883 resultados para Pueblo Indians.


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In humans with a loss of uricase the final oxidation product of purine catabolism is uric acid (UA). The prevalence of hyperuricemia has been increasing around the world accompanied by a rapid increase in obesity and diabetes. Since hyperuricemia was first described as being associated with hyperglycemia and hypertension by Kylin in 1923, there has been a growing interest in the association between elevated UA and other metabolic abnormalities of hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The direction of causality between hyperuricemia and metabolic disorders, however, is unceartain. The association of UA with metabolic abnormalities still needs to be delineated in population samples. Our overall aims were to study the prevalence of hyperuricemia and the metabolic factors clustering with hyperuricemia, to explore the dynamical changes in blood UA levels with the deterioration in glucose metabolism and to estimate the predictive capability of UA in the development of diabetes. Four population-based surveys for diabetes and other non-communicable diseases were conducted in 1987, 1992, and 1998 in Mauritius, and in 2001-2002 in Qingdao, China. The Qingdao study comprised 1 288 Chinese men and 2 344 women between 20-74, and the Mauritius study consisted of 3 784 Mauritian Indian and Mauritian Creole men and 4 442 women between 25-74. In Mauritius, re-exams were made in 1992 and/or 1998 for 1 941 men (1 409 Indians and 532 Creoles) and 2 318 non pregnant women (1 645 Indians and 673 Creoles), free of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and gout at baseline examinations in 1987 or 1992, using the same study protocol. The questionnaire was designed to collect demographic details, physical examinations and standard 75g oral glucose tolerance tests were performed in all cohorts. Fasting blood UA and lipid profiles were also determined. The age-standardized prevalence in Chinese living in Qingdao was 25.3% for hyperuricemia (defined as fasting serum UA > 420 μmol/l in men and > 360 μmol/l in women) and 0.36% for gout in adults between 20-74. Hyperuricemia was more prevalent in men than in women. One standard deviation increase in UA concentration was associated with the clustering of metabolic risk factors for both men and women in three ethnic groups. Waist circumference, body mass index, and serum triglycerides appeared to be independently associated with hyperuricemia in both sexes and in all ethnic groups except in Chinese women, in whom triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol were associated with hyperuricemia. Serum UA increased with increasing fasting plasma glucose levels up to a value of 7.0 mmol/l, but significantly decreased thereafter in mainland Chinese. An inverse relationship occurred between 2-h plasma glucose and serum UA when 2-h plasma glucose higher than 8.0 mmol/l. In the prospective study in Mauritius, 337 (17.4%) men and 379 (16.4%) women developed diabetes during the follow-up. Elevated UA levels at baseline increased 1.14-fold in risk of incident diabetes in Indian men and 1.37-fold in Creole men, but no significant risk was observed in women. In conclusion, the prevalence of hyperuricemia was high in Chinese in Qingdao, blood UA was associated with the clustering of metabolic risk factors in Mauritian Indian, Mauritian Creole, and Chinese living in Qingdao, and a high baseline UA level independently predicted the development of diabetes in Mauritian men. The clinical use of UA as a marker of hyperglycemia and other metabolic disorders needs to be further studied. Keywords: Uric acid, Hyperuricemia, Risk factors, Type 2 Diabetes, Incidence, Mauritius, Chinese

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Background: The gene encoding for uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) is considered to be a candidate gene for type 2 diabetes because of its role in thermogenesis and energy expenditure. The objective of the study was to examine whether genetic variations in the UCP1 gene are associated with type 2 diabetes and its related traits in Asian Indians. Methods: The study subjects, 810 type 2 diabetic subjects and 990 normal glucose tolerant (NGT) subjects, were chosen from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study (CURES), an ongoing population-based study in southern India. The polymorphisms were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was estimated from the estimates of haplotypic frequencies. Results: The three polymorphisms, namely -3826A -> G, an A -> C transition in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) and Met229Leu, were not associated with type 2 diabetes. However, the frequency of the A-C-Met (-3826A -> G-5'UTR A -> C-Met229Leu) haplotype was significantly higher among the type 2 diabetic subjects (2.67%) compared with the NGT subjects (1.45%, P < 0.01). The odds ratio for type 2 diabetes for the individuals carrying the haplotype A-C-Met was 1.82 (95% confidence interval, 1.29-2.78, P = 0.009). Conclusions: The haplotype, A-C-Met, in the UCP1 gene is significantly associated with the increased genetic risk for developing type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians.

