893 resultados para New Country


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Immigration is one of the most topical international issues of our time. Worldwide, the number of immigrants has doubled over the last twenty years, and migration patterns have become so diversified that they now constitute a kind of “chaos”. The number and significance of women as migrants has also increased, which is earning women growing attention among scholars. This study looks at the migration of women, in particular mothers of small children, in both directions between Finland and Estonia, following the latter’s re- independence. The data consists of in-depth interviews conducted in 2005 with 24 Finnish and 24 Estonian immigrant women. The focus was on the women’s expectations and experiences of their new country of residence, acculturation – i.e. adjusting to a new environment, social networks in the country of origin and the new country, and models of motherhood following immigration. The primary research question was formulated as follows: Which factors have influenced the formation of female immigrants’ social ties, thus contributing to the formation of motherhood strategies and afecting internal family dynamics in the new country? The research consists of four previously published independent articles as well as a summary chapter. The study’s findings indicate that Finnish and Estonian women migrated for diferent reasons and at diferent times, and that their migration patterns also difered. Estonian migration occurred mainly in the 1990s, and most immigrants intended to return later to their country of origin. Regardless of the reason for migrating that they gave to immigration officials, other key reasons often included the desire for a more stable living environment and better income. Only four of the Estonian women had immigrated together with an Estonian husband, while two- thirds came because of marriage to a Finnish man. Most of the Finnish women, on the other hand, migrated after 2000 and either came with their family as a result of a spouse’s job transfer, or came by themselves to further their studies. In most cases, the migration was a temporary solution intended to promote one’s own or one’s spouse’s career advancement. Because the reasons for migrating were diferent between Finnish and Estonian women, their expectations of the new country and their status in it were also diferent. In terms of both social and economic standing, the position of Finnish immigrants was categorically better. The reason for migrating had an impact on one’s orientation toward the receiving society. Estonian women and Finns who migrated for marriage or edu cational reasons became immediately active in forming institutional and social ties in the new society. Conversely, the women had migrated because of work had little contact with Estonian society, and their social networks consisted of other Finnish immigrants. Furthermore, they maintained strong institutional and social ties to Finland and therefore felt no need to anchor themselves to Estonian society. The Finnish and Estonian women who were better integrated into the receiving country also maintained strong social ties to their country of origin. Women who became integrated into the receiving country as a result of giving birth to children utilized various services directed at families with children. In part, such services conveyed to the women the conceptions that were prevalent in the surrounding society concerning the treatment of children and the expectations on mothers, both of which difer to some extent in Finland and Estonia. had an impact on strategies of motherhood, internal family dynamics, and gender Regardless of the reason for migrating, or the country of origin, immigration equality. Most Estonian women had to do without the child-care help provided by relatives; before immigrating, some women had even had daily child-care assistance from family members. However, Estonian women who were married to Finns did receive help from the spouse and sometimes also the spouse’s relatives. Conversely, Finnish women who had immigrated because of a spouse’s job transfer were faced with the opposite situation, in which they bore the main responsibility for domestic work and child care. They were, however, in a position to pay for domestic help. Hence, the women who had integrated into a new society had to construct their own perceptions of motherhood by reconciling the motherhood models of both the cause of a spouse’s job transfer found that being a stay-at-home mother challenged previously self-evident behaviors. Receiving country and the country of origin, whereas women who had migrated because of a spouse’s job transfer found that being a stay-at-home mother challenged previously self-evident behaviors.

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[ES] Partiendo de los valores semestrales de cada una de las nueve variables que componen el índice de riesgo país elaborado por Euromoney, en el periodo comprendido entre septiembre de 1992 y septiembre de 2002, para 41 países europeos y 30 países americanos, los autores proponen la construcción de dos nuevos índices de riesgo país, a los que han denominado «Índice Simplificado» e «Índice Observacional». La característica de ambos índices es que, además de contener únicamente cuatro variables (de las nueve propuestas por el índice de riesgo país de Euromoney), permiten replicar, con un elevado índice de fiabiabilidad el ranking de países (dado en función de su riesgo país) proporcionado por el índice del cual se derivan.

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Esta tese tem por objetivo investigar as trajetórias intelectuais de Anatol Rosenfeld e Otto Maria Carpeaux. Exilados no Brasil durante a década de 30 do século passado, em função do avanço do nazifascismo na Europa, o alemão Rosenfeld e o austríaco Carpeaux souberam reinventar suas existências na nova terra, transformando-se em dois dos maiores críticos literários do país. Além de examinar os itinerários percorridos por ambos os autores, esta tese terá como foco analisar a relação entre exílio e atividade intelectual, promovendo uma reflexão a respeito do lugar das cidades de Berlim e Viena na construção do arcabouço espiritual de Rosenfeld e Carpeaux. Este estudo também tratará das suas primeiras produções em solo brasileiro, bem como da recepção que obtiveram de seus anfitriões, delineando, assim, os contornos de uma complexa atmosfera intelectual marcada por uma espécie de cordialidade literária. Como último objetivo, esta tese debaterá o processo de modelagem do self por meio do qual ambos os críticos conseguiram aprimorar a própria individualidade, tornando-se, enfim, figuras cuja memória deve ser recuperada.

