Sistemas alternativos a los fungicidas químicos para el control de Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. en limón

Argentina es el principal productor mundial de limones en el mundo y el 90 por ciento de esta producción se sitúa en la provincia de Tucumán. Las pérdidas económicas ocasionadas por las enfermedades de poscosecha representan uno de los principales problemas de la citricultura mundial, siendo el 80 por ciento atribuíbles a infecciones fúngicas. El moho verde causado por Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. (PD), es la enfermedad de mayor incidencia y severidad durante la exportación de frutos de limón. Actualmente el control de estas enfermedades se realiza con el uso de fungicidas de síntesis química. Debido a las severas restricciones impuestas a estos productos, por regulaciones ambientales y de la salud, hay una fuerte necesidad de métodos alternativos de control. El objetivo de este trabajo de tesis fue evaluar alternativas de bajo impacto ambiental : bacterias lácticas, extractos vegetales, Serenade® (Bacillus subtilis QST 713) y bicarbonato de sodio; con actividad antifúngica directa o a través de la inducción de mecanismos de defensa, para el control de PD en condiciones in vitro e in vivo (frutos de limón). De un total de 33 cepas de bacterias lácticas evaluadas, se seleccionaron ocho con propiedades antifúngicas frente a PD. Se identificaron los metabolitos antifúngicos como ácidos orgánicos (ácido láctico, ácido acético y ácido fenil láctico) y se determinó la combinación óptima con mayor actividad inhibitoria. Los productos alternativos: extractos vegetales, Serenade® y bicarbonato de sodio, presentaron actividad antifúngica in vitro a PD con porcentajes de inhibición entre 2,1 - 16 por ciento. En los frutos de limón, los tratamientos alternativos no fueron efectivos por sí solos para controlar en forma directa la enfermedad. Estos tratamientos redujeron significativamente la severidad de la enfermedad, excepto el Serenade® cuando fue aplicado simultáneamente con el inóculo. Esta reducción fue más marcada cuando se dejaron transcurrir 18 h entre inoculación y aplicación de los tratamientos. El bicarbonato de sodio al 3 por ciento y en menor medida el Serenade® al 1 por ciento indujeron una respuesta de defensa de los frutos y controlaron la enfermedad en un 96,7 por ciento y 56,7 por ciento, respectivamente. En cromatografía de capa fina y fluorometría se detectó un aumento de la fitoalexina escoparona, sugiriendo que este efecto se produciría como resultado de la inducción de mecanismos de defensa, mientras que la umbeliferona no fue detectada. Estos resultados indican que los productos biológicos actuaron como una barrera al avance de la enfermedad, retrasando la severidad de la misma e induciendo de una respuesta de defensa en los frutos.

Sistemas alternativos a los fungicidas químicos para el control de Penicillium digitatum (Pers.)Sacc. en limón

Argentina es el principal productor mundial de limones en el mundo y el 90 por ciento de esta producción se sitúa en la provincia de Tucumán. Las pérdidas económicas ocasionadas por las enfermedades de poscosecha representan uno de los principales problemas de la citricultura mundial, siendo el 80 por ciento atribuíbles a infecciones fúngicas. El moho verde causado por Penicillium digitatum (Pers.)Sacc. (PD), es la enfermedad de mayor incidencia y severidad durante la exportación de frutos de limón. Actualmente el control de estas enfermedades se realiza con el uso de fungicidas de síntesis química. Debido a las severas restricciones impuestas a estos productos, por regulaciones ambientales y de la salud, hay una fuerte necesidad de métodos alternativos de control. El objetivo de este trabajo de tesis fue evaluar alternativas de bajo impacto ambiental : bacterias lácticas, extractos vegetales, Serenade® (Bacillus subtilis QST 713)y bicarbonato de sodio; con actividad antifúngica directa o a través de la inducción de mecanismos de defensa, para el control de PD en condiciones in vitro e in vivo (frutos de limón). De un total de 33 cepas de bacterias lácticas evaluadas, se seleccionaron ocho con propiedades antifúngicas frente a PD. Se identificaron los metabolitos antifúngicos como ácidos orgánicos (ácido láctico, ácido acético y ácido fenil láctico)y se determinó la combinación óptima con mayor actividad inhibitoria. Los productos alternativos: extractos vegetales, Serenade® y bicarbonato de sodio, presentaron actividad antifúngica in vitro a PD con porcentajes de inhibición entre 2,1 - 16 por ciento. En los frutos de limón, los tratamientos alternativos no fueron efectivos por sí solos para controlar en forma directa la enfermedad. Estos tratamientos redujeron significativamente la severidad de la enfermedad, excepto el Serenade® cuando fue aplicado simultáneamente con el inóculo. Esta reducción fue más marcada cuando se dejaron transcurrir 18 h entre inoculación y aplicación de los tratamientos. El bicarbonato de sodio al 3 por ciento y en menor medida el Serenade® al 1 por ciento indujeron una respuesta de defensa de los frutos y controlaron la enfermedad en un 96,7 por ciento y 56,7 por ciento, respectivamente. En cromatografía de capa fina y fluorometría se detectó un aumento de la fitoalexina escoparona, sugiriendo que este efecto se produciría como resultado de la inducción de mecanismos de defensa, mientras que la umbeliferona no fue detectada. Estos resultados indican que los productos biológicos actuaron como una barrera al avance de la enfermedad, retrasando la severidad de la misma e induciendo de una respuesta de defensa en los frutos.

