Structural analysis of monoterpene glycosides extracted from Paeonia lactiflora Pall. using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Paeoniflorin standard was first investigated by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR-MS/MS) using a sustained off-resonance irradiation (SORI) collision-induced dissociation (CID) method at high mass resolution. The experimental results demonstrated that the unambiguous elemental composition of product ions can be obtained at high mass resolution. Comparing MS/MS spectra and the experimental methods of hydrogen and deuterium exchange, the logical fragmentation pathways of paeoniflorin have been proposed. Then, the extracts of the traditional Chinese medicine Paeonia lactiflora Pall. were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS). By comparison with the ESI-FTICR-MS/MS data of paeoniflorin, the isomers paeoniflorin and albiflorin in Paeonia lactiflora Pall. have been identified using HPLC/MS with CID in an ion trap and in-source CID. Furthermore, using the characteristic fragmentation pathways, the retention times (t(R)) in HPLC and MS/MS spectra, the structures of three other kinds of monoterpene glycoside compounds have been identified on-line without time-consuming isolation.

Verwelkte Blätter : Paeonia peregrina - Levisticum officinale - Dipsacus fullonum - Ptelea trifoliata

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Speciation through homoploid hybridization between allotetraploids in peonies (Paeonia)

Phylogenies of Adh1 and Adh2 genes suggest that a widespread Mediterranean peony, Paeonia officinalis, is a homoploid hybrid species between two allotetraploid species, Paeonia peregrina and a member of the Paeonia arietina species group. Three phylogenetically distinct types of Adh sequences have been identified from both accessions of P. officinalis, of which two types are most closely related to the two homoeologous Adh loci of the P. arietina group and the remaining type came from one of the two Adh homoeologs of P. peregrina. The other Adh homoeolog of P. peregrina was apparently lost from the hybrid genome, possibly through backcrossing with the P. arietina group. This is a documentation of homoploid hybrid speciation between allotetraploid species in nature. This study suggests that hybrid speciation between allotetraploids can occur without an intermediate stage of genome diploidization or a further doubling of genome size.

Documentation of reticulate evolution in peonies (Paeonia) using internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA: implications for biogeography and concerted evolution.

The internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA of 33 species of genus Paeonia (Paeoniaceae) were sequenced. In section Paeonia, different patterns of nucleotide additivity were detected in 14 diploid and tetraploid species at sites that are variable in the other 12 species of the section, suggesting that reticulate evolution has occurred. Phylogenetic relationships of species that do not show additivity, and thus ostensibly were not derived through hybridization, were reconstructed by parsimony analysis. The taxa presumably derived through reticulate evolution were then added to the phylogenetic tree according to additivity from putative parents. The study provides an example of successfully using ITS sequences to reconstruct reticulate evolution in plants and further demonstrates that the sequence data could be highly informative and accurate for detecting hybridization. Maintenance of parental sequences in the species of hybrid origin is likely due to slowing of concerted evolution caused by the long generation time of peonies. The partial and uneven homogenization of parental sequences displayed in nine species of putative hybrid origin may have resulted from gradients of gene conversion. The documented hybridizations may have occurred since the Pleistocene glaciations. The species of hybrid origin and their putative parents are now distantly allopatric. Reconstruction of reticulate evolution with sequence data, therefore, provides gene records for distributional histories of some of the parental species.

Troy and Paeonia, with glimpses of ancient Balkan history and religion,

Mode of access: Internet.

RP-HPLC detection of a sulphiting-induced artefact from paeoniflorin in dried roots of Paeonia lactiflora

Paeoniflorin is one of the bioactive ingredients of the roots of Paeonia lactiflora (Paeoniaceae). A comparative study of processed and non-processed commercial samples of dried roots of P. lactiflora indicated a very low level of paeoniflorin in the processed sample and the formation of a new more polar component, sodium paeoniflorin sulphonate, during treatment of the roots with sulphiting agents. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sireenit, floksit ja iirikset- Puu-Käpylän koristekasvit

