759 resultados para Rota da quinurenina


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A via das quinureninas é a principal rota de degradação do aminoácido triptofano. Os metabólitos dessa via, comumente chamados de quinureninas, estão envolvidos em vários processos fisiológicos e patológicos e, recentemente, algumas quinureninas foram relacionadas à fisiopatologia de várias doenças neurodegenerativas. Tendo em vista o pouco conhecimento a respeito do efeito das quinureninas sobre o metabolismo energético cerebral, e considerando que as concentrações de algumas quinureninas estão alteradas em várias doenças neurodegenerativas e que disfunção mitocondrial é uma importante característica dessas doenças, este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar os efeitos in vitro de alguns metabólitos da via das quinureninas, particularmente L-quinurenina, ácido quinurênico, 3-hidroxiquinurenina, ácido 3-hidroxi-antranílico, ácido antranílico e ácido quinolínico sobre alguns parâmetros do metabolismo energético em córtex cerebral de ratos jovens. Verificamos que todas as quinureninas testadas, à exceção da L-quinurenina, aumentaram a captação de glicose e inibiram a produção de CO2 a partir de glicose, acetato e citrato em córtex cerebral de ratos de 30 dias de vida. Além disso, o ácido quinurênico inibiu a atividade da enzima sucinato desidrogenase, a 3-hidroxiquinurenina inibiu a atividade dos complexos I, II e IV da cadeia respiratória, enquanto que o ácido 3-hidroxi-antranílico inibiu as atividades dos complexos I e II da cadeia respiratória e da enzima sucinato desidrogenase. Já o ácido antranílico inibiu as atividades do complexo I-III da cadeia respiratória e da enzima sucinato desidrogenase. Por outro lado, o ácido quinolínico inibiu apenas a atividade do complexo II, sem alterar as atividades dos outros complexos da cadeia transportadora de elétrons. Finalmente, observamos que nenhuma das substâncias testadas interferiu na atividade da enzima Na+,K+-ATPase. Esses resultados sugerem um bloqueio no ciclo do ácido cítrico, o qual poderia ser provocado pela inibição da cadeia respiratória ocasionada pelos metabólitos testados. Portanto nossos resultados sugerem que o metabolismo energético cerebral é inibido in vitro por algumas quinureninas. Caso esses achados se confirmem in vivo, é possível que um prejuízo no metabolismo energético possa colaborar, ao menos em parte, para o comprometimento cerebral dos pacientes afetados por doenças em que há alteração nas concentrações desses compostos.

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Este trabalho visa apresentar uma metodologia para modelagem de motoristas a serem utilizados em simulações de tráfego veicular discreto. Além da metodologia, será apresentada uma plataforma para implementação de motoristas, chamada DRIVER-DFW, baseada neste conceito. Inicialmente, serão apresentados alguns modelos de movimentação de veículos baseados no modelo de autômato celular Nagel–Schreckenberg. O modelo básico será apresentado juntamente com alguns de seus aperfeiçoamentos, que são os modelos utilizados no simulador ITSUMO, que por sua vez é utilizado como base para o trabalho. Além dos modelos de autômato celular, serão apresentados modelos de planejamento de rota, que se utilizam de várias heurísticas para a tomada de decisão dos motoristas. Destes, selecionou-se um para implementação e demonstração. Mostradas as etapas para composição do modelo completo de motorista, isto é, movimentação e planejamento, será apresentada a plataforma para implementação de motoristas desenvolvida neste trabalho. Esta separação é a base da plataforma DRIVER-DFW que é discutida com mais detalhes para auxiliar a compreensão do seu funcionamento. Além disso, é mostrado como a metodologia é aplicada na plataforma para implementação de motoristas DRIVER-DFW. Por fim, conclui-se que este trabalho apresenta uma alternativa bastante atraente para a implementação de modelos de motoristas, com uma metodologia e uma plataforma de desenvolvimento. Também são apresentadas as diretrizes para dar prosseguimento a este.