Penicillium glabrum cork colonising isolates – preliminary analysis of their genomic similari

Cork stopper manufacturing process includes an operation, known as stabilisation, by which humid cork slabs are extensively colonised by fungi. The effects of fungal growth on cork are yet to be completely understood and are considered to be involved in the so called “cork taint” of bottled wine. It is essential to identify environmental constraints which define the appearance of the colonising fungal species and to trace their origin to the forest and/or as residents in the manufacturing space. The present article correlates two sets of data, from consecutive years and the same season, of systematic biologic sampling of two manufacturing units, located in the North and South of Portugal. Chrysonilia sitophila dominance was identified, followed by a high diversity of Penicillium species. Penicillium glabrum, found in all samples, was the most frequent isolated species. P. glabrum intra-species variability was investigated using DNA fingerprinting techniques revealing highly discriminative polymorphic markers in the genome. Cluster analysis of P. glabrum data was discussed in relation to the geographical location of strains, and results suggest that P. glabrum arise from predominantly the manufacturing space, although cork resident fungi can also contrib

The investigation of the reduction mechanism of the 5a-reductase enzyme of Penicillium decumbens /

The 5a-reductase of Penicillium decumbens ATCC 10436 was used as a model for the mammalian enzyme to investigate the mechanism of reduction of testosterone to 5adihydrotestosterone . The purpose of this study was to search for specific 5a-reductase inhibitors which antagonize prostate cancer . In a whole-cell biotransformation mode, this organism reduced testosterone (1) to 5a-dihydrosteroids (8) and 5aandrostane- 3, 17-dione (9) in yields of 28% and 37% respectively. Control experiments have shown that 5aandrostane- 3, 17-dione (9) can be produced from the corresponding alcohol (8) in a subsequent reaction separate from that catalysed by the 5a-reductase enzyme . Androst-4- ene-3, 17-dione (2) is reduced to give only (9) with a recovery of 80% The stereochemistry of the reduction was determined by 500 MHz ^H NMR analysis of the products resulting from the deuterium labelled substrates. The results were obtained by an analysis of the NOE difference spectra, double-quantum filtered phase sensitive COSY 2-D spectra, and ^^c-Ir 2-D shift correlation spectra of deuterium labelled products. According to the unambiguous assignment of the signals due to H-4a and H-4Ii in 5a-dihydro steroids, the NMR data show clearly that addition of hydrogen to the 4{5)K bond has occurred in a trans manner at positions 413 and 5a. To Study the reduction mechanism of this enzyme, several substrates were prepared as following; 3-methyleneandrost-4-en- 17fi-ol(3), androst-4-en-17i5-ol(5) , androst-4-en-3ii, 17fi-diol (6) and 4, 5ii-epoxyandrostane-3, 17-dione (7) . Results suggest that this enzyme system requires an oxygen atom at the 3-position of the steroid in order to bind the substrate. Furthermore, the mechanism of this 5a-reductase may proceed via direct addition of hydrogen at the 4,5 position without involvement of a carbonyl group as an intermediate.

