Factors identifying pigs predisposed to tail biting

Approximately 5% of pigs slaughtered in the UK have been tail-bitten, leading to welfare and production issues. Tail biting is sporadic and not all pigs tail bite. The aim of this study was to identify factors that are common in pigs that perform tail-biting behaviour, and that might be used in a predictive way to identify such animals.

The behaviour of 159 pigs was observed in the post-weaning period. Pigs were weaned at 4 weeks of age. In the week prior to weaning and at 6 weeks of age each pig was individually tested in a tail chew test (tail chew test 1 and 2, respectively). The tail chew test involved recording the pig's behaviour directed towards two ropes, one of which had been soaked in saline solution and the other not. The production performance of the pigs was recorded from birth to 7 weeks of age. Time spent performing tail-biting behaviour correlated positively with time in contact with the rope in tail chew test 2 (r = 0.224, P 1.5% tail biting 8.96 kg, = 1.5% tail biting 15-75 kg, = or = 1.5% tail biting 260 g/day, = 1.5% tail biting 343 g/day, 0.05).

The results suggest that pigs that tail bite have some nutritional deficiency that results in performance of foraging behaviour that is expressed in intensive housing as ear/tail biting.

Recueil de lettres et de pièces originales, et de copies de pièces indiquées comme telles dans le dépouillement qui suit.