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A via das quinureninas é a principal rota de degradação do aminoácido triptofano. Os metabólitos dessa via, comumente chamados de quinureninas, estão envolvidos em vários processos fisiológicos e patológicos e, recentemente, algumas quinureninas foram relacionadas à fisiopatologia de várias doenças neurodegenerativas. Tendo em vista que dados da literatura são contraditórios no que se refere à geração de espécies reativas a partir de algumas quinureninas e considerando que as concentrações de alguns desses metabólitos estão elevadas em várias doenças neurodegenerativas, este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar os efeitos in vitro de alguns intermediários da via das quinureninas, particularmente a 3-hidroxiquinurenina (3HKyn), a quinurenina (Kyn), o ácido 3-hidroxiantranílico (3HAA), o ácido antranílico (AA) e o ácido quinolínico (QA) sobre alguns parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em córtex cerebral de ratos de 30 dias de idade. Verificamos que a 3HKyn e o 3HAA diminuíram as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA-RS) e a quimiluminescência em córtex cerebral de ratos jovens, o que indica um efeito antioxidante desses compostos, ao passo que a Kyn e o AA não alteraram os parâmetros de lipoperoxidação. Por outro lado, o QA aumentou a peroxidação lipídica nesta estrutura cerebral por aumentar significativamente as medidas de TBA-RS e quimiluminescência. Além disso, se pode verificar uma prevenção significativa da oxidação da GSH causada pelo 3HAA, enquanto o QA, na presença de íon ferroso e ácido ascórbico, diminuiu significativamente as concentrações de glutationa reduzida, o que indica que esse efeito seja mediado por radicais hidroxila gerados através da reação de Fenton. Já a 3HKyn, a Kyn e o AA não alteraram significativamente as concentrações de GSH. Também se verificou que a 3HKyn diminuiu a oxidação do diacetato de 2, 7-diclorofluoresceína, além de mostrar a propriedade de seqüestrar radicais peroxila e hidroxila. Por outro lado, o 3HAA somente seqüestrou radicais peroxila, sugerindo que a estrutura orto-aminofenólica é essencial para o composto possuir propriedades antioxidantes. Com o objetivo de verificar se o tempo de exposição à 3HKyn alterava a sua atividade antioxidante, determinamos a reatividade antioxidante total (TAR) e os valores de TBA-RS em células C6 cultivadas de glioma de ratos ao longo de 48 h na ausência (controle) ou presença de 3HKyn. Os resultados demonstraram um aumento da TAR e uma diminuição das TBA-RS pela 3HKyn em tempos curtos de exposição (1-6 horas), sendo que o metabólito não alterou significativamente esses parâmetros em tempos maiores de exposição, sugerindo uma diminuição da capacidade antioxidante da 3HKyn ao longo do tempo. Também verificamos uma diminuição do potencial antioxidante total (TRAP) e da TAR pelo QA em homogeneizado de córtex cerebral Finalmente, foi evidenciado qua a 3HKyn, na concentração de 100 µM, foi capaz de prevenir os efeitos tóxicos causados pelo QA e pelo ácido glutárico (GA). O GA é a principal neurotoxina que se encontra acumulada na acidemia glutárica tipo I. Em resumo, nossos resultados sugerem um efeito antioxidante da 3HKyn e do 3HAA e um efeito pró-oxidante do QA in vitro em córtex cerebral de ratos jovens. As alterações provocadas pelas várias quinureninas foram obtidas nas concentrações de 10, 100 e 500 µM. Embora não saibamos as concentrações dessas substâncias em doenças neurodegenerativas em que eles se acumulam, é possível que, em uma situação in vivo, a produção de substâncias antioxidantes através da rota das quinureninas poderia contrabalançar os efeitos tóxicos causados por outros metabólitos como o QA.

