Diet, cell signalling, and tumourigenesis in multiple intestinal neoplasia mice

The incidence of colon cancer is high in Western societies, and in Finland it is among the three most common cancer types in both females and males. Environmental factors, including diet, affect colon cancer development. During the last few years, a vast amount of new, functional foods have been introduced to the consumers. Several products are already available that are marketed as promoting intestinal health. To be able to reliably call a dietary compound a chemopreventive substance it is of fundamental importance to understand the mechanism by which it affects tumour formation and the integrity of the epithelial cells. In this thesis, three different dietary compounds were studied in an experimental model of colon cancer. Inulin is a non-digestible fibre found naturally in chicory roots, artichokes and onions, amongst others. Nowadays it is widely used as an added dietary fibre in several food products. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a conjugated form of the fatty acid linoleic acid. CLA is formed by bacterial fermentation of linoleic acid in the rumen of cows and other ruminants. Concomitantly, it can naturally be found in milk and meat of ruminants. White currant is a colourless berry low in phenolic compounds that are believed to prevent cancer formation. Contrary to what was expected, inulin and the conjugated linoleic acid isomer trans-10, cis-12, were tumour growth promoting dietary constituents when fed to Min mice. Both diets decreased the NF-kappaB levels in the mucosa, but physiological adenoma development did not affect NF-kappaB. Diet altered beta-catenin and p53 signalling in the adenomas, confirming their involvement in adenoma growth. White currant, on the other hand, was chemopreventive, despite its low contents of phenolic compounds. The chemopreventive effect was accompanied by increased p53 levels in the mucosa, and decreased beta-catenin and NF-kappaB levels in the adenoma. This could explain the reduced adenoma number and size. The results underline the importance of carefully testing new dietary compounds in different settings to reliably confirm their health benefits. In this study two compounds that are consumed and believed to add to our health proved to be cancer promotive. A berry with low phenolic contents, on the other hand, was chemopreventive.

Practising Western Science Outside the West: Personal Observations on the Indian Scene

Modern science, which was an indigenous product of Western culture, is now being practised in many non-Western countries. This paper discusses the peculiar social, cultural and intellectual problems which scientists of these non-Western countries face in adopting Western science in their situations, with special reference to India. It is pointed out that, in addition to money and communication, it is necessary to have a proper psychological gestalt to practise science satisfactorily. The author analyzes his experience as a physics student in India and in the United States to clarify the nature of this psychological gestalt, and to explain what makes it difficult for non-Western scientists to acquire it.

Kuka kasvattaa, kuka opettaa? : Genealoginen tutkimus perheen ja koulun välisen kasvatusvastuun politiikasta

FAMILIES AND SCHOOLS AND THE POLITICS OF RESPONSIBILITIES - a genealogical study on family and school as carers and educators of the child population in modern society This study aims to uncover the politics behind such discourses in the media which have claimed the family to be totally responsible for children and which ignore the various responsibilities accorded to the state in matters concerning the child population. Using Max Weber s and Michael Mann s theorizing on the history of power relationships, feminist social history on patriarchy and Foucauldian power analytic concept of dispositif the study traces two competing child policies which have influenced the historical formation of modern generational order in Western societies. One of them is based on the interests of the hegemonic bourgeois elite and the other on the interests of the non-elite population, which were expressed during the phase of building the welfare state in Finland in the 1960 1980 s. The central strategies of the bourgeois child policy are 1) to construct the childhood years as a time for preparation and formation of the individual according to the interests of the elite, 2) to construct the family as the sole site of holistic care and responsibility of children in society, and 3) compulsory schooling of children of the non-elite population in state organized schools. To implement these strategies the elite uses strategically patriarchal cultural formations/dispositifs in modernized versions. The result has been the formation of a sexually divided and hierarchical order of care and education, where, on the one hand, there is the less important feminine care of children done by mothers at home and, on the other, the real education of the school, where children are made the object of authoritarian shaping and where the needs and the personal experiences of the child are ignored. The welfare order of care and education is based on the ethos of welfare society, where the state and the families are seen to share the responsibility for the child population. In this vein, families and schools are seen as partners who both have a caring attitude to children s welfare and learning. The study shows that discourses and terminology in the mainstream educational policy texts in Finland create a chaotic linguistic game which makes it difficult to have a rational discussion about the roles of family and school in the holistic care and education of children. This has opened the door to political discourses where familist interpretations of the question of responsibility are claimed to be based on law.

