Non-linear pathways of corporate environmental management: a survey of ISO 14001-certified companies in Brazil

A study was conducted to verify whether the theory on the evolution of corporate environmental management (CEM) is applicable to organizations located in Brazil. Some of the most important proposals pertaining to the evolution of CEM were evaluated in a systematic fashion and integrated into a typical theoretical framework containing three evolutionary stages: reactive, preventive and proactive. The validity of this framework was tested by surveying 94 companies located in Brazil with ISO 14001 certification. Results indicated that the evolution of CEM tends to occur in a manner that is counter to what has generally been described in the literature. Two evolutionary stages were identified: 1) synergy for eco-efficiency and 2) environmental legislation view, which combine variables that were initially categorized into different theoretical CEM stages. These data, obtained from a direct study of Brazilian companies, suggest that the evolution of environmental management in organizations tends to occur in a non-linear fashion, requiring a re-analysis of traditional perceptions of CEM development, as suggested by Kolk and Mauser (2002). (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Determination of breeding strategies for beef cattle bull breeders selling bulls into two competing markets on a non-linear price grid

Computer simulation was used to suggest potential selection strategies for beef cattle breeders with different mixes of clients between two potential markets. The traditional market paid on the basis of carcass weight (CWT), while a new market considered marbling grade in addition to CWT as a basis for payment. Both markets instituted discounts for CWT in excess of 340 kg and light carcasses below 300 kg. Herds were simulated for each price category on the carcass weight grid for the new market. This enabled the establishment of phenotypic relationships among the traits examined [CWT, percent intramuscular fat (IMF), carcass value in the traditional market, carcass value in the new market, and the expected proportion of progeny in elite price cells in the new market pricing grid]. The appropriateness of breeding goals was assessed on the basis of client satisfaction. Satisfaction was determined by the equitable distribution of available stock between markets combined with the assessment of the utility of the animal within the market to which it was assigned. The best goal for breeders with predominantly traditional clients was a CWT in excess of 330 kg, while that for breeders with predominantly new market clients was a CWT of between 310 and 329 kg and with a marbling grade of AAA in the Ontario carcass pricing system. For breeders who wished to satisfy both new and traditional clients, the optimal CWT was 310-329 kg and the optimal marbling grade was AA-AAA. This combination resulted in satisfaction levels of greater than 75% among clients, regardless of the distribution of the clients between the traditional and new marketplaces.

Detection and description of non-linear interdependence in normal multichannel human EEG data

Objectives: This study examines human scalp electroencephalographic (EEG) data for evidence of non-linear interdependence between posterior channels. The spectral and phase properties of those epochs of EEG exhibiting non-linear interdependence are studied. Methods: Scalp EEG data was collected from 40 healthy subjects. A technique for the detection of non-linear interdependence was applied to 2.048 s segments of posterior bipolar electrode data. Amplitude-adjusted phase-randomized surrogate data was used to statistically determine which EEG epochs exhibited non-linear interdependence. Results: Statistically significant evidence of non-linear interactions were evident in 2.9% (eyes open) to 4.8% (eyes closed) of the epochs. In the eyes-open recordings, these epochs exhibited a peak in the spectral and cross-spectral density functions at about 10 Hz. Two types of EEG epochs are evident in the eyes-closed recordings; one type exhibits a peak in the spectral density and cross-spectrum at 8 Hz. The other type has increased spectral and cross-spectral power across faster frequencies. Epochs identified as exhibiting non-linear interdependence display a tendency towards phase interdependencies across and between a broad range of frequencies. Conclusions: Non-linear interdependence is detectable in a small number of multichannel EEG epochs, and makes a contribution to the alpha rhythm. Non-linear interdependence produces spatially distributed activity that exhibits phase synchronization between oscillations present at different frequencies. The possible physiological significance of these findings are discussed with reference to the dynamical properties of neural systems and the role of synchronous activity in the neocortex. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Economic, environmental and mixed objective functions in non-linear process optimization using simulated annealing and tabu search

Screening of topologies developed by hierarchical heuristic procedures can be carried out by comparing their optimal performance. In this work we will be exploiting mono-objective process optimization using two algorithms, simulated annealing and tabu search, and four different objective functions: two of the net present value type, one of them including environmental costs and two of the global potential impact type. The hydrodealkylation of toluene to produce benzene was used as case study, considering five topologies with different complexities mainly obtained by including or not liquid recycling and heat integration. The performance of the algorithms together with the objective functions was observed, analyzed and discussed from various perspectives: average deviation of results for each algorithm, capacity for producing high purity product, screening of topologies, objective functions robustness in screening of topologies, trade-offs between economic and environmental type objective functions and variability of optimum solutions.