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A produção de carvão vegetal a partir de florestas plantadas mudou de forma determinante a logística desta atividade dotando-a de escala e fixando a estrutura de produção composta por fornos e periféricos. A lógica de se ter os fornos construídos ao lado das frentes de exploração florestal, e se deslocando junto com ela à medida em que a colheita é realizada foi abandonada. A partir de então, tem-se buscado uma forma de aproveitar a disponibilidade energética contida nos gases da carbonização, que segue sem uso, tendo quando muito um aproveitamento incipiente e marginal. Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de lay out para a Unidade de Produção de Carvão (UPC) de fornos retangulares tradicionais em alvenaria projetados e posicionados de forma a possibilitar seu acoplamento a um sistema de coleta e queima dos gases da carbonização. Após exaustiva pesquisa bibliográfica e visitas técnicas para conhecimento de diferentes tecnologias de carbonização, elaborou-se o projeto, com objetivo de eliminar as limitações identificadas nas tecnologias tradicionais em uso atualmente pelas empresas com produção em escala industrial, reduzindo as perdas e dificuldades operacionais para aproveitamento dos gases. É caracterizado pela saída dos gases somente por uma chaminé instalada no fundo do forno, possui entradas de ar do processo em minicâmaras, que atuam evitando excesso de ar, queima excessiva de madeira e consequente geração excessiva de CO2 e metano – dois gases causadores de efeito estufa. Preconiza-se a queima dos gases da carbonização para uso posterior em geração de energia elétrica e/ou secagem da madeira antes da carbonização. Os resultados dos indicadores técnicos (ciclos dos fornos e produtividade, etc.) e de produção obtidos até o momento na planta em operação vêm confirmando a operacionalidade do conjunto de fornos na nova disposição concebida. Não houve perda de produtividade dos fornos causada pela nova disposição, e as modificações no projeto do forno não impactaram negativamente em seu desempenho operacional. A capacidade produtiva da Unidade vem se confirmando até o momento. Tivemos frustradas nossas expectativas de já apresentar nesta dissertação os resultados operacionais dos fornos juntamente com os do sistema de queima dos gases dado que houve considerável atraso na construção do mesmo impedindo-nos de tê-los antes da data limite de entrega da dissertação. Apresentamos os conceitos que nos levaram à tomada de decisão para o novo lay out e propomos a continuidade dos estudos comprobatórios da viabilidade econômica operacional do sistema, tão logo ele entre em operação.

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The present work has as objective the development of ceramic pigments based in iron oxides and cobalt through the polymeric precursor method, as well as study their characteristics and properties using methods of physical, chemical, morphological and optical characterizations.In this work was used iron nitrate, and cobalt citrate as precursor and nanometer silica as a matrix. The synthesis was based on dissolving the citric acid as complexing agent, addition of metal oxides, such as chromophores ions and polymerization with ethylene glycol. The powder obtained has undergone pre-ignition, breakdown and thermal treatments at different calcination temperatures (700 °C, 800 °C, 900 °C, 1000 °C and 1100 °C). Thermogravimetric analyzes were performed (BT) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), in order to evaluate the term decomposition of samples, beyond characterization by techniques such as BET, which classified as microporous materials samples calcined at 700 ° C, 800 º C and 900 º C and non-porous when annealed at 1000 ° C and 1100 º C, X-ray diffraction (XRD), which identified the formation of two crystalline phases, the Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4) and Cristobalite (SiO2), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation of agglomerates of particles slightly rounded;and Analysis of Colorimetry, temperature of 700 °C, 800 °C and 900 °C showed a brown color and 1000 °C and 1100 °C violet

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Biodiesel is an alternative fuel, renewable, biodegradable and nontoxic. The transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fat with alcohol is most common form of production of this fuel. The procedure for production of biodiesel occurs most commonly through the transesterification reaction in which catalysts are used to accelerate and increase their income and may be basic, acid or enzyme. The use of homogeneous catalysis requires specific conditions and purification steps of the reaction products (alkyl ester and glycerol) and removal of the catalyst at the end of the reaction. As an alternative to improve the yield of the transesterification reaction, minimize the cost of production is that many studies are being conducted with the application of heterogeneous catalysis. The use of nano-structured materials as catalysts in the production of biodiesel is a biofuel alternative for a similar to mineral diesel. Although slower, can esterify transesterified triglycerides and free fatty acids and suffer little influence of water, which may be present in the raw material. This study aimed at the synthesis, characterization and application of nano-structured materials as catalysts in the transesterification reaction of soybean oil to produce biodiesel by ethylic route. The type material containing SBA-15 mesoporous lanthanum embedded within rightly Si / La = 50 was used catalyst. Solid samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption and desorption. For the transesterification process, we used a molar ratio of 20:1 alcohol and oil with 0.250 g of catalyst at 60°C and times of 6 hours of reaction. It was determined the content of ethyl esters by H-NMR analysis and gas chromatography. It was found that the variable of conversion obtained was 80%, showing a good catalytic activity LaSBA-15 in the transesterification of vegetable oils via ethylic route

