Hidropisia fetal: análise de 80 casos

OBJETIVO: descrever a etiologia, evolução e prevalência de hidropisia fetal em coorte de gestantes em 10 anos de acompanhamento (1992 a 2002), em uma maternidade terciária. MÉTODOS: estudo retrospectivo foi realizado em pacientes referidas para a maternidade do Instituto Fernandes Figueira com o diagnóstico de hidropisia fetal, detectado pelo exame de ultra-sonografia, durante o período compreendido entre 1992 e 2002. Os casos foram selecionados quanto à etiologia (imune ou não-imune), sendo comparados quanto à evolução, procedimentos invasivos realizados e sobrevivência. A análise das variáveis foi realizada por meio do programa Epi-Info 6.0, sendo considerado valor de significância estatística um valor de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: durante o período de estudo, 80 gestantes foram atendidas com diagnóstico inicial de hidropisia fetal. A freqüência de hidropisia nesta população foi de 1 para 157 nascidos vivos. Isoimunização Rh (grupo imune - GI) foi diagnosticada em 13 casos (16,2%), restando portanto 67 casos (83,8%) considerados como devidos a causas não imunes (grupo não imune - GNI). As causas mais comuns de hidropisia fetal não imune são: idiopáticas (40,2%), genéticas (20,8%), infecciosas (20,7%) e cardiopatia fetal (7,4%). Foi encontrada diferença em relação à idade materna do grupo imune (média = 32,8 anos) quando comparada com o grupo não imune (média=28,7) (p=0,03), porém a idade gestacional ao nascimento foi similar em ambos os grupo, (média de 33,6 semanas no grupo imune e de 33,1 semanas no grupo não imune (p=0,66). Amniocentese e transfusão sanguínea in utero foram realizadas com maior freqüência no grupo imune (p<0,001) e a letalidade perinatal encontrada foi de 53,8% no grupo imune e 68,6% no grupo não imune (p=0,47). A pesquisa complementar de anticorpos IgG anti-parvovírus B19 foi realizada em 41 dos 67 casos de hidropisia fetal não imune e somente 16 apresentaram resultado positivo. CONCLUSÃO: a etiologia não imune foi a forma mais comum de apresentação de hidropisia fetal em nossa casuística. A letalidade perinatal desta entidade continua elevada e uma proporção significativa de casos não teve causa identificada. A utilização da análise do cariótipo fetal e do diagnóstico específico para parvovírus B19 pode aumentar a identificação causal de hidropisia fetal não imune classificada como idiopática.

Letter to Belle

Letter (4 pages) to Belle asking where Kate Eustice is. The writer claims that life has been a strain lately. Willie’s suffering seems to be the source of this. The reader is asked to tear up the note. The note is signed by Susie, n.d.

Resolver problemas : estrategias : unidades para desarrollar el razonamiento matemático.

Se trata de atender a las necesidades reales de los profesores de matemáticas de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria ofreciéndoles una síntesis práctica de problemas, estrategias y teoría, mediante una presentación funcional para su utilización inmediata en la clase. La parte principal del texto consiste en 16 bloques o unidades diseñados para enseñar importantes destrezas y estrategias de resolución de problemas. Las unidades son independientes entre sí y pueden ocupar de una a seis sesiones de clase. El libro proporciona un plan detallado de cada unidad - material complementario para el profesor y hojas reproducibles para los estudiantes-. La metodología de enseñanza introduce a los alumnos en actividades matemáticas estimulantes, seleccionadas específicamente para mostrar destrezas concretas de resolución de problemas.

Spot's baby sister.

Spot recibe la sorpresa de una hermanita llamada Susie. Spot juega con ella y con sus amigos,el hipopótamo Helen y el caimán Tom. A los niños de uno a tres años les encantará levantar las solapas y sorprenderse con lo que encuentran debajo de ellas.

Arabele 2009 : enseñanza y aprendizaje de la lengua árabe.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación. Textos en español, inglés y arábe

Systematic studies on 3d-3d and 3d-4f multimetallic complexes with interesting magnetic and/or luminescent properties

324 p.

Loss of language in early development of autism and specific language impairment

Background:  Several authors have highlighted areas of overlap in symptoms and impairment among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and children with specific language impairment (SLI). By contrast, loss of language and broadly defined regression have been reported as relatively specific to autism. We compare the incidence of language loss and language progression of children with autism and SLI. Methods:  We used two complementary studies: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP) and the Manchester Language Study (MLS) involving children with SLI. This yielded a combined sample of 368 children (305 males and 63 females) assessed in late childhood for autism, history of language loss, epilepsy, language abilities and nonverbal IQ. Results:  language loss occurred in just 1% of children with SLI but in 15% of children classified as having autism or autism spectrum disorder. Loss was more common among children with autism rather than milder ASD and is much less frequently reported when language development is delayed. For children who lost language skills before their first phrases, the phrased speech milestone was postponed but long-term language skills were not significantly lower than children with autism but without loss. For the few who experienced language loss after acquiring phrased speech, subsequent cognitive performance is more uncertain. Conclusions:  Language loss is highly specific to ASD. The underlying developmental abnormality may be more prevalent than raw data might suggest, its possible presence being hidden for children whose language development is delayed.

