezug auf spezifische Rollen publiziert(5). In den meisten Fakultäten beobachten die SP Trainer die von ihnen trainierten SPs während der OSCEs und bilden sich so ein Urteil über die Qualität der Performance. Die Machbarkeit / Notwendigkeit einer systematischen Qualitätskontrolle des Rollenspiels von SPs in OSCEs über diese Praxis hinaus ist unter SP Trainern umstritten. Das Ziel des hier beschriebenen Projektes ist es, die Anwendungen einer Liste von rollenunabhängigen Qualitätsmerkmalen der Spiels von SPs im Rahmen von OSCEs in der Praxis zu testen. Materialien und Methoden Im Rahmen einer Konsensbildung von Experten auf nationaler Ebene wurde eine Liste von Qualitätsmerkmalen zum Rollenspiel von SPs bei OSCEs erstellt. Diese Liste wurde seitdem systematisch zur Vorbereitung, Durchführung und zum Debriefing von OSCEs eingesetzt. Ergebnisse 1. Bei der Erarbeitung der Liste wurde klar, dass verschiedene SP Trainer unterschiedliche Vorstellungen bezüglich von Qualitätsmerkmalen des Rollenspiels beim OSCE hatten. Diese Vorstellungen konnten im Rahmen Erarbeitung der Liste vereinheitlicht werden. 2. Die Liste wird eingesetzt, um den SPs die in sie gesetzten Erwartungen bezüglich eines guten Rollenspiels beim OSCE gezielt zu vermitteln. 3. Die Liste wird zur Qualitätssicherung des Schauspiels in OSCE Prüfungen eingesetzt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die SPs in der Qualität ihres Spiels in über 90% der Beobachtungen den in sie gesetzten Erwartungen der SP Trainer entsprechen. 4. Anhand der Liste wird den SPs ein formatives Feedbacks zu ihrer Leistung gegeben. Die SPs in unserem Programm haben uns immer wieder zurückgemeldet, dass sie diese Rückmeldungen zu ihrer Performance sehr schätzen. 5. Die Dokumentation der Performance in den vergangenen Prüfungen kann im Training zur nächsten Rolle benutzt werden, um gezielt etwaige Schwächen zu trainieren und die Performance dadurch zu verbessern. 6. In seltenen Fällen, in denen ein SP nicht mehr im Programm behalten werden kann, liefert die Dokumentation der Performance eine gute Gesprächsgrundlage zur Begründung der Differenzen bezüglich der Erwartung und der aktuellen Leistung. Diskussion In unseren Händen ist der Einsatz der Liste von Qualitätsmerkmalen zur Beurteilung der Leistung von Schauspielpatienten mit hoher Konzentration verbunden. Die gewonnene Klarheit in Bezug auf die Erwartungen und die gebrachten Leistungen bringt eine Struktur und Transparenz in unser Programm, die wir und entsprechend ihrer Rückmeldungen auch unsere SPs sehr schätzen.
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Measurements of hadron production in p+C interactions at 31 GeV/c are performed using the NA61/SHINE spectrometer at the CERN SPS. The analysis is based on the full set of data collected in 2009 using a graphite target with a thickness of 4% of a nuclear interaction length. Inelastic and production cross sections as well as spectra of π±, K±, p, K0s and Λ are measured with high precision. These measurements are essential for improved calculations of the initial neutrino fluxes in the T2K long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment in Japan. A comparison of the NA61/SHINE measurements with predictions of several hadroproduction models is presented.
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Includes index.
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Includes index.
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Shipping list no.: 91-120-P.
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"June 1966."
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Se presentan las propiedades eléctricas del compuesto Cu3BiS3 depositado por co-evaporación. Este es un nuevo compuesto que puede tener propiedades adecuadas para ser utilizado como capa absorbente en celdas solares. Las muestras fueron caracterizadas a través de medidas de efecto Hall y fotovoltaje superficial transiente (SPV). A través de medidas de efecto Hall se encontró que la concentración de portadores de carga n es del orden de 1016 cm-3 independiente de la relación de masas de Cu/Bi. También se encontró que la movilidad de este compuesto (μ del orden de 4 cm2V -1s-1) varía de acuerdo con los mecanismos de transporte que la gobiernan en dependencia con la temperatura. A partir de las medidas de SPV se encontró alta densidad de defectos superficiales, defectos que son pasivados al superponer una capa buffer sobre el compuesto Cu3BiS3.