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Considering the constant evolution of technology in growth and the need for production techniques in the ceramics area to move forward together, we sought in this study, the research and development of polymeric precursor method to obtain inorganic ceramic pigments. Method that provides quality to obtain the precursor powders of oxides and pigments at the same time, offers time and cost advantages, such as reproducibility, purity and low temperature heat treatment, control of stoichiometry. This work used chromium nitrate and iron nitrate as precursors. The synthesis is based on the dissolution of citric acid as a complexing agent, addition of metal oxides, such as ion chromophores; polymerization with ethylene glycol and doping with titanium oxide. Passing through precalcination, breakdown, thermal treatments at different temperatures of calcination (700 to 1100 oC), resulting in pigments: green for chromium oxide deposited on TiO2 (CrTiO3) and orange for iron oxide deposited on TiO2 ( FeTiO3). Noticing an increase of opacity with increasing temperature. Were performed thermal analysis (TG and ATD) in order to evaluate its thermodecomposition. The powders were also characterized by techniques such as XRD, revealing the formation of crystalline phases such as iron titanate (FeTiO3) and chrome titanate (CrTiO3), SEM, demonstrating formation of rounded particles for both oxides and Spectroscopy in the UV-Visible Region, verifying the potential variation and chromaticity os pigments. Thus, the synthesized oxides were within the requirements to be applied as pigments and shown to be possible to propose its use in ceramic materials

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Nowadays, Brazil has both the greatest goat herd and the greatest goat milk production of South America. The state of Rio Grande do Norte, located in northeast of Brazil, has an average year production of three thousand cubic meters of goat milk in natura. Part of this milk production is homemade and it comes from small farms, which unite in rural cooperatives created to encourage the production and implementation of industrial processes for preservation and processing of milk. Results presented by literature and obtained from preliminary essays in this thesis show that non conventional dryer of spouted bed with inert particles is able to produce powder milk from in natura milk (cattle or goat), with the same quality of spray dryer, however, operating at low cost. The method of drying in spouted bed consists of injecting milk emulsion on the bed of inert particles gushed by hot air. This emulsion covers the particles with a thin film, which dries and is reduced to powder during the circulation of inerts inside the bed. The powder is dragged by exhaustion air and separated in the cyclone. The friction among particles resulted from the particles circulation, encourages high taxes of shear in the thin film of emulsion, breaking the cohesive forces and making this process possible. Studying the drying process and the powder goat milk production in one unit of spouted bed with inert particles, seeing the development of a low cost technological route for powder milk production is the aim of this thesis. The powder milk produced by this route must attend the local demand of food industries which need an intermediate product to be used as a food ingredient (ice-cream, milk candy). In order to reach this aim, this thesis approaches the aspects related to physical, thermodynamics and physic-chemicals characteristics of goat milk, whose complete data are still inexistent in the literature. The properties of materials are of great importance to the project of any process which involves the operations of transportation of movement, heat and mass quantity, such as the dryers which operate in fluid dynamically active regime, like the spouted bed. It was obtained new data related to the goat milk properties in function of concentration of solids and temperature. It is also important to mention the study developed about the kinetic of solids retention in the bed of inert particles during the drying of goat milk. It was found more adequate processes conditions to the proposed technological route to be implemented in small and micro-industries, with simplifications in the system of milk injection as well as in the form of operation of the dryer. Important data were obtained for a posterior stage of this research which involves the v modeling, simulation, control and optimization of the process. The results obtained in this thesis, in relation to process performance as well as to the quality of produced powder milk validate the proposal of using the spouted bed dryer in the production of powder goat milk