Contient : 1 Lettre de « F[RANÇOIS, cardinal] DE TOURNON, archevesque de Bourges... à monseigneur de Villandry,... A Bayonne, ce XIIe d'avril » ; 2 Lettre de « RENEE DE FRANCE,... au roy... De Ferrare » ; 3 Lettre, en italien, de « monseigneur DE PISTOYE » au roi François Ier. « Romae, die XVIII julii 1530 » ; 4 Lettre de « CHARLES [DE BOURBON, duc] DE VENDOSME,... au roy... De Marle, le VIme jour d'aoust » ; 5 Lettre, en italien, de FREDERIC II, marquis DE MANTOUE, à François Ier. « A Marmirolo, XXIIII augusti M.D.XXVIII » ; 6 Lettre du « cardinale RIDOLPHI,... au roy... De Rome, ce premier jour de mars 1539 » ; 7 Lettre, en italien, de « THEODORO TRIVULTIO,... al re... De Alexandria, allo primo d'aprile M.D.XXVIIII » ; 8 Lettre, en italien, de « THEODORO TRIVULTIO,... al re... De Genova, in Castelletto, alli VIIII junio M.D.XXVIII » ; 9 Lettre, en italien, de « THEODORO TRIVULTIO,... al re... Del Castelletto de Genova, alli XXVIII agosto 1528 » ; 10 Lettre, en italien, de « THEODORO TRIVULTIO,... al re... Da Venecia, alli XX julio M.D.XXVIIII » ; 11 Lettre, en italien, de « THEODORO TRIVULTIO,... al re... Del Casteletto de Genoa, alli XXVII de agosto M.D.XXVIII » ; 12 Lettre de « THEODORO TRIVULTIO,... au roy... A Lyon, le XVIIIe jour de septembre 1528 » ; 13 Lettre de « MONTEJEHAN,... au roy... A Montcallier, ce deuxme jour de juillet, l'an mil cinq cens trente huit » ; 14 « Estat des compagnies de gens de guerre des ordonnances du roy estans en son service durant l'année mil cinq cens trente et neuf » ; 15 Lettre de « HUMYERES,... à monseigneur de Montmorancy,... A Peronne, ce Ve jour de novembre » ; 16 Lettre de « FRANÇOYS DE SALUCES,... au roy... De Saluces, ce XXIe d'octobre 1532 » ; 17 Lettre, en italien, de « GUIDO RANGONE,... al re... D'Alessandria, il penultimo di marzo 1529 » ; 18 Lettre, en italien, de « GUIDO RANGONE,... al re... Di Viterbo, a li 25 di sept. 1528 » ; 19 Lettre de « la marquise DE SALUCES, MARGUERITE DE FOYX,... au roy... De Carmaignolle, le XIIIe de juillet » ; 20 Lettre de « GUIDO RANGONE,... al re... Di Viterbo, a li 25 di sept. 1528 » ; 21 Lettre de « GEORGE D'ARMAIGNAC, evesque de Rodez... au roy... A Venise, le XIIIe octobre 1528 » ; 22 « Offres » faites au roi par le « greffier Du Val » et le « maistre de la monnoye de Lyon » ; 23 Lettre de « J[EAN], cardinal DU BELLAY », et de « CHARLES, evesque de Mascon... au roy... A Rome, le XXIIe jour de febvrier 1535 » ; 24 Lettre de « MONLUC,... au roy... De Capo de Monte, ce XVe juillet mil V.C.XXXVIII » ; 25 Lettre, en italien, de « GALEOTTO PICO,... conte DE LA MYRANDOLLE,... a mons, il gran maestro di Francia... Della Mirandola, a XX di aprile V.C.XXXV » ; 26 Lettre de « PIERRE CASTELNAU DE CLERMOND,... au roy... De Narbonne, le XIIIe de jullet » ; 27 Lettre de « CAMILLO URSINO,... al re... Da Ferrara, XV martii M.D.XXVIIII » ; 28 Lettre de « MONTEJEHAN,... au roy... A Montcallier, le XIIIe may... 1538 » ; 29 « Double du second memoire » donné par François Ier « à monseigneur l'evesque de Bayonne », contenant ce qu'il doit dire « au roy d'Angleterre » ; 30 « Extraict de plusieurs lectres » de « GASPARD SORMANO, RANCE, LEONNARD, VISCONTE, DE VAULX,... apportées d'Ytalye tant par le gentilhomme venu de la part de monseigneur le mareschal de Trevolce que par les courriers venuz de Venyse à l'ambassade de la seigneurie estant icy... arrivées à La Fere le premier jour et second du moys d'aoust V.C.XXIX pour montrer au roy et sçavoir sa volonté sur ce subject » ; 31 Instruction de FRANÇOIS Ier « aux ambassadeurs estans à Rome » avec « les ambassadeurs d'Angleterre... A Sainct Germain en Laye, decembre mil V.C.XXVIII ». Copie ; 32 Lettre de « TURENNE,... au roy... De Venise, se XXVIIIme jour d'oust mil V.C.XXVIII » ; 33 Instructions de FRANÇOIS Ier « pour monseigneur de Bayf,... A Fontainebleau, le XVe jour de juing mil V.C. quarante » ; 34 Lettre de l'«evesque d'Alby... au roy... A St Joyn, le VIIme jour de septembre » ; 35 Lettre de ROBERT CENALIS, « evesque d'Avranches... au roy... A Veronne, le XVIIIme jour de mars 1538 » ; 36 Lettre, en italien, du « cardinal di Mantova... al magnifico M. Pauolo Porto,... Di Bologna, il XXII di marzo... M.D.XXX » ; 37 Lettre de « CHARLES, evesque de Mascon... au roy... A Romme, le XIe jour d'aoust 1534 » ; 38 « Instruction à Nicolas Canyvet, secretaire de monseigneur le duc d'Albanye, de ce qu'il aura à dire et exposer de la part du roy [François Ier] au roy d'Escosse... Mil V.C.XXXIIII » ; 39 Lettre de « TURENNE,... au roy... De Venize, se XXIIe d'oust mil V.C.XXVIII » ; 40 Lettre de « MOY, JOACHIN DE MATIGNON, CARBONNET,... au roy... A Cherbourg, le XXVIe jour de juillet » ; 41 « Memoire de ce qu'est necessaire pour la ville et place de Cherbourg... au roy » ; 42 Lettres patentes de FRANÇOIS Ier concernant « dame Jacqueline de L'Estrac, vefve de feu Anthoine, baron et seigneur de Mailly ». Copie ; 43 Lettres patentes de FRANÇOIS Ier, dans lesquelles il accorde à « René de Mailly, baron et seigneur dudit Mailly, la somme de quatre mil cinq cens livres tournoys ». Copie ; 44 Lettre de « MONTCHENU,... au roy... De Langres, ce XXe d'apvril... mil V.C.XXIX » ; 45 Lettre de « DODIEU,... à messrs de Chastillon et de Montbonnauld,... A Fleurence, ce VIe jour de avril M.V.C.XXIX » ; 46 Lettre du « president des comptes de Provence, JOACHIN,... au roy... A Romme, ce XVIIIe jour d'octobre M.D.XXVIII » ; 47 « Double de lettres », en latin, « escriptes au pape par monseigneur d'Avranches,... Venetiis, IIII° calend. septemb » ; 48 Lettre de « HELLIN,... à monseigneur le legat... A Vallencyennes, ce XIIe jour de novembre » ; 49 Lettre de « GUILLAUME DUBELLAY,... à monseigneur le grand maistre... De Paris, ce XIIe de juing » ; 50 « Pour le Recouvrement des deniers des finances du roy, tant de son domaine que de ses aydes et tailles, de ceste presente année, commencée le premier jour de janvier mil cinq cens trente et deux, et finissant le dernier jour de decembre mil cinq cens trente et troys, a commis et deputez... les personnages tant de robbe courte que de robbe longue qui s'ensuivent »