Puu-Käpylä (“Wooden Käpylä”), a neighbourhood of Helsinki, is the earliest example of the Garden City Movement in Finland. The suburb of valuable wooden architecture was built between 1920 and 1925, with the aim to provide a healthy housing area for working-class families with many children. The houses were erected by a co-operative (Käpylän kansanasunnot, “People?s Dwellings”) and they are protected by the city plan since 1960?s. However, the historical value of the sheltered courtyards has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to survey the garden flora of Puu-Käpylä and to evaluate the authenticity of the courtyard gardens. The survey covered the area of one residential quarter (1.2 ha) with twelve 2-storey semi-detached timber houses arranged around a common yard, which was originally appointed for the tenants? vegetable gardens. The houses are still rented, and each flat is allowed a small lot of the courtyard for cultivation. A complete list was made of all perennial, ornamental plant taxa present in the quarter. Spring bulbs were missed due to the timing of the survey. Generally, the plants were recorded on species level, with the exception of common lilacs, shrub roses, irises and peonies that were thoroughly studied for cultivar identification. It was assumed that plants initially grown in the courtyard could be distinguished by studying Finnish garden magazines, books and nursery catalogues published in the 1920?s and by comparing the present vegetation to surviving documents from the quarter. The total number of ornamental plant taxa identified was 172, of which 17 were trees, 47 shrubs, 7 climbers and 101 herbaceous perennials. The results indicated that a major part of the shrubs, climbers and perennials presumably originated from the 1970?s or later, whereas ca. 70 % of the tree specimens were deemed as original. The survey disclosed a heritage variety of common lilac, resembling cultivar „Prince Notger?, a specific peony taxon, Paeonia humilis Retz., cultivated in Nordic countries since long ago, and a few historic iris varieties. Well-preserved design elements included front gardens on one side of the quarter, a maple alley on another side as well as trees at the garden gates. Old garden books and magazines did not shed much light on the Finnish garden flora commonly used in the period when Puu-Käpylä was built. However, they gave a valuable picture of contemporary planting design. Nursery catalogues offered insight into the assortment of ornamental plants traded in the 1920?s. Conclusions on the authenticity of the current flora were mainly drawn on the basis of old photographs and a vegetation survey map drawn in the 1970?s. This study revealed a need for standardization of syrvey methods applied when investigating garden floras. Uniform survey techniques would make the results comparable and enable a future compilation of data from e.g. historic gardens.

Using IRAP markers for analysis of genetic variability in populations of resource and rare species of plants

Species specific LTR retrotransposons were first cloned in five rare relic species of drug plants located in the Perm’ region. Sequences of LTR retrotransposons were used for PCR analysis based on amplification of repeated sequences from LTR or other sites of retrotransposons (IRAP). Genetic diversity was studied in six populations of rare relic species of plants Adonis vernalis L. by means of the IRAP method; 125 polymorphic IRAP markers were analyzed. Parameters for DNA polymorphism and genetic diversity of A. vernalis populations were determined.

Using IRAP markers for analysis of genetic variability in populations of resource and rare species of plants

Species specific LTR retrotransposons were first cloned in five rare relic species of drug plants located in the Perm’ region. Sequences of LTR retrotransposons were used for PCR analysis based on amplification of repeated sequences from LTR or other sites of retrotransposons (IRAP). Genetic diversity was studied in six populations of rare relic species of plants Adonis vernalis L. by means of the IRAP method; 125 polymorphic IRAP markers were analyzed. Parameters for DNA polymorphism and genetic diversity of A. vernalis populations were determined.