Speech perception and phonological short-term memory capacity in language impairment: preliminary evidence from adolescents with specific language impairment (SLI) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

Background: The cognitive bases of language impairment in specific language impairment (SLI) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were investigated in a novel non-word comparison task which manipulated phonological short-term memory (PSTM) and speech perception, both implicated in poor non-word repetition. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the contributions of PSTM and speech perception in non-word processing and whether individuals with SLI and ASD plus language impairment (ALI) show similar or different patterns of deficit in these cognitive processes. Method & Procedures: Three groups of adolescents (aged 14–17 years), 14 with SLI, 16 with ALI, and 17 age and non-verbal IQ matched typically developing (TD) controls, made speeded discriminations between non-word pairs. Stimuli varied in PSTM load (two- or four-syllables) and speech perception load (mismatches on a word-initial or word-medial segment). Outcomes & Results: Reaction times showed effects of both non-word length and mismatch position and these factors interacted: four-syllable and word-initial mismatch stimuli resulted in the slowest decisions. Individuals with language impairment showed the same pattern of performance as those with typical development in the reaction time data. A marginal interaction between group and item length was driven by the SLI and ALI groups being less accurate with long items than short ones, a difference not found in the TD group. Conclusions & Implications: Non-word discrimination suggests that there are similarities and differences between adolescents with SLI and ALI and their TD peers. Reaction times appear to be affected by increasing PSTM and speech perception loads in a similar way. However, there was some, albeit weaker, evidence that adolescents with SLI and ALI are less accurate than TD individuals, with both showing an effect of PSTM load. This may indicate, at some level, the processing substrate supporting both PSTM and speech perception is intact in adolescents with SLI and ALI, but also in both there may be impaired access to PSTM resources.

Spoken word recognition in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and specific language impairment

Spoken word recognition, during gating, appears intact in specific language impairment (SLI). This study used gating to investigate the process in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders plus language impairment (ALI). Adolescents with ALI, SLI, and typical language development (TLD), matched on nonverbal IQ listened to gated words that varied in frequency (low/high) and number of phonological onset neighbors (low/high density). Adolescents with ALI required more speech input to initially identify low-frequency words with low competitor density than those with SLI and those with TLD, who did not differ. These differences may be due to less well specified word form representations in ALI.

Gut permeability in autism spectrum disorders

Objective To test whether gut permeability is increased in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) by evaluating gut permeability in a population-derived cohort of children with ASD compared with age- and intelligence quotient-matched controls without ASD but with special educational needs (SEN). Patients and Methods One hundred thirty-three children aged 10–14 years, 103 with ASD and 30 with SEN, were given an oral test dose of mannitol and lactulose and urine collected for 6 hr. Gut permeability was assessed by measuring the urine lactulose/mannitol (L/M) recovery ratio by electrospray mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry. The ASD group was subcategorized for comparison into those without (n = 83) and with (n = 20) regression. Results There was no significant difference in L/M recovery ratio (mean (95% confidence interval)) between the groups with ASD: 0.015 (0.013–0.018), and SEN: 0.014 (0.009–0.019), nor in lactulose, mannitol, or creatinine recovery. No significant differences were observed in any parameter for the regressed versus non-regressed ASD groups. Results were consistent with previously published normal ranges. Eleven children (9/103 = 8.7% ASD and 2/30 = 6.7% SEN) had L/M recovery ratio > 0.03 (the accepted normal range cut-off), of whom two (one ASD and one SEN) had more definitely pathological L/M recovery ratios > 0.04. Conclusion There is no statistically significant group difference in small intestine permeability in a population cohort-derived group of children with ASD compared with a control group with SEN. Of the two children (one ASD and one SEN) with an L/M recovery ratio of > 0.04, one had undiagnosed asymptomatic celiac disease (ASD) and the other (SEN) past extensive surgery for gastroschisis.

The experience of friendship, victimization and bullying in children with an autism spectrum disorder: associations with child characteristics and school placement

Children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be vulnerable to social isolation and bullying. We measured the friendship, fighting/bullying and victimization experiences of 10–12-year-old children with an ASD (N = 100) using parent, teacher and child self-report. Parent and teacher reports were compared to an IQ-matched group of children with special educational needs (SEN) without ASD (N = 80) and UK population data. Parents and teachers reported a lower prevalence of friendships compared to population norms and to children with SEN without an ASD. Parents but not teachers reported higher levels of victimization than the SEN group. Half of the children with an ASD reported having friendships that involved mutuality. By teacher report children with an ASD who were less socially impaired in mainstream school experienced higher levels of victimization than more socially impaired children; whereas for more socially impaired children victimization did not vary by school placement. Strategies are required to support and improve the social interaction skills of children with an ASD, to enable them to develop and maintain meaningful peer friendships and avoid victimization.