The nature of avidyÄ in Buddhism and VedÄ nta

This thesis deals with the nature of ignorance as it was interpreted in the Upani~adic tradition, specifically in Advaita Vedanta, and in early and Mahayana Buddhism , e specially in the Madhyamika school of Buddhism. The approach i s a historical and comparative one. It examines the early thoughts of both the upanis.a ds and Buddhism abou t avidya (ignorance), shows how the notion was treated by the more speculative and philosphically oriented schools which base d themselves on the e arly works, and sees how their views differ. The thesis will show that the Vedinta tended to treat avidya as a topic for metaphysical s peculation as t he s chool developed, drifting from its initial e xistential concerns, while the Madhyamika remained in contact with the e xistential concerns evident in the first discourses of the Buddha. The word "notion" has been chosen for use in referring t o avidya, even though it may have non-intellectual and emotional connotations, to avoid more popular a lternatives such as "concept" or "idea". In neither the Upani,ads, Advaita Vedanta, or Buddhism is ignorance merely a concept or an idea. Only in a secondary sense, in texts and speech , does it become one. Avidya has more to do with the lived situation in which man finds himself, with the subjectobject separation in which he f eels he exists, than with i i i intel lect ual constr ucts . Western thought has begun to r ealize the same with concerns such as being in modern ontology, and has chosen to speak about i t i n terms of the question of being . Avidya, however, i s not a 'question' . If q ue stions we r e to be put regarding the nature of a vidya , they would be more of t he sort "What is not avidya?", though e ven here l anguage bestows a status t o i t which avidya does not have. In considering a work of the Eastern tradition, we f ace t he danger of imposing Western concepts on it. Granted t hat avidya is customari ly r endered i n English as ignorance, the ways i n which the East and West view i gno rance di f f er. Pedagogically , the European cultures, grounded in the ancient Greek culture, view ignorance as a l ack or an emptiness. A child is i gnorant o f certain t hings and the purpose o f f ormal education , in f act if not in theory, is to fill him with enough knowledge so that he can cope wit h t he complexities and the e xpectations of s ociety. On another level, we feel t hat study and research will l ead t o the discovery o f solutions, which we now lack , for problems now defying solut i on . The East, on the o t her hand, sees avidya in a d i fferent light.Ignorance isn't a lack, but a presence. Religious and philosophical l iterature directs its efforts not towards acquiring something new, but at removing t.he ideas and opinions that individuals have formed about themselves and the world. When that is fully accomplished, say the sages , t hen Wisdom, which has been obscured by those opinions, will present itself. Nothing new has to be learned, t hough we do have t o 'learn' that much. The growing interest in t he West with Eastern religions and philosophies may, in time, influence our theoretical and practical approaches to education and learning, not only in the established educati onal institutions, but in religious , p sychological, and spiritual activities as well. However, the requirements o f this thesis do no t permit a formulation of revolutionary method or a call to action. It focuses instead on the textual arguments which attempt to convince readers that t he world in which they take themselves to exist is not, in essence, real, on the ways i n which the l imitations of language are disclosed, and on the provisional and limited schemes that are built up to help students see through their ignorance. The metaphysic s are provisional because they act only as spurs and guides. Both the Upanisadic and Buddhist traditions that will be dealt with here stress that language constantly fails to encompass the Real. So even terms s uch as 'the Real', 'Absolute', etc., serve only to lead to a transcendent experience . The sections dealing with the Upanisads and Advaita Vedanta show some of the historical evolution of the notion of avidya, how it was dealt with as maya , and the q uestions that arose as t o its locus. With Gau?apada we see the beginnings of a more abstract treatment of the topic, and , the influence of Buddhism. Though Sankhara' S interest was primarily directed towards constructing a philosophy to help others attain mok~a ( l iberation), he too introduced t echnica l t e rminology not found in the works of his predecessors. His work is impressive , but areas of it are incomplete. Numbers of his followers tried to complete the systematic presentation of his insi ghts . Their work focuses on expl anat i ons of adhyasa (superimposition ) , t he locus and object of ignorance , and the means by which Brahman takes itself to be the jiva and the world. The section on early Buddhism examines avidya in the context o f the four truths, together with dubkha (suffering), the r ole it p l ays in t he chain of dependent c ausation , a nd t he p r oblems that arise with t he doctrine of anatman. With t he doct rines of e arly Buddhism as a base, the Madhyamika elaborated questions that the Buddha had said t e nded not t o edi f ication. One of these had to do with own - being or svabhava. Thi s serves a s a centr e around which a discussion o f i gnorance unfolds, both i ndividual and coll ective ignorance. There follows a treatment of the cessation of ignorance as it is discussed within this school . The final secti on tries to present t he similarities and differences i n the natures o f ignorance i n t he two traditions and discusses the factors responsible for t hem . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Sinha for the time spent II and suggestions made on the section dealing with Sankara and the Advait.a Vedanta oommentators, and Dr. Sprung, who supervised, direoted, corrected and encouraged the thesis as a whole, but especially the section on Madhyamika, and the final comparison.