Déterminants et significations des conduites d’hypertravail : une approche psychosociale et systémique- le cas des travailleurs et des travailleuses des secteurs du multimédia et des services informatiques

Loin de la réduction pressentie du temps de travail et de l’émergence d’une société des loisirs, est plutôt observé, depuis une trentaine d’années, un accroissement du temps consacré au travail pour les travailleurs les plus qualifiés, au Québec comme dans la plupart des sociétés occidentales (Burke et Cooper, 2008; Lapointe, 2005; Lee, 2007). Dans un contexte où les « arrangements temporels » (Thoemmes, 2000) tendent à s’individualiser de façon à mieux prendre en compte les réalités et les besoins des salariés et salariées tout comme ceux des organisations, cette thèse interroge le caractère « volontaire » des conduites d’hypertravail observées chez les travailleurs et les travailleuses des secteurs des services informatiques et du multimédia. Elle s’attarde plus particulièrement aux processus psychosociaux qui sous-tendent la construction de ces conduites. Inscrite au sein d’une approche psychosociale et systémique, notre recherche articule une théorie qui met en résonance les fonctionnements individuel et organisationnel, soutenue par le modèle du Système psychique organisationnel (Aubert et de Gaulejac, 1991), et une théorie de la socialisation plurielle et active, soutenue par le modèle du Système des activités (Baubion-Broye et Hajjar, 1998; Curie, 2000). Opérationnalisée selon une grille articulée autour de cinq niveaux d’analyse (intra-individuel, interpersonnel, positionnel, idéologique et de la tâche et de l’organisation du travail), nous avons mené 34 entretiens biographiques (26 hommes et 8 femmes) auprès de salariés et salariées des secteurs des services informatiques et du multimédia. Les résultats mettent en évidence trois types de processus menant à l’adoption de conduites d’hypertravail ; un cas-type qui illustre un processus de renforcement d’une identité professionnelle de « grand travailleur » ; un cas-type qui rend compte d’un processus de suraffiliation organisationnelle et d’assujettissement de la vie hors-travail; et un cas-type qui expose le maintien d’une conduite d’hypertravail défensive, dans un contexte de mise à l’épreuve organisationnelle. Au final, les résonances particulières observées entre ces niveaux et facteurs nous amènent à souligner l’intérêt de mieux comprendre l’hypertravail en prenant en compte les significations que les individus donnent à leurs conduites, à partir d’un regard diachronique et synchronique. Nous discutons également du caractère dynamique et évolutif de la relation individu-collectif-organisation et du rôle différencié des organisations et des collectifs de travail dans la construction des conduites d’hypertravail. Nous relevons enfin certaines implications des nouvelles pratiques et normes de temps de travail observées dans ces organisations, favorables au développement et au maintien de l’hypertravail. Mots-clés : temps de travail, longues heures de travail, conduites d’hypertravail, articulation travail-vie personnelle, socialisation plurielle et active, domination au travail.