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

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This work deals with the problematic of the determinations that contribute to become the adolescents involved with law. Thus, in this research, the social exclusion is apprehended as one of the most important determining to understand this problematic, once we defend that it is part of the trajectory of this adolescent's life since its birth as a punishment that starts before they becoming envolved in act's that break the law. It is still questioned the discussion of the reduction of the penal age, viewed aa a proposal that will contribute to perpetuate the repression. The objectives of the research were: analyze the problematic of adolescents in conflict with law, where social exclusion is seen here as a main category. The research also aims to understand the situation towards social exclusion and that this public is undertaken in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, more specifically in Natal. This is dane through analysis of the profile of adolescents that are submitted to the treatment at Centro Integrate de Atendimento ao Adolescente Acusado de Ato Infracional - CIAD in 2005. This is dane on arder to identify of the State's and society's actions towards this issue, how it has prevailed in analyzing if there is punishing or social protection. The research also contributed with discussion towards the non penal reduction of for underage minors. The approach realized if of qualiquantitative nature. The research was realized with 190 male adolescent subjects, age ranging from 12 to 21 that were interns at CIAD in the year of 2005. The research shows that their fundamental rights (education, health, amongst others) are disrespected on a daily basis by the State. The State prioritizes economic issues, making social inequality more profound. The main argument is that this problematic has its main oring in the social exclusion and it is imposed to the adolescents as a punishment before thes have been involved with the law going on top of the social protection. When the adolescent goes from being the victim to executioner, the Statute of Children and Adolescents is questioned by many sectors that defend the reduction of penal minority as a solution to reduce the country's violence. Thus, it was aimed here to discuss arguments that point to non exclusion, discrimination and repression. It is proposed that the State should assume children and adolescents as a priority, implementing what the statute establishes as well as assures related to the fruition of denied rights as a way to prevent their future involvement with violence

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This work is a study of strategic management of catering establishments in the tourist route from Natal, through the study of the strategic profile of the manager and the level of satisfaction with the quality of services offered. Identifies the strategic profile prevalent in the studied sector, measures the level of customer satisfaction with services and associate the two constructs to distinguish the services of strategic profile. Uses population of 33 restaurants, built for convenience, from a list composed establishments associated with the Brazilian Association of Bars and Restaurants - ABRASEL, Veja magazine Christmas food and drink 2011/2012 and information from the natives. It presents statistical methodology used for descriptive bivariate analysis complemented by quantitative data. The quantitative characteristics of the population shows non-normality checked by the Shapiro-Wilks. Used the Kruskal-Wallis test for the realization of the association of variables and the Mann-Whitney test to perform post-test. It shows the strategic profile prevalent in the sector of restoration in Natal is the analyzer, although other types were detected. Notes that the level of satisfaction with the quality of service is getting a high score approximately 5 points in a 6-point Likert scale. Demonstrates that the client can tell the quality of services between the different strategic profiles. Identifies distinction between services provided by prospector profile compared to other profiles, indicating the size as the tangible aspects that presents noticeable difference. Certifies that these variables affect the environment of the restaurant in the building of strategic profile and reflect on the service provided. Concludes that the quality of services provided by catering establishments is influenced by the type of establishment and strategic profile of the study of this relation to establishments offering development opportunities and improving the quality of their services

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This study is the analysis of cultural, political and organizational interfaces of "Caminhos do Frio Rota Cultural" Project in the context of tourism regionalization in Brejo Paraibano and it presents the characterization, routing and inventory of six municipalities of the Project, as well as the identification of cultural elements used for tourist in the routing of the pond, the investigation of political and organizational articulation and the verification of participation of each producing agent in the development of tourism resulting from the swamp of Paraiba. This is a qualitative descriptive and exploratory study, which makes use of the interpretive paradigm to perform an analysis of the environment where occurs the regionalization of tourism in Brejo of Paraíba and the social actors involved in this process in order to pursue development of the region through culture and tourism, with the collection spot in the six counties of the Project participants collected through interviews with managers, community, government agencies and tourist trade, and the use of the technique of direct observation. This time, with the data analysis it was possible to establish the production situation and its cultural and tourist development in the region of Brejo (PB), where culture has become a developmental tool within the tourism industry due to its innovation potential. It was possible to ratify the undisputed vocation of cultural tourism in the region in question, since other projects being developed with the use of cultural resources with a strong influence on the policies of regional tourism. Thus, the main result was that was seen is that the regional development has triggered a refunctionalisation / reappropriation of space just rebuilding a new territorial organization through the development of a regional autonomy of management, a capacity of collective ownership and the use of economic surplus, a spontaneous process of social inclusion as well as awareness and mobilization tourist (even if initial and shy), an appreciation of natural and cultural assets for all stakeholders and especially identification of the population with its region and its culture, as to achieve regional development is not enough to increase the economic, but above all the promotion of endogenous social factors such as changes in social and cultural values and the integration of social actors in this process. Finally, taking into account the definitions of sustainability, it is considered that cannot be said that the development model seen in the swamp of Paraiba is sustainable, but it is a model of regional development based on the unique characteristics that each municipality has and create a regional identity and have correponded expectations / desired results and therefore the viability of the region through the development of cultural tourism was proven