Shape from Shading: A Method for Obtaining the Shape of a Smooth Opaque Object from One View

A method will be described for finding the shape of a smooth apaque object form a monocular image, given a knowledge of the surface photometry, the position of the lightsource and certain auxiliary information to resolve ambiguities. This method is complementary to the use of stereoscopy which relies on matching up sharp detail and will fail on smooth objects. Until now the image processing of single views has been restricted to objects which can meaningfully be considered two-dimensional or bounded by plane surfaces. It is possible to derive a first-order non-linear partial differential equation in two unknowns relating the intensity at the image points to the shape of the objects. This equation can be solved by means of an equivalent set of five ordinary differential equations. A curve traced out by solving this set of equations for one set of starting values is called a characteristic strip. Starting one of these strips from each point on some initial curve will produce the whole solution surface. The initial curves can usually be constructed around so-called singular points. A number of applications of this metod will be discussed including one to lunar topography and one to the scanning electron microscope. In both of these cases great simplifications occur in the equations. A note on polyhedra follows and a quantitative theory of facial make-up is touched upon. An implementation of some of these ideas on the PDP-6 computer with its attached image-dissector camera at the Artificial intelligence Laboratory will be described, and also a nose-recognition program.

The design and implementation of a multi-task batch operating system and paging interpreter for the PDP-II /

Thesis (M. S.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Case study of a microcomputer-minicomputer link

A microcomputer-minicomputer link, useful in the implementation of network configurations involving microcomputers and minicomputers, is described. The link, between a PDP-11 minicomputer and an 8080 microcomputer is over a serial line between the DZ11 module of the minicomputer and the UART interface of the microcomputer. The details of the essential hardware and software aspects of the link are presented.

Experimental networking of microcomputers and a minicomputer

The objective of this paper is to discuss some hardware and software features of an experimental network of 8080 and 8085 microcomputers named Micronet. The interprocessor communication in the ring network is established using ring interfaces consisting of universal synchronous-asynchronous receivers-transmitters (USARTs). Another aspect considered is the interfacing of an 8080 microcomputer to a PDP-11/35 minicomputer and the development of the software for the microcomputer-minicomputer link which has been established over a serial line using the USART interface of the microcomputer and the DZ11 module of the minicomputer. This is useful in developing a host-satellite configuration of microcomputers and the minicomputer.

液体多脉冲及2D NMR实验的计算机模拟

现代多脉冲及2D NMR技术是过去十年中发展起来的崭新的NMR实验方法。计算机模拟做为NMR实验的强有力分析手段已日益受到重视。国内这方面工作开展得尚很少；国外发表的工作主要采用的是数字模拟，存在分析结果不够直观、物理意义不够清晰等缺陷。本论文工作采用乘积算符方法研制出对分析多脉冲及2D NMR实验普适的模拟程序PROPER；在乘积算符基础上，针对磁等性自旋体系，提出了实用的对称化乘积算符及多量子积算符方法。一、多脉冲及2D NMR实验的计算机模拟 1. 采用乘积算符方法在本所PDP－11／23微机上研制了多脉冲及2D NMR实验的模拟程序PROPER。该程序对不超过4核（I ＝ 1／2）的同核及异核弱耦合自旋体系非选择性脉冲序列的分析是普遍适用的。受计算机内存的限制，PROPER程序所能处理的脉冲序列脉冲间隔数目一般不超过10。2. 应用PROPER模拟程序对INEP和DEPT脉冲序列进行了分析比较；特别对BIRD脉冲序列的各种相位变型进行了模拟分析，给出了分析结果，分析过程中考虑了影响BIRD作用效果的同核耦合因素。应用结果表明，PROPER程序计算正确、迅速、给出的模拟结果较通常的数字模拟方法简单、直观、物理意义清楚，便于分析。由于采用算符模拟，结果的输出打印比较费时。目前，PROPER程序正在改进和完善之中。二、多脉冲及2D NMR实验的密度算符描述 1. 针对磁等性自旋（I ＝ 1／2）体系，首次提出了对称化乘积算符描述方法。在通常的乘积算符基础上，引入了对称化乘积算符，并对其数理基础进行了详细论证。推导了算符循环对易关系决定的Liourill-Von Neumann方程的解，给出了算符间普遍存在的循环对易关系及其相应的演化公式。据此，以InS(I = 1/2, S = 1/2; n = 2,3)自旋体系为例，对DEPT脉冲序列进行了分析；结果表明，该方法较通常的乘积算符方法对磁等性自旋体系的分析要简单、实用，且物理意义更加明确。由于该方法涉及较多的算符对易关系，因此不易计算机编程。2. 在对称化乘积算符基础上引入了多量子积算符的概念。以In(I = 1/2; n = 2,3)体系为例，给出了两者的互换关系。推导出了具有标量耦合作用的两组合粒子体系普适的多量子积算符环对易关系及相应的演化解析式。多量子积算符方法可望将1／2－自旋磁等性组合粒子表象与自旋大于1／2的单粒子表象统一起来，并为计算机模拟提供新的数学方法。该方法尚有待于进一步研究。