Biomédecine et médecines alternatives : alliance possible ou scission inévitable? : le cas des acupuncteurs à Montréal

Si l’alternative est de nos jours et dans nos sociétés occidentales un concept de plus en plus en vogue, son caractère lui, en demeure pas moins ambigu. En effet, et alors même que nombre de pratiques dites alternatives émergent de part et d’autre de la société, en faire allusion dans certains domaines équivaut à s’affliger soi-même d’une étiquette sur laquelle serait inscrite « New-Age » en caractère gras. Pourtant, son caractère loin d’évoquer cette seule dimension, semble par ailleurs être conséquente d un déséquilibre de plus en plus prégnant au sein même des prérogatives de l’État. Ce mémoire tente donc de rendre compte de ce phénomène tout en investiguant les répercussions de cette asymétrie sur l’intégration de pratiques médicales alternatives au Québec. Ceci dans l’intention non seulement d’explorer davantage la nature de la relation entre médecine alternative et biomédecine, mais aussi afin de poser un nouveau regard sur son expansion. Un regard, lequel permettrait potentiellement de poser les jalons nécessaires à un espace de conciliation entre les médecines, lequel découlerait alors d’un nouvel équilibre au cœur des prérogatives mêmes de l’État.

Ni hypersexualisées ni voilées ! Tensions et enjeux croisés dans les discours sur l’hypersexualisation et le port du voile «islamique» au Québec

Cette thèse identifie une cooccurrence des discours à propos de l’hypersexualisation des jeunes filles et ceux concernant le port du voile islamique qui sont, depuis quelques années, au cœur des préoccupations sociales au Québec comme ailleurs en Occident. Plus spécifiquement, elle propose une « économie générale des discours » (Foucault, 1976) contemporains sur l’hypersexualisation et le port du voile, dans une perspective conjoncturelle, par et à travers trois contextes d'analyse particuliers : féministe, médiatique et public. Elle démontre comment l’hypersexualisation et le port du voile sont problématisés (Foucault, 2001/1984), c'est-à-dire qu’ils sont posés comme nouveaux problèmes sociaux engendrant et cristallisant bon nombre de craintes et d’anxiétés contemporaines. Ainsi, la thèse est composée de trois chapitres centraux qui reprennent chacun des contextes de problématisation identifiés. Le chapitre intitulé « Féminisme(s) et égalité des sexes », avance que l’égalité des sexes est invoquée comme valeur moderne, féministe et québécoise par excellence et qu’elle participe, à ce titre, de la problématisation du port du voile et de l’hypersexualisation. Le chapitre suivant, « Médias, diversité et (hyper) visibilité », concentre l’analyse sur les médias et la culture populaire, à la fois sujets énonciateurs, régimes et objets de discours, participant à construire et à délimiter l’adolescence et la religion/culture musulmane comme des mondes à part, mystérieux, tout en les exposant au public. Enfin, à partir d’une analyse des discours publics à propos de l’hypersexualisation et du port du voile, le chapitre intitulé « Laïcité, sexualité et neutralité » met en lumière les façons par lesquelles ces problèmes sont constitutifs de chartes, de codes et d’autres formes de règlementations qui viennent non seulement normaliser mais également discipliner la conduite de chacun, au nom du bien commun et de la neutralité de l’État. Un « Retour sur la conjoncture » vient conclure la thèse en mettant en lumière certains éléments conjoncturels qui traversent ses principaux chapitres, dont les questions du consensus et de l’extrême.

De l’anthropos : se savoir humain, entre foi et savoir

Cotutelle de thèse réalisée en littérature comparée (option épistémologie) avec l'Université de Montréal sous la direction de Terry Cochran et en philosophie avec Paris X (Nanterre) sous la direction d'Alain Milon.