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The study is the outcome of two research projects on the North American Indian traditions: the role of the shields within the Plains Indians traditional culture and religion, and the bear ceremonialism of the Native North America, especially the significance of the bear among the Plains Indians. This article-based dissertation includes seven separately published scholar papers, forming Chapters 6 12. The introduction formulates the objectives and frame of reference of the study and the conclusions pulls together its results. The study reconsiders the role of the Plains Indian shields with bear motifs. Such shields are found in rock art, in the Plains Indian s paintings and drawings, and in various collections, the main source material being the shields in European and North American museums. The aim is not only to study shields with bear power motifs and the meanings of the bear, but also to discuss appropriate methods for studying these subjects. There are three major aims of the study: to consider methodical questions in studying Plains Indian shields, to examine the complexity of the Plains Indian shields with the bear power motifs, and to offer new interpretations for the basic meanings of the bear among the Plains Indians and the interrelationship between individualism and collectivism in the Plains Indians visionary art that show bear power motifs on the shields. The study constructs a view on the bear shields taking account of all sources of information available and analysing the shields both as physical artefacts and religious objects from different perspectives, studying them as a part of the ensemble of Plains culture and religious traditions. The bear motifs represented the superhuman power that medicine men and warriors could exploit through visions. For the Plains Indians, the bear was a wise animal from which medicine men could get power for healing but also a dangerous animal from which warriors could get power for warfare. The shields with bear motifs represented the bear powers of the owners of the shields. The bear shield was made to represent the vision, and the principal interpretation of the symbolism was based on the individual experience of spiritual world and its powers. The study argues that the bear shield as personal medicine object is based on wider tribal traditions, and the basic meaning is derived from the collective tradition. This means that the bear seen in vision represented particular affairs and it was represented on the shield surface using conventional ways of traditional artistry. In consequence of this, the bear shields reflect not only the individual experiences of bear power but whole field of tribal traditions that legitimated the experiences and offered acceptable interpretations and conventional modes for the bear symbols.

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Background: This study examined the association of -866G/A, Ala55Val, 45bpI/D, and -55C/T polymorphisms at the uncoupling protein (UCP) 3-2 loci with type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians. Methods: A case-control study was performed among 1,406 unrelated subjects (487 with type 2 diabetes and 919 normal glucose-tolerant NGT]), chosen from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study, an ongoing population-based study in Southern India. The polymorphisms were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and direct sequencing. Haplotype frequencies were estimated using an expectation-maximization algorithm. Linkage disequilibrium was estimated from the estimates of haplotypic frequencies. Results: The genotype (P = 0.00006) and the allele (P = 0.00007) frequencies of Ala55Val of the UCP2 gene showed a significant protective effect against the development of type 2 diabetes. The odds ratios (adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index) for diabetes for individuals carrying Ala/Val was 0.72, and that for individuals carrying Val/Val was 0.37. Homeostasis insulin resistance model assessment and 2-h plasma glucose were significantly lower among Val-allele carriers compared to the Ala/Ala genotype within the NGT group. The genotype (P = 0.02) and the allele (P = 0.002) frequencies of -55C/T of the UCP3 gene showed a significant protective effect against the development of diabetes. The odds ratio for diabetes for individuals carrying CT was 0.79, and that for individuals carrying TT was 0.61. The haplotype analyses further confirmed the association of Ala55Val with diabetes, where the haplotypes carrying the Ala allele were significantly higher in the cases compared to controls. Conclusions: Ala55Val and -55C/T polymorphisms at the UCP3-2 loci are associated with a significantly reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians.