牡丹复合体的研究

牡丹复合体属芍药属(Paconia)牡丹组(Sect. Moutan)．原有6个种名，包括花壬 牡丹、名贵野生花卉紫斑牡丹，著名中药牡丹皮原植物，野生种类为我国特有，仅分 布在以秦岭为中心的较小区域．本研究从山西、陕西、河南、湖北、甘肃共采集14 个居群（包括复合体不同类型）．通过野外居群调查、样方研究，移栽实验，以及细 胞学观察、孢粉学观察分析、种子蛋白和DNA水平多样性的探索性的工作，并结合 聚类分析方法，对牡丹复合体进行了分类学和保护生物学两方面的研究，主要结论 为： 1．本复合体为多年生木本植物，生长缓慢，在天然状况下，从种子播种到开花结实长达7年．枝条通常具隔年开花习性．严格单花顶生，花期短(5-10天)．雄蕊先熟，以异花传粉为主（主要传粉者有甲虫和野蜂）．自交亲和，甲虫在传粉过程中常常破坏心皮和胚珠．胚珠败育比例很高，紫斑牡丹50%．其它类群达90%． 2．种子生物学特性研究，发现本复合体种子属正统种子，但种子衰变快．种子萌发时间长，一般的化学及物理处理对种子萌发无明显促进作用，种子具上胚轴休眠特性．打破休眠需要两个条件：一是胚根长足3 cm．二是10℃左右的低温或GA3处理，野生紫斑牡丹种子较大，复合体其它野生类群种子较小．野生牡丹的种子活力相当低，萌发时间更长． 3．样方的调查统计表明，稷山和永济两地区的矮牡丹株数一龄级分布规律是2—5年生个体最多，随年龄级的增加，个体数目减少．居群呈增长趋势．紫斑牡丹株数一龄级分布规律是青壮年时期个体数目多，幼年时间和老年时期个体数目少，居群呈衰退的趋势，这与其本身繁殖方式和人为破坏程度相关． 4．对13个居群花粉扫描电镜观察表明，本复合体紫斑牡丹(P. rockii)为粗网纹，网眼大，其它类群为细网纹、网眼小． 5．通过18个居群的核型分析并结合前人工作，发现本复合体染色体数目稳定2n =10．核型差别不大，野生类群和栽培品种间有一定分化，但总体上核型多样性比较贫乏．通过8个居群C带研究，发现带纹很少，但多样性很丰富．8个居群表现出7种带型． 6．种子蛋白和DNA水平多样性的初步研究，发现复合体具有较丰富的多样性．但多样性的分布对类群的划分帮助不大，有待进一步研究． 7．通过形态性状分析发现产自各地区矮牡丹、河南粉花类型、神农架红花类型具根出条现象，并以此为主要繁殖方式，紫斑牡丹无此现象．神农架红花类型植株矮小，复合体其它类群较高．产自各地区的矮牡丹和神农架红花类型为二回三出复叶．小叶数目多为9．矮牡丹顶生小叶具浅裂、中裂或深裂，裂片具齿，神农架红花类型顶生小叶仅具浅裂或齿（全缘）．河南粉花类型为二回羽状复叶．小叶数目12-15．紫斑类型叶为二回或三回羽状复叶、小叶数目15-40．小叶分裂方式分两种类型，秦岭西部居群以浅裂、全缘为主，东部居群以中裂或深裂为主，裂片具齿．神农架红花类型花为平展型、较小，其它地区花杯状、较大．花盘有二种类型．紫斑类群花盘黄色或白色．1／2-4／5包被心皮，心皮被稀疏长柔毛，其它类群花盘紫红色，全包心皮，心皮密被短硬毛．根据形态性状分析．并结合细胞学、孢粉学和地理分布研究，对复合体做如下处理：(l)把神农架红花类型做为新种处理P．quii Y.L．Pei et Hong．(2)保留P.rockii(S.G.Haw et L.A. Lanener)T.Hong ct J.J.Li和P.ostii T.Hong et J．X. Zhang．前者进一步分成二亚种：subsp. rockii和subsp. lanceolata Y.L．Pei et Hong（新亚种）．后者包括河南粉花类型，中药丹皮原植物．(3)保留P．suffruticosa Andr.种内分二亚种：subsp. suffruticosa和subsp. spontanea (Rehd．)S．G. Haw et L．A, Lauener. (4)废弃P.papaveracea Andr.和P.jishanensis T.Hong et W.Z.Zhao (5)P．yanancnsis T．Hong et M.R．Li作为存疑种处理． 8．通过上述研究对野生牡丹濒危原因加以分析，认为致濒原因主要是人为干扰和种子萌发和传粉特点等生物学特性造成，但以前者为主，建议应广泛开展各个层次多样性研究，为生物多样性保护利用奠定基础。