Mixed integer non linear programming and artificial neural network based approach to ancillary services dispatch in competitive electricity markets

Ancillary services represent a good business opportunity that must be considered by market players. This paper presents a new methodology for ancillary services market dispatch. The method considers the bids submitted to the market and includes a market clearing mechanism based on deterministic optimization. An Artificial Neural Network is used for day-ahead prediction of Regulation Down, regulation-up, Spin Reserve and Non-Spin Reserve requirements. Two test cases based on California Independent System Operator data concerning dispatch of Regulation Down, Regulation Up, Spin Reserve and Non-Spin Reserve services are included in this paper to illustrate the application of the proposed method: (1) dispatch considering simple bids; (2) dispatch considering complex bids.

Visualizing non-linear control system performance by means of multidimensional scaling

This paper addresses the use of multidimensional scaling in the evaluation of controller performance. Several nonlinear systems are analyzed based on the closed loop time response under the action of a reference step input signal. Three alternative performance indices, based on the time response, Fourier analysis, and mutual information, are tested. The numerical experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed methodology and motivate its extension for other performance measures and new classes of nonlinearities.

Multi-bit sigma-delta modulators with enhanced dynamic-range using non-linear DAC for hearing aids

15th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, Malta

Numerical solution of a PDE system with non-linear steady state conditions that translates the air stripping pollutants removal

This work deals with the numerical simulation of air stripping process for the pre-treatment of groundwater used in human consumption. The model established in steady state presents an exponential solution that is used, together with the Tau Method, to get a spectral approach of the solution of the system of partial differential equations associated to the model in transient state.

Spectral solution for the air stripping pollutants removal dynamic model with non linear steady state conditions

This work deals with the numerical simulation of air stripping process for the pre-treatment of groundwater used in human consumption. The model established in steady state presents an exponential solution that is used, together with the Tau Method, to get a spectral approach of the solution of the system of partial differential equations associated to the model in transient state.

On the analysis of data emerging in non-linear and complex systemscomparison of two X-Ray prony spectra

New arguments proving that successive (repeated) measurements have a memory and actually remember each other are presented. The recognition of this peculiarity can change essentially the existing paradigm associated with conventional observation in behavior of different complex systems and lead towards the application of an intermediate model (IM). This IM can provide a very accurate fit of the measured data in terms of the Prony's decomposition. This decomposition, in turn, contains a small set of the fitting parameters relatively to the number of initial data points and allows comparing the measured data in cases where the “best fit” model based on some specific physical principles is absent. As an example, we consider two X-ray diffractometers (defined in paper as A- (“cheap”) and B- (“expensive”) that are used after their proper calibration for the measuring of the same substance (corundum a-Al2O3). The amplitude-frequency response (AFR) obtained in the frame of the Prony's decomposition can be used for comparison of the spectra recorded from (A) and (B) - X-ray diffractometers (XRDs) for calibration and other practical purposes. We prove also that the Fourier decomposition can be adapted to “ideal” experiment without memory while the Prony's decomposition corresponds to real measurement and can be fitted in the frame of the IM in this case. New statistical parameters describing the properties of experimental equipment (irrespective to their internal “filling”) are found. The suggested approach is rather general and can be used for calibration and comparison of different complex dynamical systems in practical purposes.

Non-linear time series models

The last three decades have seen quite dramatic changes the way we modeled time dependent data. Linear processes have been in the center stage in modeling time series. As far as the second order properties are concerned, the theory and the methodology are very adequate.However, there are more and more evidences that linear models are not sufficiently flexible and rich enough for modeling purposes and that failure to account for non-linearities can be very misleading and have undesired consequences.