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The occurrence of Bursaphelenchus species in the Czech Republic is poorly known, the first report of the genus being made by Kubátová et al. (2000) who reported the association of B. eremus with the hyphomycetous microfungus, Esteya vermicola, and the bark beetle, Scolytus intricatus, collected from Quercus robur, in central Bohemia. To date, four other species have been reported from the country, namely B. fungivorus (Braasch et al., 2002), B. hofmanni (see Braasch, 2001), B. mucronatus (see Braasch, 2001) and B. vallesianus (Gaar et al., 2006). More recently, a survey for Bursaphelenchus species associated with bark- and wood-boring insects in the Czech Republic identified B. pinophilus Brzeski & Baujard, 1997 from the Moravia region. Although this represents a new country record, it was also associated with nematangia on the hind wings of a new insect vector. A total of 404 bark- and wood-boring insects were collected from declining or symptomatic trees and screened for the presence of Bursaphelenchus. Bark and longhorn beetles were captured manually after debarking parts of the trunk displaying symptoms of insect attacks. Longhorn beetle larvae were also collected together with logs cut from the trunk. Logs were kept at room temperature in the laboratory until insect emergence. Each adult insect was individually dissected in water and examined for nematodes. All nematodes resembling dauer juveniles of Bursaphelenchus were collected and identified by molecular characterisation using a region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) containing the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2. ITS-RFLP analyses using five restriction enzymes (AluI, HaeIII, HinfI, MspI, RsaI) were performed to generate the species-specific profile according to Burgermeister et al. (2009). Species identification was also confirmed by morphological data after culture of the dauers on Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Ft., growing in 5% malt extract agar. During this survey, only species belonging to the Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, revealed the presence of nematodes belonging to Bursaphelenchus. Dauers of this genus were found aggregated under the elytra in nematangia formed at the root of the hind wings (Fig. 1). The dauers were identified from 12 individuals of Pityogenes bidentatus (Herbst, 1783) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) collected under the bark of Pinus sylvestris trunks. Each insect carried ca 10-100 dauers. The ITS-RFLP patterns of the dauers so obtained confirmed the identification of B. pinophilus associated with this insect species. Bursaphelenchus pinophilus has been found mainly in Europe and has been reported from various countries such as Poland (Brzeski & Baujard, 1997), Germany (Braasch, 2001), and Portugal (Penas et al., 2007). The recent detection of this species associated with dead P. koraiensis in Korea (Han et al., 2009) expands its geographical distribution and potential importance. It has been found associated only with Pinus species, but very little is known about the insect vector. The bark beetle, Hylurgus ligniperda, was initially suggested as the insect vector by Pe-nas et al. (2006), although the nematode associated with this insect was later reclassified as B. sexdentati by morphological and molecular analysis (Penas et al., 2007). According to the literature, P. bidentatus has been cited as a vector of Ektaphelenchus sp. (Kakuliya, 1966) in Georgia, and an unidentified nematode species in Spain (Roberston et al., 2008). Interestingly, B. pinophilus was found in the nematangia formed at the root of the hind wings of P. bidentatus. Although this phenomenon is not so common in other Bursaphelenchus species, B. rufipennis has been found recently in such a structure on the hind wings of the insect Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kanzaki et al., 2008). Although other nematode species (e.g., Ektaphelenchus spp.) are frequently found associated within the same nematangia (see Kanzaki et al., 2008), in this particular case, only dauers of B. pinophilus were identified. The association between B. pinophilus and P. bidentatus represents the first report of this biological association and the association with the Scolytinae strengthens the tight and specific links between this group of Bursaphelenchus species and members of the Scolytinae (Ryss et al., 2005).