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A controlled laboratory experiment was carried out on forty Indian male college students for evaluating the effect of indoor thermal environment on occupants' response and thermal comfort. During experiment, indoor temperature varied from 21 degrees C to 33 degrees C, and the variables like relative humidity, airflow, air temperature and radiant temperature were recorded along with skin (T-sk) and oral temperature (T-core) from the subjects. From T-sk and T-c, body temperature (T-b) was evaluated. Subjective Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) was recorded using ASHRAE 7-point scale. In PMV model, Fanger's T-sk equation was used to accommodate adaptive response. Stepwise regression analysis result showed T-b was better predictor of TSV than T-sk and T-core. Regional skin temperature response, lower sweat threshold temperature with no dipping sweat and higher cutaneous sweating threshold temperature were observed as thermal adaptive responses. Using PMV model, thermal comfort zone was evaluated as (22.46-25.41) degrees C with neutral temperature of 23.91 degrees C, whereas using TSV response, wider comfort zone was estimated as (23.25-2632) degrees C with neutral temperature at 24.83 degrees C. It was observed that PMV-model overestimated the actual thermal response. Interestingly, these subjects were found to be less sensitive to hot but more sensitive to cold. A new TSV-PPD relation (PPDnew) was obtained with an asymmetric distribution of hot-cold thermal sensation response in Indians. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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A controlled laboratory experiment was carried out on forty Indian male college students for evaluating the effect of indoor thermal environment on occupants' response and thermal comfort. During experiment, indoor temperature varied from 21 degrees C to 33 degrees C, and the variables like relative humidity, airflow, air temperature and radiant temperature were recorded along with subject's physiological parameters (skin (T-sk) and oral temperature (T-c)) and subjective thermal sensation responses (TSV). From T-sk and T-c, body temperature (T-b) was evaluated. Subjective Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) was recorded using ASHRAE 7-point scale. In PMV model, Fanger's T-sk equation was used to accommodate adaptive response. Step-wise regression analysis result showed T-b was better predictor of TSV than T-sk and T-c. Regional skin temperature response, suppressed sweating without dipping, lower sweating threshold temperature and higher cutaneous threshold for sweating were observed as thermal adaptive responses. These adaptive responses cannot be considered in PMV model. To incorporate subjective adaptive response, mean skin temperature (T-sk) is considered in dry heat loss calculation. Along with these, PMV-model and other two methodologies are adopted to calculate PMV values and results are compared. However, recent literature is limited to measure the sweat rate in Indians and consideration of constant Ersw in PMV model needs to be corrected. Using measured T-sk in PMV model (Method(1)), thermal comfort zone corresponding to 0.5 <= PMV <= 0.5 was evaluated as (22.46-25.41) degrees C with neutral temperature of 23.91 degrees C, similarly while using TSV response, wider comfort zone was estimated as (23.25-26.32) degrees C with neutral temperature at 24.83 degrees C, which was further increased to with TSV-PPDnew, relation. It was observed that PMV-model overestimated the actual thermal response. Interestingly, these subjects were found to be less sensitive to hot but more sensitive to cold. A new TSV-PPD relation (PPDnew) was obtained from the population distribution of TSV response with an asymmetric distribution of hot-cold thermal sensation response from Indians. The calculations of human thermal stress according to steady state energy balance models used on PMV model seem to be inadequate to evaluate human thermal sensation of Indians. Relevance to industry: The purpose of this paper is to estimate thermal comfort zone and optimum temperature for Indians. It also highlights that PMV model seems to be inadequate to evaluate subjective thermal perception in Indians. These results can be used in feedback control of HVAC systems in residential and industrial buildings. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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El experimento fue conducido en las condiciones de productores de maíz (Zea Mays L) en Pueblo Nuevo, Estelí, en la postrera de 2000. El ensayo fue establecido en un diseño de Bloque Completo al Azar (BCA) con seis tratamientos (cuatro híbridos y dos variedades mejoradas) y cuatro repeticiones. El trabajo tuvo el objetivo de evaluar el rendimiento, y realizar un análisis económico de la producción de cuatro híbridos de maíz (H-59, H-53, HR-93, HS-5G) y dos variedades mejoradas (NBS y NB-6.) Se tomaron siete variables. Los datos fueron sometidos a un ANDEVA utilizando el paquete estadístico SAS. También se realizó la prueba de separación de medias de tukey al 5 y un contraste ortogonal para la variable rendimiento. Los análisis mostraron que la variedad mejorada NB-6, fue la que mejor rendimiento obtuvo (3,379.30 kg/ha) superando a todos los híbridos y a la variedad mejorada NBS. Desde el punto de vista financiero, NB-6 obtuvo el mayor beneficio neto. Todos los híbridos resultaron dominados. La tasa de retorno marginal de pasar de NBS a NB-6 es infinita dado que NB-6 obtuvo mayor beneficio neto en relación a NBS con el mismo costo, o sea que no hubo inversión marginal.