Diabetes mellitus : magnitude das hospitalizações na rede pública do Brasil, 1999-2001

Contexto: O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma causa importante de morbimortalidade nas sociedades ocidentais devido à carga de sofrimento, incapacidade, perda de produtividade e morte prematura que provoca. No Brasil, seu impacto econômico é desconhecido. Objetivos: Dimensionar a participação do DM nas hospitalizações da rede pública brasileira (1999-2001), colaborando na avaliação dos custos diretos. Especificamente, analisar as hospitalizações (327.800) e os óbitos hospitalares (17.760) por DM como diagnóstico principal (CID-10 E10-E14 e procedimento realizado) e estimar as hospitalizações atribuíveis ao DM, incluindo as anteriores e aquelas por complicações crônicas (CC) e condições médicas gerais (CMG). Métodos: A partir de dados do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH/SUS) (37 milhões de hospitalizações), foram calculados indicadores por região de residência do paciente e sexo (ajustados por idade pelo método direto, com intervalos de confiança de 95%), faixas etárias, médias de permanência e de gastos por internação e populacional em US$. Realizou-se regressão logística múltipla para o desfecho óbito. As prevalências de DM foram combinadas aos riscos relativos de hospitalização por CC e CMG (metodologia do risco atribuível) e somadas às internações por DM como diagnóstico principal. Utilizou-se análise de sensibilidade para diferentes prevalências e riscos relativos. Resultados: Os coeficientes de hospitalizações e de óbitos hospitalares e a letalidade por DM como diagnóstico principal atingiram respectivamente 6,4/104hab., 34,9/106hab. e 5,4%. As mulheres apresentaram os coeficientes mais elevados, porém os homens predominaram na letalidade em todas as regiões. O gasto médio (US$ 150,59) diferiu significativamente entre as internações com e sem óbito, mas a média de permanência (6,4 dias) foi semelhante. O gasto populacional equivaleu a US$ 969,09/104hab. As razões de chances de óbito foram maiores para homens, pacientes ≥75 anos, e habitantes das regiões Nordeste e Sudeste. As hospitalizações atribuíveis ao DM foram estimadas em 836,3 mil/ano (49,3/104hab.), atingindo US$ 243,9 milhões/ano (US$ 14,4 mil/104hab.). DM como diagnóstico principal (13,1%), CC (41,5%) e CMG (45,4%) responderam por 6,7%, 51,4% e 41,9% respectivamente dos gastos. O valor médio das internações atribuíveis (US$ 292) situou-se 36% acima das não-atribuíveis. As doenças vasculares periféricas apresentaram a maior diferença no valor médio entre hospitalizações atribuíveis e não-atribuíveis (24%), porém as cardiovasculares destacaram-se em quantidade (27%) e envolveram os maiores gastos (37%). Os homens internaram menos (48%) que as mulheres, porém com gasto total maior (53%). As internações de pacientes entre 45-64 anos constituíram o maior grupo (45%) e gastos (48%) enquanto os pacientes com ≥75, os maiores coeficientes de hospitalização (350/104hab.) e de despesa (US$ 93,4 mil/104hab.). As regiões mais desenvolvidas gastaram o dobro (/104hab.) em relação às demais. Considerações Finais e Recomendações: As configurações no consumo de serviços hospitalares foram semelhantes às de países mais desenvolvidos, com importantes desigualdades regionais e de sexo. O gasto governamental exclusivamente com hospitalizações atribuíveis ao DM foi expressivo (2,2% do orçamento do Ministério da Saúde). A ampliação de atividades preventivas poderia diminuir a incidência do DM, reduzir a necessidade de internações, minimizar as complicações e minorar a severidade de outras condições médicas mais gerais.

On paternalistic leadership fit: exploring cross-cultural endorsement, leader-follower fit, and the boundary role of organizational culture

Although cross-cultural leadership research has thrived in international business literature, little attention has been devoted to understanding the effectiveness of non-western theories beyond their original contexts. The purpose of this study is to examine the cross-cultural endorsement of paternalistic leadership, an emerging non-western leadership theory, using data from GLOBE project. Using multigroup confirmatory factor analyses we found measurement equivalence of a scale derived from GLOBE’s data, which enabled us to compare the endorsement of paternalistic leadership dimensions across 10 cultural clusters and 55 societies. Our study revealed that there are significant differences in the importance societies give to each dimension, suggesting that paternalism as leadership style is not universally nor homogeneously endorsed. Furthermore, results suggest that different patterns of endorsement of each of these dimensions give rise to idiosyncratic shades of paternalistic leadership across societies. Implications for theory and future research on international business are discussed.