Rôle de la structure du génome viral sur la réplication du virus de l’hépatite C.

Le virus de l'hépatite C (VHC) touche 3% de la population mondiale et environ 30% des patients chroniquement infectés développeront une fibrose hépatique. Son génome est un ARN simple brin de polarité positive qui possède un cadre ouvert de lecture flanqué de deux régions non traduites hautement conservées. Différents facteurs peuvent influencer le cycle de réplication du VHC. Deux d’entre eux ont été étudiés dans cette thèse. Tout d'abord, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'effet des structures secondaires et tertiaires du génome sur la réplication du VHC. Les extrémités 5' et 3' du génome contiennent des structures ARN qui régulent la traduction et la réplication du VHC. Le 3'UTR est un élément structural très important pour la réplication virale. Cette région est constituée d’une région variable, d’une séquence poly(U/C) et d’un domaine hautement conservé appelé région X. Des études in vitro ont montré que le 3'UTR possède plusieurs structures ARN double brin. Cependant, les structures ARN telles qu'elles existent dans le 3'UTR dans un contexte de génome entier et dans des conditions biologiques étaient inconnues. Pour élucider cette question, nous avons développé une méthode in situ pour localiser les régions ARN simple brin et double brin dans le 3'UTR du génome du VHC. Comme prédit par les études antérieures, nous avons observé qu’in situ la région X du 3’UTR du génome présente des éléments ARN double brin. Étonnamment, lorsque la séquence poly (U/UC) est dans un contexte de génome entier, cette région forme une structure ARN double brin avec une séquence située en dehors du 3'UTR, suggérant une interaction ARN-ARN distale. Certaines études ont démontré que des structures ARN présentes aux extrémités 5’ et 3' du génome du VHC régulent à la fois la traduction et la réplication du VHC. Cela suggère qu'il y aurait une interaction entre les extrémités du génome qui permettrait de moduler ces deux processus. Dans ce contexte, nous avons démontré l'existence d'une interaction distale ARN-ARN, impliquant le domaine II du 5'UTR et la séquence codante de NS5B du génome du VHC. En outre, nous avons démontré que cette interaction joue un rôle dans la réplication de l'ARN viral. Parallèlement, nous avons étudié l'impact d'une molécule immuno-modulatrice sur la réplication du VHC. La fibrose hépatique est une manifestation majeure de l’infection par le VHC. Hors, il a été montré qu'une molécule immuno-modulatrice appelée thalidomide atténuait la fibrose chez les patients infectés par le VHC. Cependant, son impact sur la réplication virale était inconnu. Ainsi, nous avons étudié l'effet de cette molécule sur la réplication du VHC in vitro et nous avons démontré que la thalidomide active la réplication du virus en inhibant la voie de signalisation de NF-kB. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance de la voie de signalisation NF-kB dans le contrôle de la réplication du VHC, et sont à prendre en considération dans l’établissement d’un traitement contre la fibrose hépatique.