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Presentación: 1. Recepción del Concilio Vaticano II. Hablar de “recepción” de un concilio supone un conjunto de hechos –dentro de la Iglesia– que hace posible que la determinación o decisión de un concilio –sus contenidos de verdad– sea recibida por parte de las iglesias como conveniente para su vida; preguntarse por la recepción de un concilio es plantear cómo se desarrolla el proceso por el cual se da un consentimiento o “confirmación” por parte de las iglesias...

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El presente estudio se realizó en la Comunidad Matapalo, Municipio de Pueblo Nuevo,Estelí, en el periodo de febrero a mayo del 2013, con el propósito de evaluar dos lámina de riego por goteo 4.5 l/ml/día, riego por surco 13.75 l/ml/día y la combinación de ambos sistemas en el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L.), var. NUTRINTA amarillo. Se utilizó un diseño de Bloques Completo al Azar (BCA), con un arreglo en franjas. Las variables fueron sujetas a un Análisis de Varianza (ANDEVA) y agrupaciones de medias mediante LSD (∞=0.05). Las variables diámetro de planta, altura de la planta y número de hojas por planta fueron afectadas significativamente en el sistema de riego por goteo a los 30 y 60 días después de la germinación (ddg) y 90 ddg, se encontró diferencias estadísticas con mayores promedios el riego por surco. Las variables rendimiento también fueron afectadas significativamente, destacando el riego por goteo con el mayor promedio. El mayor rendimiento total fue de 3010 kg ha-1 en el tratamiento riego por goteo, con rendimientos inferiores en riego por surco y combinado (2775 kg ha-1 y 2710 kg ha-1); Basados en la información proporcionada sobre las propiedades hidrofísicas de suelo, se constató que Matapalo cuenta con un ambiente propicio para el desarrollo del cultivo de maíz.