Desarrollo de Algoritmos Numéricos para el Estudio de la Propagación no Lineal de Ondas en Aplicaciones Aeroespaciales y Astrofísicas. Develop to Numerical Algorithms to Study non-Linear Waves Propagation in Aerospace and Astrophysics Applications.

En este proyecto se desarrollarán algoritmos numéricos para sistemas no lineales hiperbólicos-parabólicos de ecuaciones diferenciales en derivadas parciales. Dichos sistemas tienen aplicación en propagación de ondas en ámbitos aeroespaciales y astrofísicos.Objetivos generales: 1)Desarrollo y mejora de algoritmos numéricos con la finalidad de incrementar la calidad en la simulación de propagación e interacción de ondas gasdinámicas y magnetogasdinámicas no lineales. 2)Desarrollo de códigos computacionales con la finalidad de simular flujos gasdinámicos de elevada entalpía incluyendo cambios químicos, efectos dispersivos y difusivos.3)Desarrollo de códigos computacionales con la finalidad de simular flujos magnetogasdinámicos ideales y reales.4)Aplicación de los nuevos algoritmos y códigos computacionales a la solución del flujo aerotermodinámico alrededor de cuerpos que ingresan en la atmósfera terrestre. 5)Aplicación de los nuevos algoritmos y códigos computacionales a la simulación del comportamiento dinámico no lineal de arcos magnéticos en la corona solar. 6)Desarrollo de nuevos modelos para describir el comportamiento no lineal de arcos magnéticos en la corona solar.Este proyecto presenta como objetivo principal la introducción de mejoras en algoritmos numéricos para simular la propagación e interacción de ondas no lineales en dos medios gaseosos: aquellos que no poseen carga eléctrica libre (flujos gasdinámicos) y aquellos que tienen carga eléctrica libre (flujos magnetogasdinámicos). Al mismo tiempo se desarrollarán códigos computacionales que implementen las mejoras de las técnicas numéricas.Los algoritmos numéricos se aplicarán con la finalidad de incrementar el conocimiento en tópicos de interés en la ingeniería aeroespacial como es el cálculo del flujo de calor y fuerzas aerotermodinámicas que soportan objetos que ingresan a la atmósfera terrestre y en temas de astrofísica como la propagación e interacción de ondas, tanto para la transferencia de energía como para la generación de inestabilidades en arcos magnéticos de la corona solar. Estos dos temas poseen en común las técnicas y algoritmos numéricos con los que serán tratados. Las ecuaciones gasdinámicas y magnetogasdinámicas ideales conforman sistemas hiperbólicos de ecuaciones diferenciales y pueden ser solucionados utilizando "Riemann solvers" junto con el método de volúmenes finitos (Toro 1999; Udrea 1999; LeVeque 1992 y 2005). La inclusión de efectos difusivos genera que los sistemas de ecuaciones resulten hiperbólicos-parabólicos. La contribución parabólica puede ser considerada como términos fuentes y tratada adicionalmente tanto en forma explícita como implícita (Udrea 1999; LeVeque 2005).Para analizar el flujo alrededor de cuerpos que ingresan en la atmósfera se utilizarán las ecuaciones de Navier-Stokes químicamente activas, mientras la temperatura no supere los 6000K. Para mayores temperaturas es necesario considerar efectos de ionización (Anderson, 1989). Tanto los efectos difusivos como los cambios químicos serán considerados como términos fuentes en las ecuaciones de Euler. Para tratar la propagación de ondas, transferencia de energía e inestabilidades en arcos magnéticos de la corona solar se utilizarán las ecuaciones de la magnetogasdinámica ideal y real. En este caso será también conveniente implementar términos fuente para el tratamiento de fenómenos de transporte como el flujo de calor y el de radiación. Los códigos utilizarán la técnica de volúmenes finitos, junto con esquemas "Total Variation Disminishing - TVD" sobre mallas estructuradas y no estructuradas.

Non-linear model reduction and control of molten carbonate fuel cell systems with internal reforming fuel cell systems with internal reforming

Magdeburg, Univ., Diss, 2007