La città che cambia: la diffusione urbana. Mobilità residenziale e stili di vita emergenti nel Comune di Argelato (Bologna)

Il presente lavoro di ricerca ha per oggetto il tema della diffusione urbana. Dopo una breve ricostruzione delle varie definizioni presenti in letteratura sul fenomeno - sia qualitative che quantitative - e una descrizione dei limiti di volta in volta presenti all’interno di tali definizioni, si procede con la descrizione dell’evoluzione storica dello sprawl urbano all’interno del mondo occidentale. Una volta definito e contestualizzato storicamente l’oggetto della ricerca, ne vengono analizzate le cause e il complesso sistema di conseguenze che tale fenomeno urbano porta con sé. Successivamente vengono presentate le principali teorie sociologiche attraverso le quali può essere interpretato il fenomeno dello sprawl urbano e vengono descritte le varie forme con cui si può esprimere lo sprawl urbano: non esiste infatti uniformità tra i vari paesaggi suburbani, ma una grande diversità interna alle varie forme in cui si manifesta il fenomeno della dispersione insediativa. Se quanto finora esaminato, soprattutto a livello bibliografico, è riconducibile alla letteratura nordamericana, arrivati a questo punto del lavoro, l’attenzione viene spostata sul continente europeo, prendendo in esame l’emergere del periurbano all’interno del nostro continente e tentando di descrivere sia le contiguità che le differenze tra il fenomeno dell’urban sprawl e quello del periurbano. Infine, adottando un procedimento “ad imbuto”, il lavoro si sofferma sulla situazione del nostro paese in merito alla tematica in questione. L’ultima sezione della ricerca prevede una parte di lavoro empirico. Se, come è emerso nel quadro teorico, molti sono gli elementi che caratterizzano il tema dello sprawl urbano e del periurbano, si è voluto andare a verificare se, ed eventualmente quali, degli elementi descritti, sono presenti in un’area ben delimitata del territorio bolognese, per cercare di capire se si possa parlare di un “periurbano bolognese” e quali caratteristiche esso presenti.

Perception of critical situations involving football fans: dynamics of conflict escalation and de-escalation

Title: The perception of critical situations involving football fans – how conflicts escalate or de-escalate Authors: Brechbühl, A.1, Schumacher, A.1 & Seiler, R.1 1Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Switzerland Abstract: Introduction: Fan violence in the context of football matches is a prominent issue in today’s western societies and Switzerland presents no exception. A lot of research has been conducted on reasons for fan violence, mostly with fans of national teams. A prominent model is the Elaborated Social Identity Model (ESIM; Drury & Reicher, 2000): ESIM highlights the importance of interactions between the involved groups and their effect on the development of social identities. Another model is the aggravation mitigation model (AM model; Hylander & Guvå, 2010) which illustrates factors that can contribute towards an escalation or non-escalation of group violence, such as the “categorization” of the opponent group. Despite these models, research about the individual perceptions, and in particular, what factors distinguish between an escalation versus a non-escalation of a potentially violent situation in domestic football, is as yet scarce. This explorative study examines perceptions of critical situations in the domestic football fan context in Switzerland. Methods: An explorative qualitative design was employed to gather data about critical situations (CS) around football matches of two clubs of the Raiffeisen Super League. A CS is defined as a setting in or around the football stadium where violence between football fans and another group could occur. Eight CS were identified and analysed. Fifty-nine narrative interviews with individuals involved in a CS, e.g. fans, police officers or security personnel, were conducted. Interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Results: The involved opposing groups expressed group-specific perceptions. Furthermore a strong tendency to negatively stereotype the opponent group was observed. Provocative symbols, such as balaclavas or riot-gear uniforms, were considered as highly relevant for the interpretation of the situation. Successful communication and sufficient distance between opponent groups supported the appeasement of a CS. These findings also underline the importance of knowledge about the local fan culture. This culture serves as basis for the perception of legitimacy, which was assessed to be essential for a de-escalation of a CS by fans. Discussion/Conclusion: This study improves the understanding of fan violence in the domestic football context in Switzerland. Based on the results it is suggested to deploy security or police forces without riot gear but with the goal of seeking dialogue with the fans to increase the likelihood of a peaceful ending in a CS. The findings also support the applicability of the ESIM (Drury & Reicher, 2000) and the AM model (Hylander & Guvå, 2010) in the context of domestic fan violence. Due to possible differences in the local fan cultures in Switzerland, research in this area should be continued. References: Drury, J., & Reicher, S. (2000). Collective action and psychological change: The emergence of new social identities. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 579-604. Hylander, I., & Guvå, G. (2010). Misunderstanding of out-group behaviour: Different interpretations of the same crowd events among police officers and demonstrators. Nordic Psychology, 62, 25-47.