因子分析方法与重叠峰分解技术的联合应用研究

重叠峰的分解是多组分同时测定中常常遇到的问题，用函数拟合尤其是昱用高斯（劳伦兹等封标函数）函数拟合是经典的方法之一。但是，函数拟合存在两个不易克服的困难：一个是因子数目的任意给定，另一个是因子拟合寝始参量的作意设置。由此，使拟合的结果具有试探性，并可能因初始参数与真实值相去太远而产生拟合发散或假收敛。另一方面，目标因子分析是试图将重叠系统即测量数据阵分解为二个较小的、具有物理意义的子阵，如光谱数据分解为纯组分光谱与纯组分浓度阵。它采用目标尝试，即从所分解的对象中，选出一些可能在测量数据里存在的因子（纯组分光谱或浓度）作为“目标”而代入程序中检测。如果在该数据阵里的确存在这些因子，则经程序计算出的结果与目标矢量相近，否则就相差很远，但是，若对体系了解较少，目标尝试矢量就无法提出或提出带有任意性，从而使目标因子分析失效。本文将渐进因子分析方法（EFA）进行扩尺，即EEFA，它不仅可以在重叠系统中寻找出本射具有的因子数目，而且根据因子在二维如在纯光谱与片组分浓度方面的分布范围和状况，可以得到（曲线拟合中缺乏的）有根据的初始参量。进一步地，将拟合解析给出的结果，例如纯组分光谱的近似表达，来作为目标因子分析中的尝试矢量，且通过选代向自身、逼近，就有可能检测出这些矢量是否是系统真正的因子，从而使目标因子分析也可以顺利完成，将数据阵分解成为二个具有物理意义的子阵如片光谱与片组分浓度阵。本解析系统共设计了数据予处理、EEFA、拟合、目标因子分析及绘图显示等五个模块。这些模块可以单个使用与综合运行，分别处理简单的与复杂的问题。各模块设计了会活式选择与较入较出（I/O），或菜单，使用较为方便，程序用FORTRAN-77程序语言设计，在PDP-11/24机上实现。EFA是八十年代中期才提出的一种因子分析方法，EEFA是我们对EFA的扩尺；EFA的原理与现象在文献中研究得不深；国内尚属空白；利用EEFA-拟合-目标因子分析三者结合，尚未见诸报道；而这种方法的可行性正被本文的一些例子所证实。相信本文所叙方法可以得到不断完善与广泛运用。

CAMOS:人工智能结构解析Ⅲ亚结构集合分析中图论的应用

本文介绍一种用于亚结构集合分析的图论方法.该方法将亚结构描述成分子结构子图,用不饱和度表征子图的联接性,并设计了验证生成分子完全连通图的算法.应用该方法不仅可以筛除不能构成完整分子的亚结构集合,而且能将用于生成链状分子和环状分子的亚结构集合分开,对于提高结构解析的效率十分有效.程序用FORTRAN-77语言编写,在PDP-11/24计算机上实现.