牡丹复合体的分子进化和系统学研究---细胞核核糖体基因变异的分析

牡丹复合体(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. Complex)属芍药属牡丹组，为中国特有的落叶亚灌木，野生类型均为濒危种，仅局限分布于以秦岭为中心的较小区域。由于分布区有限，个体数量少，栽培历史长，育种广泛，种间极易杂交，网状进化的广泛发生，使得该复合体分类混乱。本文选取牡丹复合体6个野生种以及2个近缘类群，采用分别基于核酸印迹杂交和聚合酶链式反应的限制性酶切片段长度多态性分析，对细胞核核糖体基因片段ITS/18s的变异进行了分析，并且结合采用微卫星DNA指纹分析技术。选取18种内切酶对特异片段进行酶切消化。共得149个酶切位点，其中67个为变异位点，占45.0%。其中编码区(2．Okb，含18s，5.8s，26s)有突变位点29个，占该区段长度的1.4%;非编码区(490bp，含ITS-1，ITS-2)有突变位点38个，占该区段长度的7.8%。由此，可明显比较二者进化的保守程度和进化速率。两段间隔区的变异程度也存在差异。ITS-1为6.0%．ITS-2为9.9%。这说明构建系统树时二者的选用应得到综合考虑或加权。在复合体内不存在长度变异，即无缺失或插入发生，暗示了该复合体各种之间亲缘关系的紧密。根据Neighbor-joining法并计算遗传距离构建系统关系图，结果如下：(1)卵叶牡丹（神农架红花类群）与紫斑牡丹分化较早，考虑其与复合体内其它各种之间的遗传距离，支持将其定为新种的观点;(2)神农架白花类群与与卵叶牡丹亲缘关系非常相近，这一结果支持了来自其它分子和表型分析的结果;(3)延安牡丹与紫斑牡丹亲缘关系极近，但与矮牡丹关系较远，是否为上述两个种的杂交种，目前为止尚无充分的证据，作为存疑种处理;(4)川牡丹和矮牡丹进化关系密切，这一结果与ITS序列分析结果完全一致，加之其地理分布式样的不连续性说明了它们的古老和残存性质，这可进而推广至本复合体乃至整个牡丹组。我们认为现存的分布格局可能是地理与气候演化的产物，估计牡丹组的野牡丹复合体从本复合体分化出去的时间约为310 - 750万年前。由于基因间协调进化的不均一作用和该类群杂种的早期起源限制了核糖体基因在追溯其网状进化历程上的作用，这符合基因转换的梯度理论。最后讨论了nrDNA得到的基因树与其它的基因树和种系树之间的关系。