Daughters of Lilith : transgressive femininity in Bram Stoker’s late gothic fiction

Daughters of Lilith: Transgressive Femininity in Bram Stoker’s Late Gothic Fiction explore le thème de la transgression féminine dans quatre romans gothiques de Bram Stoker. En combinant les études féministes et les études de genre, cette thèse examine les différents visages de la dissidence féminine à travers Dracula (1897), The Jewel of Seven Stars (1903), The Lady of the Shroud (1909) et The Lair of the White Worm (1911). Dans ces textes, la transgression est incarnée par la femme hystérique, la mère monstrueuse, la femme exotique et la New Woman. De plus, le traitement de ces stéréotypes féminins révèle une certaine tolérance envers la dissension féminine chez l’auteur. Souvent perçu comme un écrivain conservateur, Stoker est plutôt qualifié de progressiste dans cette thèse. L’inclusion de personnages féminins forts et déterminés à travers ses romans ainsi que ses rapports avec plusieurs féministes et proto-féministes dans sa vie privée témoignent de sa libéralité envers les femmes. Sa largeur d’esprit semble d’ailleurs évoluer tout au long de sa carrière ainsi qu’avec la progression du mouvement suffragiste britannique, une période mouvante à la fin du dix-neuvième et au début du vingtième siècle.

Déficit funcional en la capacidad auditiva de oyentes con trastorno de neuropatía auditiva.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación. Resumen en inglés

La nueva organización de la enseñanza en Francia.

Se recoge la nueva situación de la enseñanza francesa, tras la aprobación y aplicación de una rey reformista de 1959. La información ha sido tomada de un artículo de la revista francesa Avenirs, de noviembre de 1960. Se señala que a grandes rasgos la reforma prevé: la prolongación de la enseñanza hasta los 16 años, la creación de un ciclo de observación, la descentralización de la enseñanza y reorientaciones más fáciles. Se hace especial mención a la enseñanza obligatoria pública, el ciclo de observación, la enseñanza general corta, y la enseñanza general larga.

Climate change and water in the UK: past changes and future prospects

Climate change is expected to modify rainfall, temperature and catchment hydrological responses across the world, and adapting to these water-related changes is a pressing challenge. This paper reviews the impact of anthropogenic climate change on water in the UK and looks at projections of future change. The natural variability of the UK climate makes change hard to detect; only historical increases in air temperature can be attributed to anthropogenic climate forcing, but over the last 50 years more winter rainfall has been falling in intense events. Future changes in rainfall and evapotranspiration could lead to changed flow regimes and impacts on water quality, aquatic ecosystems and water availability. Summer flows may decrease on average, but floods may become larger and more frequent. River and lake water quality may decline as a result of higher water temperatures, lower river flows and increased algal blooms in summer, and because of higher flows in the winter. In communicating this important work, researchers should pay particular attention to explaining confidence and uncertainty clearly. Much of the relevant research is either global or highly localized: decision-makers would benefit from more studies that address water and climate change at a spatial and temporal scale appropriate for the decisions they make

The effect of immigration status on racial differences in health insurance coverage, access to care, and utilization in the United States