The winner takes it all? Characteristics of adolescents at-risk/problem gamblers in Switzerland

Background: Gambling has and still entertains people in almost all societies throughout the world. Western societies have faced considerable changes in the amount and accessibility of gambling possibilities during the last decades, and the rates of both adolescent gamblers and problem gamblers have increased significantly. Objective: To determine the characteristics of at-risk and problem adolescent gamblers in Switzerland. Subjects: The study population consisted of 3134 students (1669 females) attending post-mandatory education in 15 randomly chosen centres. Participants were divided into non- (n=2207), non-problematic (n=754) and at-risk/ problematic gamblers (n=176). Methods: Both gambling groups were compared to non-gamblers on socio-demographic measures, substance use and Internet use. Overall, 29.6% had gambled during the past year and 5.6% had gambled in a risky or problematic way. Compared to non-gamblers and after controlling for potential confounders, non-problem gamblers were significantly more likely to be male, apprentices and to misuse alcohol. At-risk/problematic gamblers were additionally more likely to smoke cannabis, to be problematic Internet users and to be non-Swiss than non-gamblers. Conclusion: At-risk and problematic adolescent gambling is associated with other health risk behaviours. Health practitioners should include gambling in the psycho-social screening and preventive counselling of adolescents.

El problema de la condición de persona aplicada a los animales no humanos : Antropocentrismo especista, subjetividad y derecho

En este trabajo de tesis de grado buscaremos indagar, desde una perspectiva no-antropocéntrica, una temática contemporánea y de plena actualidad, que se está produciendo en las sociedades occidentales. Se trata del problema de la condición de persona aplicada a animales no humanos, enfocándonos principalmente en tres ejes de análisis: como hemos dicho, la noción de persona, el antropocentrismo especista, y la noción de sujeto. El marco general para pensar estas cuestiones es el cambio de perspectiva en la filosofía y en la ciencia, que comienza a darse con mayor ímpetu desde el último tercio del s. XX. Este cambio en el marco conceptual general, puede entenderse como una crisis en la forma de pensar al ser humano y su relación con el mundo no humano. Este cambio, a su vez, repercute en la sociedad en términos de la emergencia de nuevas reivindicaciones, entre ellas, la de los animales como sujetos de derecho y la plausibilidad de adscribir a algunos de ellos la condición de persona a partir de una serie de características que comparten con los seres humanos. ;Antes de proseguir, consideremos lo siguiente. Tal como señaló Niko Tinbergen con su "¿Qué pregunta, preguntas?" (Stamp Dawkins, 2007) resulta fundamental formular claramente la pregunta que guía nuestras hipótesis de trabajo, para dar cuenta de su sentido. De esta manera, explicitaremos la pregunta desde la que partimos, a saber, ¿Qué pone en juego o en duda la hipótesis de antropocentrismo especista y la de sujeto y persona aplicada a animales no humanos? Claramente es una cuestión compleja. No la abordaremos en la infinidad de sus aristas y derivaciones. Aun así, buscaremos un recorrido temático para pensar las dificultades que se imponen en este tópico contemporáneo