芍药属芍药组的变异与进化：形态、染色体和分子证据

芍药属Paeonia是芍药科Paeoniacea内唯一的一个属。包括大约35个种，间断性的分布于北温带地区。其内三个组分别是牡丹组(sect. Moutan)、北美芍药组(sect. Onaepia)和芍药组(sect. Paeonia)。芍药组是芍药属中最大，也是唯一具有染色体倍性变化的一个组，现有大约25个种。其中，大约半数的种是四倍体（2n＝20），主要分布于地中海地区。虽然有证据表明四倍体类群大多为异源起源，但芍药属内一致的核型、相似的形态和重叠的地理分布使得它们的起源和分类一直存在很大的争议。本研究利用了4个细胞核DNA片段（乙醇脱氢酶基因－Adh1和 Adh2;nrDNA的内转录间隔区－ITS;甘油－3磷酸乙酰转移酶基因－GPAT）和4个叶绿体DNA片段（matK基因;基因间隔区trnL-trnF、psbA-trnH和rps16－trnQ）对芍药组的网状进化进行部分重建。并在此基础上，对推测为杂交起源的P. anomala进行了形态学和细胞发生的研究。主要研究结果如下： 1． 芍药组的系统学 利用多个DNA分子标记(cpDNA: matK, rps16-trnQ; nrDNA: ITS, Adh1, Adh2)，芍药组的二倍体和四倍体类群的系统发育被部分重建。基于最大简约法、贝叶斯法和最大似然法的系统发育分析表明： (a) 除P. tenuifolia之外，所有地中海地区分布的二倍体类群构成一个单系分支。该支与亚洲分布的二倍体类群以及P. tenuifolia成并系关系。 (b) 核和叶绿体DNA系统发育树的不一致，以及ITS、Adh基因的多态性的分析，表明部分二倍体类群间和四倍体类群间都存在杂交事件。这些类群包括：中国新疆阿勒泰地区分布的二倍体种P. anomala和P. intermedia（杂种个体XJ053）;高加索地区分布的二倍体种P. tenuifolia和P. daurica（杂种个体H9933）;土耳其分布的四倍体种P. mascula和P. kesrouanensis（杂交个体在两个居群中检测到）。 (c) 不一致的核和叶绿体DNA系统发育树，以及Adh基因表现出的相同多态性模式进一步支持早先的推测，即四倍体类群P. arietina是异源四倍体。同时扩大的数据分析显示P. obovata近缘类群为其母系亲本，P. tenuifolia近缘类群为其父系亲本。此外，形态上具有一定分化的两个亚种P. arietina ssp. arietina和P. arietina ssp. parnassica是多次起源。 (d) 现今地中海分布类群的近缘种参与了四倍体种P. kesrouanensis 和P. coriacea，以及P. wittmanniana和P. mascula的物种形成。依据Adh序列种内的多态性，初步推测P. kesrouanensis 和P. coriacea可能是异源四倍体，其另一个亲本与P. arietina母系亲本近源。而P. wittmanniana和P. mascula可能是同源四倍体。 (e) P. saueri和P. peregrina的两个亲本类群分别与P. tenuifolia和现今地中海分布二倍体种的近缘类群。 (f) Adh1基因序列中近缘的重组类型暗示：四倍体种P. macrophylla和P. banatica很可能是同倍性杂种。 2． P. anomala的杂交起源和细胞发生 P. anomala新疆阿勒泰地区分布的居群核型第一次被报道。该地区分布的类群核型为2A型(核型公式：2n = 2x = 10 = 6m+2sm+2st)。减数分裂的观察统计显示：阿勒泰地区所有检测个体都是臂内倒位杂合子。基于断片大小以及不同个体染色体桥和/或断片出现率的差异，我们发现该类群臂内倒位存在多态性。荧光原位杂交（FISH）证实P. anomala共有8个18S rDNA位点，并且定位了一个倒位片段在3号染色体的短臂上。此外，高频率的棒状二价体和单价体，以及低的同源染色体的配对系数说明该类群同源染色体间存在分化。染色体结构杂合能够导致部分花粉败育，所有被检测个体的花粉败育率约为8.8 – 29.4%。 扩大的居群取样以及多基因(cpDNA: matK, psbA-trnH, rps16-trnQ, trnL-trnF; nrDNA: ITS, Adh1, Adh2, Gpat)的系统发育分析，进一步支持P. anomala杂交起源于P. veitchii 和P. lactiflora的近缘类群。cpDNA片段和核DNA片段（ITS、GPAT）基因树间的不一致，以及P. anomala Adh1和Adh2序列表现出的多态性都支持该类群杂交起源的推测。不过，表型分析显示P. anomala在形态上偏向于P. veitchii。 3． P. obovata Maxim.四倍体类群的起源 与原先基于形态性状的认识不同，P. obovata 四倍体类群并不是一个严格意义上的同源四倍体。它起源于二倍体P. obovata中国和日本分布的两个地理亚种之间的杂交。Adh2基因仅在中国分布二倍体居群的扩增失败支持这一推测。此外，Adh基因系统发育分析显示：间断性分布于中国中部和中国东北部的四倍体类群是独立起源。