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Velásquez M; JA. 2011. Análisis de las amenazas a deslizamiento de tierra e inundaciones y su influencia socio ambi ental en la gestión de riesgo en la microcuenca el Espinal, Municipio de Pueblo Nuevo, Departamento de Estelí , 2011 . El estudio se realizó en la micro cuenca El Espinal en el Municipio de Pueblo Nuevo en el Departamento de Estelí; El objetivo del estudio fue : 1) Delimitar zonas susceptibles a deslizamientos e inundaciones . 2) Analizar de manera integral la vulnerabilidad a deslizamientos e inundaciones en la zona . 3) Elaborar una propuesta de uso y manejo agroecológico usando criterios de uso de la tierra en función de las amenazas a deslizamiento de tierra e inundaciones. 4) Plantear líneas de acción con aportes de la población para el fortalecimiento de la gestión del riesgo a desastres naturales ante deslizamiento e inundaciones en la zona de estudio. La microcuenca El Espinal ha venido siendo afectada desde hace varios años por fenómenos de deslizamiento e inundaciones ; sin embargo , esto se ha venido intensificando en los últimos diez años a consecuencia de los efectos del cambio climático. Entre estas afectaciones tenemos grandes avenidas de agua que combinados con deslizamientos de tierra han causado pérdida y daños materiales, tal es el caso de las fuertes lluvias ocurridas en agosto del 2010, las cuales provocaron daños en la infraestructura a puentes vados, seis viviendas destruidas, afectaciones a cultivos, áreas de pasto, pero lo más importante es que no hubieron víctimas humanas. Debido a estas condiciones físicas, la vulnerabilidad socioeconómica y ambiental de esta micro cuenca y los efectos negativos que ha causado sobre el medio ambiente, economía y a las personas que habitan en estas áreas , surge el interés de esta investigación. La microcuenca El Espinal reúne una serie de condiciones física que la hace susceptible como: alta intensidad en el uso de los suelos, altas pendientes, precipitaciones anuales altas; a ello se unen las con diciones mecánicas de las rocas y finalmente el factor humano, quien ha eliminado la cobertura vegetal, sustituida por pastizales, granos básicos y plantaciones de café que propicia los deslizamientos e inundaciones. Los resultados sobre la susceptibilidad a deslizamiento de tierra en la microcuenca El Espinal se describen de la siguiente manera: Las áreas con niveles de baja y muy baja susceptibilidad abarcan 54.70 Km2 que corresponde al 59 % del territ orio, el nivel moderado cubre 20.01km2 , correspondiente al 22 % del área, mientras que los niveles altos y mu y alta susceptibilidad cubren 16.82 Km2 correspondiente al 19% del área de la micro cuenca, siendo las comunidades más afectadas Macuelizo, El Chorro, San Pedro, Los Llanos y Horcones. Las áreas susceptibles con planicies de inundación abarcan una área de 2 . 40 Km 2 , siendo las comunidades que pueden sufrir mayor afec tación Paso Hondo, La Calera y E l Rosario, afectando áreas de cultivo, viviendas y puentes vados. De acuerdo a las entrevistas realizadas a los habitantes de la microcuenca El Espinal la percepció n de los fenómenos naturales ante inundación y deslizamiento son las amenazas de mayor probabilidad a que ocurran coincidiendo con la importancia del estudio. El análisis global por tipo de vulnerabilidad en la microcuenca El Espinal presentó vulnerabilidad muy alta en los aspectos económico, técnico, ecológico, institucional y físico , le siguen en orden de import ancia con vulnerabilidad alta los aspectos culturales, políticos, educativos e ideológicos y por ultimo con una vulnerabilidad moderada el aspecto social, siendo el capital humano una fortaleza que los tomadores de decisiones deben focalizar pa ra la implementación de acciones de prevención y mitigación de desastres naturales. Las comunidades que presentaron una vulnerabilidad muy alta son: San José, La Calera y El Horno. Con la delimitación de áreas susceptibles a deslizamiento de tierras e in undación se zonificaron 3 áreas para darle prioridad a los aspectos ambientales y manejo agroecológico, siendo estas: Zona Protectora de Restauración Ecológica (ZPRE), Zona de Rehabilitación (ZR) y Zona de Desarrollo Agrícola (ZDA) . Finalmente, en base a los resultados del estudio y con la participación activa de los actores locales, se propusieron acciones para la reducción del riesgo y la vulnerabilidad en la microcuenca. Estos lineamientos se agrupan en cinco líneas estratégicas: Educación, Manejo adecuado de los recursos naturales , fortalecimiento institucional local , participación comunitaria y mejoramiento de las condiciones socioeconómicas de la población Con este estudio se pretende que sirva de guía a la temática de riesgos a las amenazas de deslizamiento de tierra e inundaciones a las que está expuesta la microcuenca y sus habitantes en el Municipio de Pueblo Nuevo. Los resultados permitirán a los habitantes y los tomadores de decisiones a prepararse para reforzar los planes de emergencia ante eventos de esta naturaleza

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¿Es viable la coexistencia de acciones de participación y deliberación con el ejercicio de la representación parlamentaria? ¿De qué manera la tecnologia de la información y comunicación ha auxiliado el proceso de interacción entre la sociedad y el parlamento en el cotidiano dei legislativo? ¿Estamos cercanos a un sistema híbrido de democracia representativa y participativa con la incorporación en la agenda legislativa de maneras efectivas de coproducción de leyes? Esta obra intenta responder a estas preguntas, además de evaluar otras experiencias intemacionales con este mismo objetivo. El libro tiene como base el estudio de dos casos en especial de prácticas participativas digitales desarrolladas por parlamentos: el programa e-Democracia de la Cámara de Diputados brasileños y el proyecto Senador Virtual dei Senado chileno. El texto se desarrolla mediante el análisis sistemático de los aspectos institucionales que abarcan elementos organizacionales y políticos, así como de los aspectos sociales comprometidos en la aplicación de la democracia digital en parlamentos. La investigación indica que estos proyectos, en el punto en que se encontraban en el año 2010 presentaron resultados aunque incipientes en lo que concieme a la mejoría de la representatividad en la toma de decisiones, de agregación de inteligencia colectiva, en el proceso legislativo y de la transparencia por parte de la actuación parlamentaria, elementos apreciados por la democracia participativa y deliberativa. No obstante, dichas experiencias poseen el mérito de contribuir con la construcción gradual de mecanismos participativos más efectivos y complementarios ai sistema político.

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Trabajo periodístico de carácter social que pretende acercar los modos de vida y la realidad de los campamentos de refugiados saharauis de Tinduf a los lectores.