Theoretical and numerical investigation of plasmon nanofocusing in metallic tapered rods and grooves
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Effective focusing of electromagnetic (EM) energy to nanoscale regions is one of the major challenges in nano-photonics and plasmonics. The strong localization of the optical energy into regions much smaller than allowed by the diffraction limit, also called nanofocusing, offers promising applications in nano-sensor technology, nanofabrication, near-field optics or spectroscopy. One of the most promising solutions to the problem of efficient nanofocusing is related to surface plasmon propagation in metallic structures. Metallic tapered rods, commonly used as probes in near field microscopy and spectroscopy, are of a particular interest. They can provide very strong EM field enhancement at the tip due to surface plasmons (SP’s) propagating towards the tip of the tapered metal rod. A large number of studies have been devoted to the manufacturing process of tapered rods or tapered fibers coated by a metal film. On the other hand, structures such as metallic V-grooves or metal wedges can also provide strong electric field enhancements but manufacturing of these structures is still a challenge. It has been shown, however, that the attainable electric field enhancement at the apex in the V-groove is higher than at the tip of a metal tapered rod when the dissipation level in the metal is strong. Metallic V-grooves also have very promising characteristics as plasmonic waveguides. This thesis will present a thorough theoretical and numerical investigation of nanofocusing during plasmon propagation along a metal tapered rod and into a metallic V-groove. Optimal structural parameters including optimal taper angle, taper length and shape of the taper are determined in order to achieve maximum field enhancement factors at the tip of the nanofocusing structure. An analytical investigation of plasmon nanofocusing by metal tapered rods is carried out by means of the geometric optics approximation (GOA), which is also called adiabatic nanofocusing. However, GOA is applicable only for analysing tapered structures with small taper angles and without considering a terminating tip structure in order to neglect reflections. Rigorous numerical methods are employed for analysing non-adiabatic nanofocusing, by tapered rod and V-grooves with larger taper angles and with a rounded tip. These structures cannot be studied by analytical methods due to the presence of reflected waves from the taper section, the tip and also from (artificial) computational boundaries. A new method is introduced to combine the advantages of GOA and rigorous numerical methods in order to reduce significantly the use of computational resources and yet achieve accurate results for the analysis of large tapered structures, within reasonable calculation time. Detailed comparison between GOA and rigorous numerical methods will be carried out in order to find the critical taper angle of the tapered structures at which GOA is still applicable. It will be demonstrated that optimal taper angles, at which maximum field enhancements occur, coincide with the critical angles, at which GOA is still applicable. It will be shown that the applicability of GOA can be substantially expanded to include structures which could be analysed previously by numerical methods only. The influence of the rounded tip, the taper angle and the role of dissipation onto the plasmon field distribution along the tapered rod and near the tip will be analysed analytically and numerically in detail. It will be demonstrated that electric field enhancement factors of up to ~ 2500 within nanoscale regions are predicted. These are sufficient, for instance, to detect single molecules using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with the tip of a tapered rod, an approach also known as tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy or TERS. The results obtained in this project will be important for applications for which strong local field enhancement factors are crucial for the performance of devices such as near field microscopes or spectroscopy. The optimal design of nanofocusing structures, at which the delivery of electromagnetic energy to the nanometer region is most efficient, will lead to new applications in near field sensors, near field measuring technology, or generation of nanometer sized energy sources. This includes: applications in tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS); manipulation of nanoparticles and molecules; efficient coupling of optical energy into and out of plasmonic circuits; second harmonic generation in non-linear optics; or delivery of energy to quantum dots, for instance, for quantum computations.
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With the recent regulatory reforms in a number of countries, railways resources are no longer managed by a single party but are distributed among different stakeholders. To facilitate the operation of train services, a train service provider (SP) has to negotiate with the infrastructure provider (IP) for a train schedule and the associated track access charge. This paper models the SP and IP as software agents and the negotiation as a prioritized fuzzy constraint satisfaction (PFCS) problem. Computer simulations have been conducted to demonstrate the effects on the train schedule when the SP has different optimization criteria. The results show that by assigning different priorities on the fuzzy constraints, agents can represent SPs with different operational objectives.
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Sandwich components have emerged as light weight, efficient, economical, recyclable and reusable building systems which provide an alternative to both stiffened steel and reinforced concrete. These components are made of composite materials in which two metal face plates or Glassfibre Reinforced Cement (GRC) layers are bonded and form a sandwich with light weight compact polyurethane (PU) elastomer core. Existing examples of product applications are light weight sandwich panels for walls and roofs, Sandwich Plate System (SPS) for stadia, arena terraces, naval construction and bridges and Domeshell structures for dome type structures. Limited research has been conducted to investigate performance characteristics and applicability of sandwich or hybrid materials as structural flooring systems. Performance characteristics of Hybrid Floor Plate Systems comprising GRC, PU and Steel have not been adequately investigated and quantified. Therefore there is very little knowledge and design guidance for their application in commercial and residential buildings. This research investigates performance characteristics steel, PU and GRC in Hybrid Floor Plate Systems (HFPS) and develops a new floor system with appropriate design guide lines.