一种新的亚结构线性编码方法及其应用

本文较详细地介绍了以“超碳原子”为中心的亚结构线性编码方法,提出了符号代码规则、编码优先级规则以及定位、亚结构分截等,并运用该编码方法,建立了初具规模的亚结构——~(13)C 化学位移相关性数据库及(?)结构检索系统,现已在结构自动解析系统中投入运行,其机型为 PDP 11/24。

随机系统辨识在电力系统负荷预报中的应用

本文将随机系统状态模型辨识技术用于电力系统负荷预报。首先根据负荷的一系列历史数据建立负荷的状态空间模型,然后用滤波算法进行次日负荷预报,最后用电网实际数据在 PDP-11/23计算机上进行预报计算,得到比较满意的结果。

VAL系统的分析和部分改进

本文是对PUMA－760型机器人的主控制器软件，并进行向VAL－II系统改进。PUMA－760是属于程序控制系统类型的机器人，它包括时间控制装置，信息处理器和执行装置。PUMA－760 的系统控制方式是采用分级控制方式，由一台 PDP－11/23机和八台八位微机组成的二级控制系统，PDP-11/23 作为主控机，六台微机分另对六个轴进行伺服控制，一台微机用于示教盒控制，最后一台微机用于软盘管理。VAL-II 系统在 VAL 系统的基础上，加入了数值运算功能，网络管理和结构化程序设计语句，使得 VAL-II 语言更加清晰，它的向条结构化语句类似于 PASCAL语言中的结构语句（面向用户），网络管理上它采用DEC公司的网络设计标准，数值运算由于引进了浮点运算器，所以它比起 VAL 语言有更强的运算能力。目前汉字卡片的应用，使得终端汉字化成为可能，这里暂且进行了显示信息的改造。关于传感器指令，经分析VAL系统，我所的 PUMA－760 已具备力觉，视觉等指令。

空中目标的识别方法

本文的工作是为实时电视跟踪系统探讨一种以飞机为主的空中目标的识别方法。本文的全部工作主要分以下几个方面：1．特征抽取与特征选择：本文采用飞机轮廓线的Fourier描述子的归一化幅值序列为其特征，同时引入其它几个特征，并利用有限K－L变换作特征选择。2．两类目标的识别：因为飞机在不同视角下的图象差别较大，本文利用跟踪系统能够得到的关于飞机的位置与运动信息，求得飞机的视角，而在不同的视角范围内解决其分类问题。本文利用使损失函数最小化的方法求得两类间的决策超平面。3．多类目标的识别：本文提出一种只通过解决两类文题而求得多类目标的线性判决函数的新方法。本文的大部结论已在具有图象显示设备的PDP－11/23计算机上用FANTRAN－77语言得以实现。本文的后部将给出一些图表以示分类器训练结果。

A review of the methodologies used in evacuation modelling

Computer based analysis of evacuation can be performed using one of three different approaches, namely optimization, simulation and risk assessment. Furthermore, within each approach different means of representing the enclosure, the population and the behaviour of the population are possible. The myriad of approaches that are available has led to the development of some 22 different evacuation models. This review attempts to describe each of the modelling approaches adopted and critically review the inherent capabilities of each approach. The review is based on available published literature.

An aircraft accident database of human experience in evacuation derived from aviation accident reports

Computer based mathematical models describing the aircraft evacuation process have a vital role to play in aviation safety. However, such models have a heavy dependency on real evacuation data. The Fire Safety Engineering Group of the University of Greenwich is undertaking a large data extraction exercise in order to address this issue. This paper describes the extraction and application of data from aviation accident reports. To aid in the storage and analysis of the raw data, a computer database known as AASK (Aircraft Accident Statistics and Knowledge) is under development. AASK is being developed to store human observational and anecdotal data contained in accident reports and interview transcripts. AASK currently contains information from 25 survivable aviation accidents covering the period 04/04/77 to 06/08/95, involving some 2415 passengers, 2210 survivors, 205 fatalities and accounts from 669 people. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Numerical systems on a minicomputer /

Thesis (M. S.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Humans:the missing link in manufacturing simulation?

Computer based discrete event simulation (DES) is one of the most commonly used aids for the design of automotive manufacturing systems. However, DES tools represent machines in extensive detail, while only representing workers as simple resources. This presents a problem when modelling systems with a highly manual work content, such as an assembly line. This paper describes research at Cranfield University, in collaboration with the Ford Motor Company, founded on the assumption that human variation is the cause of a large percentage of the disparity between simulation predictions and real world performance. The research aims to improve the accuracy and reliability of simulation prediction by including models of human factors.