Background. Lack of coverage, lack of access, and failure to utilize health care services have all been linked to dismal health outcomes in the US. Such consequences have been a longstanding challenge that US minorities are faced with, in the context of a health care system believed to be lacking efficiency and equity. National population surveys in the US suggest that the number of uninsured approaches 50 millions, while some concerns and suspicions are raised by opponents to the growing number of foreign born US residents, many of whom are Hispanic. Research shows that race is a significant predictor of lack of coverage, access, and utilization, while age, gender, education, and income are also linked to these outcomes. We investigated the potential effect of immigration status or duration in the US on the association between coverage, access, use, and race. Methods. Using National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data of 2006, we selected 22, 667 individuals of Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic White descent, at least 18 years of age, US-born and foreign-born who reported their duration of residence in the US. Through complex sample survey logistic regression analysis, we computed odds ratios, beta coefficients, and 95% confidence intervals using models which excluded then included immigration status. Results. Although a significant predictor of the outcomes, immigration status did not change the relationship between each of the dependent variables (coverage, access, utilization), and the factor race, while adjusting for age, gender, education, and income. Our results show that Hispanics were least likely to have coverage (OR=.58; 95% CI[.49, .68]), access (OR=.62; 95% CI[.50, .76]), and to utilize services (OR=.60; 95% CI[.46, .79]) followed by Non-Hispanic Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites. These results were not changed by stratification, or the inclusion of interaction terms to eliminate the potential effect of relationships between independent variables. Recent immigrants (<5 years in US) were 0.12 times less likely to be insured, but also 0.26 times less likely to utilize services (p<0.001), and in addition they represented only 7.3% of the uninsured and 1.9% of the US population in 2006. Furthermore, 12% of the Non-Hispanic White population in the US was not covered, and 65% of the uninsured individuals were US-Born Citizens. Other predictors of lack of coverage, access and use were age below 45, male gender, education at high school or below, and income of less than $20,000. Conclusion. This investigation shows that the high percentage of uninsured was not directly caused by Hispanics, and immigration status alone could not explain racial differences in coverage, access, and utilization. An immigration reform may not be the solution to the healthcare crisis, and more specifically, will not stop the increase in the number of uninsured in the US, nor reduce the cost of health care. As a better alternative, universal health insu rance coverage should be considered, when aiming to eliminate racial disparities, and to solve the health care crisis. ^ Keywords. health insurance, coverage, access, utilization, race, immigration, disparities.^

Diatoms and laminae of Mediterranean sapropels

The origins of sapropels (sedimentary layers rich in organic carbon) are unclear, yet they may be a key to understanding the influence of climate on ocean eutrophication, the mechanisms of sustaining biological production in stratified waters and the genesis of petroleum source rocks (Rohling, 1994, doi:10.1016/0025-3227(94)90202-X; Castradori, 1993, doi:10.1029/93PA00756; Calvert et al., 1992, doi:10.1038/359223a0). Recent microfossil studies of foraminifera (Rohling, 1994, doi:10.1016/0025-3227(94)90202-X) and calcareous nannofossils (Castradori, 1993, doi:10.1029/93PA00756) have focused attention on a deep chlorophyll maximum as a locus for the high production inferred (Calvert et al., 1992, doi:10.1038/359223a0) for sapropel formation, but have not identified the agent responsible. Here we report the results of a high-resolution, electron-microscope-based study of a late Quaternary laminated sapropel in which the annual flux cycle has been preserved. We find that much of the production was by diatoms, both mat-forming and other colonial forms, adapted to exploit a deep nutrient supply trapped below surface waters in a stratified water column. Reconstructed organic-carbon and opal fluxes to the sediments are comparable to those at high-productivity sites in today's oceans, and calculations based on diatom Si/C ratios suggest that the high organic-carbon content of sapropels may be entirely accounted for by sedimenting diatoms. We propose that this style of production may have been common in ancient Palaeogene and Cretaceous seas, environments for which conventional appeals to upwelling-driven production to account for the occurrence of diatomites, and some organic-carbon-rich sediments, have never seemed wholly appropriate.

Respiratory microbiota resistance and resilience to pulmonary exacerbation and subsequent antimicrobial intervention

This study was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NE/H019456/1) to CJvdG, by the Wellcome Trust (WT 098051) to AWW and JP for sequencing costs, and by The Anna Trust (KB2008) to KDB. AWW and The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, receive core funding support from the Scottish Government Rural and Environmental Science and Analysis Service (RESAS). We thank Paul Scott, Richard Rance and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute’s sequencing team for generating 16S rRNA gene sequence data.

Essai historique et descriptif sur la peinture sur verre, ancienne et moderne, et sur les vitraux les plus remarquables de quelques monumens français et étrangers : suivi de la biographie des plus célèbres peintres-verriers /

Includes bibliographical references and index.

El viaje intelectual; impresiones de naturaleza y arte. (Segunda serie)

"De la presente obra se han impreso cincuenta ejemplares en papel simil h l 1 al #."