Synthesis of FimH receptor-active manno-oligosaccharides by reverse hydrolysis using alpha-mannosidases from Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus phoenicis and almond

Recombinant Penicillium citrinum alpha-1,2-mannosidase, expressed in Aspergillus oryzae, was employed to carry out regioselective synthesis of alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1-->2)-D-mannose. Yields (w/w) of 16.68% disaccharide, 3.07% trisaccharide and 0.48% tetrasaccharide were obtained, with alpha1-->2 linkages present at 98.5% of the total linkages formed. Non-specific alpha-mannosidase from almond was highly efficient in reverse hydrolysis and oligosaccharide yields of 45-50% were achieved. The products of the almond mannosidase were a mixture of disaccharides (30.75%, w/w), trisaccharides (12.26%, w/w) and tetrasaccharides (1.89%, w/w) with 1-->2, 1-->3 and 1-->6 isomers. alpha-1,2-linkage specific mannosidase from P. citrinum and alpha-1,6-linkage-specific mannosidase from Aspergillus phoenicis were used in combination to hydrolyse the respective linkages from the mixture of isomers, resulting in alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1-->3)-D-mannose in 86.4% purity. The synthesised oligosaccharides can potentially inhibit the adhesion of pathogens by acting as 'decoys' of receptors of type-1 fimbriae carried by enterobacteria.

Modelling the uptake and growth kinetics of Penicillium glabrum in a tannic acid-containing solid-state fermentation for tannase production

A mathematical growth model for the batch solid-state fermentation process for fungal tannase production was developed and tested experimentally. The unstructured model describes the uptake and growth kinetics of Penicillium glabrum in an impregnated polyurethane foam substrate system. In general, good agreement between the experimental data and model simulations was obtained. Biomass, tannase and spore production are described by logistic kinetics with a time delay between biomass production and tannase and spore formation. Possible induction mechanisms for the latter are proposed. Hydrolysis of tannic acid, the main carbon source in the substrate system, is reasonably well described with Michaelis-Menten kinetics with time-varying enzyme concentration but a more complex reaction mechanism is suspected. The metabolism of gallic acid, a tannase-hydrolysis product of tannic acid, was shown to be growth limiting during the main growth phase. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Changes in selected biochemical and sensory parameters as affected by the superficial inoculation of Penicillium camemberti on dry fermented sausages

An atoxigenic strain of Penicillium camemberti was superficially inoculated on fermented sausages in an attempt to improve their sensory properties. The growth of this mould on the surface of the sausages resulted in an intense proteolysis and lipolysis, which caused an increase in the concentration of free amino acids, free fatty acids (FFA) and volatile compounds. Many of these were derived from amino acid catabolism and were responsible for the "ripened flavour", i.e. branched aldehydes and the corresponding alcohols, acids and esters. The development of the fungal mycelia on the surface of the sausages also protected lipids from oxidation, resulting in both lower 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) values and lipid oxidation-derived compounds, such as aliphatic aldehydes and alcohols. The sensory analysis of superficially inoculated sausages showed clear improvements in odour and flavour and, as a consequence, in the overall quality of the sausages. Therefore, this strain is proposed as a potential starter culture for dry fermented sausage production. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sugar cane bagasse using Penicillium funiculosum and Trichoderma harzianum cellulases

In this study, we investigated the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse using eight different enzymatic blends obtained from concentrated crude enzyme extracts produced by Penicillium funiculosum and Trichoderma harzianum as well as from the extracts in combination with a commercial enzymatic cocktail. The influence of different levels of biomass delignification, degree of crystallinity of lignicellulose, composition of enzymatic activities and BSA on enzymatic hydrolysis yields (HYs) was evaluated. Our X-ray diffraction studies showed that crystallinity of lignocellulose is not a key determinant of its recalcitrance toward enzymatic hydrolysis. In fact, under the experimental conditions of our study, an increase in crystallinity of lignocellulosic samples resulted in increased glucose release by enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, under the same conditions, the addition of BSA had no significant effect on enzymatic hydrolysis. The most efficient enzyme blends were obtained by mixing a commercial enzymatic cocktail with P. funiculosum or T. harzianum cellulase preparations (HYs above 97%) followed by the concentrated extract of P. funiculosum alone (HY= 88.5%). Increased hydrolytic efficiencies appeared to correlate with having an adequate level of both beta-glucosidase and xylanase activities in the blends. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Use of Experimental Design for the Optimization of the Production of New Secondary Metabolites by Two Penicillium Species

A fractional factorial design approach has been used to enhance secondary metabolite production by two Penicillium strains. The method was initially used to improve the production of bioactive extracts as a whole and subsequently to optimize the production of particular bioactive metabolites. Enhancements of over 500% in secondary metabolite production were observed for both P. oxalicum and P. citrinum. Two new alkaloids, citrinalins A (5) and B (6), were isolated and identified from P. citrinum cultures optimized for production of minor metabolites.

Neoaustin: a meroterpene produced by Penicillium sp.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Preaustinoid A: a meroterpene produced by Penicillium sp.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Purification and Characterization of Two Extracellular Xylanases from Penicillium sclerotiorum: A Novel Acidophilic Xylanase

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)