芍药属两物种染色体结构变异杂合性研究

芍药属由大约35个灌木和多年生草本种组成，分为三个组：牡丹组(Sect. Moutan)、北美芍药组(Sect. Onaepia)和芍药组(Sect. Paeonia)。四川牡丹(Paeonia decomposita Handel-Mazzetti)和块根芍药(P. intermedia Meyer)分别隶属于牡丹组和芍药组。在该属的所有种中，染色体基数均为 x = 5，最短的五号染色体是端部着丝粒染色体，很容易辨认。 本论文研究了块根芍药三个居群22个个体和四川牡丹两个居群13个个体的减数分裂。减数分裂异常广泛发生，以至于发现所有被研究的个体都有数量不等的桥、断片和单价体。结果表明在中期I，块根芍药第一个居群平均每个小孢子母细胞有2.17个棒状二价体和2.7个环形二价体，第二个居群平均每个细胞有2.04个棒状二价体和2.86个环形二价体，第三个居群平均每个细胞有2.21个棒状二价体和2.71个环形二价体。而在四川牡丹中，第一个居群平均每个小孢子母细胞有2.09个棒状二价体和2.81个环形二价体，第二个居群平均每个细胞有1.85个棒状二价体和3.08个环形二价体。 块根芍药第一个居群的平均减数分裂染色体构型是2n = 10 = 0.25 I + 4.87 II，第二个居群是2n = 10 = 0.20 I + 4.90 II，第三个居群是2n = 10 = 0.17 I + 4.92 II，在该种的平均构型是2n = 10 = 0.21 I + 4.89 II。四川牡丹第一个居群的平均减数分裂染色体构型是2n = 10 = 0.21 I + 4.90 II，第二个居群是2n = 10 = 0.14 I + 4.93 II，在该种的平均构型是2n = 10 = 0.20 I + 4.90 II。在块根芍药中，不同个体的配对系数变化范围在69.5%和81.07%之间，在四川牡丹中在72.97%和81.37%之间。 在后期I和末期I，出现了染色体桥、断片、落后染色体、不等分离等异常现象。最明显的减数分裂异常是后期I桥/断片。尽管在不同的居群中桥/断片异常出现的频率有所变化(块根芍药居群一是26.03%，居群二是11.67%，居群三是13.39%;四川牡丹居群一是7.59%，居群二是9%)，但是这种异常出现在所有个体中(块根芍药平均为18.67%，四川牡丹平均为7.69%)。结果表明，所有的个体都是染色体臂内倒位结构杂合体，广泛存在于野生自然居群中，可能存在某些选择优势。而且，桥的出现频率和断片的大小在个体之间是变化的，这因此表明在这两个种中存在不同的倒位。然而，这两个种在野生居群中是如何维持染色体结构杂合的，其维持机制还有待于进一步阐明，还需要更进一步的证据。 该研究还揭示了块根芍药和四川牡丹这两个种具有共同的第五号染色体减数分裂异常：与长臂相比，短臂在遗传距离和物理距离之间存在巨大的背离。短臂的遗传距离，通过交叉频率计算出来，约是长臂的三十分之一（块根芍药）。然而，物理距离用臂的比率表示，大约是长臂的三分之一，物理距离是遗传距离的十倍。 在四川牡丹红心桥居群和其它居群之间，臂比存在微小的差异，而且在芍药属不同的种内也发现了存在差异。在四川牡丹中，环形二价体(两个臂形成交叉)和棒状二价体(仅一个臂形成交叉)的比率是1.94 : 98.06，而在块根芍药中是3.42 : 96.58。在这两个种中，棒状二价体大大多于环形二价体。在第五号染色体的短臂上可能存在某些“搭车效应”，这表明第五号染色体的短臂上存在高度永久杂合，导致短臂高度保守、极为稳定。这与芍药属古老的分布格局、进化历史长可能存在某些联系。四川牡丹第五号染色体的后期I倒位桥出现频率非常低，仅为0.51 - 3.47%，平均为1.43%。而且断片长度是变化的，其变化范围在1.7 - 10.8 µm之间。