Parent-reported gastro-intestinal symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders

The objective of this study is to investigate whether parentally-reported gastro-intestinal (GI) symptoms are increased in a population-derived sample of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) compared to controls. Participants included 132 children with ASD and 81 with special educational needs (SEN) but no ASD, aged 10-14 years plus 82 typically developing (TD) children. Data were collected on GI symptoms, diet, cognitive abilities, and developmental histories. Nearly half (weighted rate 46.5 %) of children with ASD had at least one individual lifetime GI symptom compared with 21.8 % of TD children and 29.2 % of those with SEN. Children with ASD had more past and current GI symptoms than TD or SEN groups although fewer current symptoms were reported in all groups compared with the past. The ASD group had significantly increased past vomiting and diarrhoea compared with the TD group and more abdominal pain than the SEN group. The ASD group had more current constipation (when defined as bowel movement less than three times per week) and soiling than either the TD or SEN groups. No association was found between GI symptoms and intellectual ability, ASD severity, ASD regression or limited or faddy diet. Parents report more GI symptoms in children with ASD than children with either SEN or TD children but the frequency of reported symptoms is greater in the past than currently in all groups.

Efeitos da desidroepiandrosterona (DHEA) sobre o comportamento tipo depressivo de ratos machos e fêmeas

A depressão é uma desordem de importância relevante, sendo que as mulheres apresentam o dobro da incidência desta patologia em relação aos homens. No entanto, os trabalhos realizados em modelos animais não conseguem reproduzir estas condições consistentemente. DHEA é um neuroesteróide que está relacionado à depressão. Suas concentrações estão alteradas em pacientes deprimidos e já tem sido usada na clínica, produzindo, no entanto, resultados contraditórios. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da administração de desidroepiandrosterona (DHEA) sobre o comportamento tipo depressivo e níveis hormonais de ratos, machos e fêmeas em diferentes fases do ciclo estral, submetidos ao teste do nado forçado, um modelo animal de depressão. Para isto, foram utilizados ratos Wistar, adultos, machos e fêmeas em diestro II e em proestro, 8 por grupo. Receberam injeções intraperitoneais de DHEA: 0; 2; 10 e 50 mg/kg, nos tempos de 24, 5 e 1 h antes do teste do nado forçado. No primeiro dia os animais foram treinados por 15 minutos em aquários contendo água a 25o 1 e 27 cm de profundidade. Após 24 h, foram recolocados no aquário e seus comportamentos gravados por 5 minutos para análise posterior. Os comportamentos foram analisados detalhadamente: head-shake, mergulho, imobilidade (flutuar + congelar) e mobilidade (nadar + escalar). Trinta minutos após o nado, os animais foram mortos e o sangue troncular coletado, para posterior dosagem de DHEA e corticosterona séricas. Um experimento para complementar a curva dose-resposta foi realizado, com a dose de 1 mg/kg, com machos, porém, experimento crônico, onde, no dia seguinte ao treino, os animais receberam a sem resultados significativos nos comportamentos. Foi realizado, então, primeira injeção de DHEA, na dose de 2 mg/kg, com intervalos de 24 horas, durante dois ciclos estrais completos das fêmeas. No dia seguinte à última injeção, os animais foram submetidos ao teste do nado, com duração de 5 minutos e seus comportamentos gravados e analisados. O sangue troncular foi coletado trinta minutos após o nado, para as dosagens de DHEA e corticosterona séricas. Para fins de comparação, DHEA e corticosterona sériica de ratos machos, fêmeas em proestro e em diestro II não submetidos ao nado, foram dosados por radioimunoensaio. No experimento agudo, DHEA, na dose de 2 mg/kg aumentou o tempo de congelar para o grupo proestro. As concentrações séricas de DHEA e de corticosterona aumentaram significativamente. As fêmeas responderam com aumento destes hormônios significativamente maior dos que os machos. No experimento crônico, machos e fêmeas apresentaram diferenças em comportamentos no teste do nado forçado, dependendo de estímulos estressores continuados, evidenciado pelo maior tempo de escalar das fêmeas controle em diestro II. Tratamento com DHEA aumentou o tempo de escalar e a imobilidade das fêmeas no diestro II. As concentrações de DHEA e de corticosterona não aumentaram em relação ao basal, e as diferenças de sexo desapareceram, indicando uma correlacão das respostas de corticosterona e DHEA com eventos estressores interagindo com os hormônios sexuais e o tempo de estresse experimentado. A maior resposta hormonal das fêmeas no experimento agudo parece ter impedido a resposta comportamental no nado. Após manipulação crônica, houve adaptação desta resposta e o efeito depressivo de DHEA apareceu. Estes resultados são importantes especialmente quando consideradas estratégias para o tratamento da depressão e doenças relacionadas ao estresse.