El problema de la condición de persona aplicada a los animales no humanos : Antropocentrismo especista, subjetividad y derecho

En este trabajo de tesis de grado buscaremos indagar, desde una perspectiva no-antropocéntrica, una temática contemporánea y de plena actualidad, que se está produciendo en las sociedades occidentales. Se trata del problema de la condición de persona aplicada a animales no humanos, enfocándonos principalmente en tres ejes de análisis: como hemos dicho, la noción de persona, el antropocentrismo especista, y la noción de sujeto. El marco general para pensar estas cuestiones es el cambio de perspectiva en la filosofía y en la ciencia, que comienza a darse con mayor ímpetu desde el último tercio del s. XX. Este cambio en el marco conceptual general, puede entenderse como una crisis en la forma de pensar al ser humano y su relación con el mundo no humano. Este cambio, a su vez, repercute en la sociedad en términos de la emergencia de nuevas reivindicaciones, entre ellas, la de los animales como sujetos de derecho y la plausibilidad de adscribir a algunos de ellos la condición de persona a partir de una serie de características que comparten con los seres humanos. ;Antes de proseguir, consideremos lo siguiente. Tal como señaló Niko Tinbergen con su "¿Qué pregunta, preguntas?" (Stamp Dawkins, 2007) resulta fundamental formular claramente la pregunta que guía nuestras hipótesis de trabajo, para dar cuenta de su sentido. De esta manera, explicitaremos la pregunta desde la que partimos, a saber, ¿Qué pone en juego o en duda la hipótesis de antropocentrismo especista y la de sujeto y persona aplicada a animales no humanos? Claramente es una cuestión compleja. No la abordaremos en la infinidad de sus aristas y derivaciones. Aun así, buscaremos un recorrido temático para pensar las dificultades que se imponen en este tópico contemporáneo

El problema de la condición de persona aplicada a los animales no humanos : Antropocentrismo especista, subjetividad y derecho

En este trabajo de tesis de grado buscaremos indagar, desde una perspectiva no-antropocéntrica, una temática contemporánea y de plena actualidad, que se está produciendo en las sociedades occidentales. Se trata del problema de la condición de persona aplicada a animales no humanos, enfocándonos principalmente en tres ejes de análisis: como hemos dicho, la noción de persona, el antropocentrismo especista, y la noción de sujeto. El marco general para pensar estas cuestiones es el cambio de perspectiva en la filosofía y en la ciencia, que comienza a darse con mayor ímpetu desde el último tercio del s. XX. Este cambio en el marco conceptual general, puede entenderse como una crisis en la forma de pensar al ser humano y su relación con el mundo no humano. Este cambio, a su vez, repercute en la sociedad en términos de la emergencia de nuevas reivindicaciones, entre ellas, la de los animales como sujetos de derecho y la plausibilidad de adscribir a algunos de ellos la condición de persona a partir de una serie de características que comparten con los seres humanos. ;Antes de proseguir, consideremos lo siguiente. Tal como señaló Niko Tinbergen con su "¿Qué pregunta, preguntas?" (Stamp Dawkins, 2007) resulta fundamental formular claramente la pregunta que guía nuestras hipótesis de trabajo, para dar cuenta de su sentido. De esta manera, explicitaremos la pregunta desde la que partimos, a saber, ¿Qué pone en juego o en duda la hipótesis de antropocentrismo especista y la de sujeto y persona aplicada a animales no humanos? Claramente es una cuestión compleja. No la abordaremos en la infinidad de sus aristas y derivaciones. Aun así, buscaremos un recorrido temático para pensar las dificultades que se imponen en este tópico contemporáneo