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Prior to September 11 2011, Canada was recognized as a leading advocate of international refugee protection and the third largest settlement country in the world. University educated refugees were admitted to the country in part on the basis of their education, but once in Canada their credentials were often ignored. The purpose of this study was to explore, through a transnational feminist lens, immigrant and settlement experiences of refugee female teachers from Yugoslavia who immigrated to Canada during and after the Yugoslav wars; to document the ways in which socially constructed categories such as gender, race, and refugee status have influenced their post-exile experiences and identities; and to identify the government's role in creating conditions where the women were either able or unable to continue in their profession. In this study, I employed both a transnational feminist methodology and narrative inquiry. The analysis process included an emphasis on the storying stories model, poetic transcription, and concentric storying. The women’s voices are represented in various forms throughout the document including individual and collective narratives. Each narrative contributed to a detailed picture of immigration and settlement processes as women spoke of continuing their education, knowing or learning the official language, and contributing to Canadian society and the economy. The findings challenge the image of a victimized and submissive refugee woman, and bring to the centre of discourse the image of the refugee woman as a skilled professional who often remains un- or underemployed in her new country. The dissertation makes an important contribution to an underdeveloped area in the research literature, and has the potential to inform immigration, settlement, and teacher education policies and practices in Canada and elsewhere.

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RÉSUMÉ DE LA RECHERCHE Le conflit armé en Colombie est le troisième conflit le plus long du monde, après le problème entre la Palestine et l’Israël et celui entre l’Inde et le Pakistan. La violence organisée qui caractérise ce conflit a des conséquences sur le plan individuel (souffrance psychologique, etc.) et sur le plan collectif (démobilisation sociale par la terreur, modification de la pensée critique, augmentation de la violence commune). Cette violence a poussé des milliers de Colombiens à l’exil. Certaines de ces personnes arrivent au Québec en tant que réfugiés. La présente étude décrit et analyse les effets de la violence organisée subie en Colombie par ces personnes. Elle fait le lien entre ces conséquences et le processus d’intégration des refugiés colombiens dans une région du Québec, la Haute-Yamaska. Le principal objectif de ce mémoire est de répondre à cette question : selon l’expérience des immigrants réfugiés colombiens victimes de violence organisée, quels sont les effets de cette violence sur leur vie actuelle au Québec? Douze récits d’expériences ont été recueillis et analysés à partir d’entrevues semi dirigées auprès des refugiés colombiens. Les résultats de cette étude montrent la nécessité, pour les réfugiés, d’un travail d’élaboration autour de leur propre identité à travers l’expérience vécue; la présence du retrait et de l’isolement comme mécanismes de protection qui se manifestent en terre d’accueil; la reproduction, par un groupe minoritaire, de certains des comportements qui sont jugés violents en terre d’accueil et qui dans le contexte de la terre d’origine avaient un autre sens. Cette différence de sens est accompagnée d’une tolérance différente à la violence dans un groupe de réfugiés et la société d’accueil. L’attitude personnelle positive face aux difficultés ainsi que le soutien du réseau familial ou des nouveaux amis sont des facilitateurs de l’intégration. Finalement, on constate que les effets d’un deuil prolongé freinent l’investissement affectif et personnel en terre d’accueil.

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Le roman Le Quatrième siècle, considéré comme un pilier de l’œuvre de l’écrivain martiniquais Édouard Glissant, est une réinvention du passé et de l’histoire des Antilles, tout en présentant une dimension moins étudiée : celle de l’enracinement dans le nouveau pays, de la création d’une communauté singulière et métissée. Glissant suggère que, malgré l’abolition de l’esclavage, beaucoup de chemin reste encore à faire et que la construction d’une identité passe par des ancrages solides et multiples dans le pays. Afin d’explorer ce thème, cette étude analyse la construction du parcours figuratif de l’enracinement dans Le Quatrième siècle. L’étude de divers personnages et de certains éléments du paysage, en particulier la mer, les mornes et la plaine, permettent de mieux cerner l’écriture de l’enracinement dans cette œuvre. En effet, par le biais de l’onomastique, des figures emblématiques de la colonisation, de la déconstruction des relations de pouvoir et du symbolisme de l’espace, Glissant met en scène les limites du marronnage, créant plutôt un imaginaire centré sur la définition de la collectivité à travers un lent processus d’enracinement et d’appropriation de l’espace.

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Notre recherche a pour objet la persévérance aux études supérieures d’étudiants internationaux à l’Université de Montréal (UdeM) inscrits en programme de recherche (maîtrise et doctorat). L’objectif général de cette étude est d’explorer leurs conditions de vie et d’études afin de tendre vers une compréhension approfondie leur persévérance à l’UdeM. Constatant l’augmentation des migrations étudiantes, nous avons choisi de nous intéresser aux expériences sociales et universitaires d’étudiants internationaux. Des étudiants en mobilité internationale arrivent dans un pays et une université qu’ils ne connaissent pas ou peu et dans une nouvelle ville et une nouvelle culture qui leur sont souvent étrangères. Toutefois, nous ignorons beaucoup des conditions de vie et d’études des étudiants internationaux aux cycles supérieurs alors qu’ils jouent un rôle clé au chapitre des performances économique et scientifique des pays et institutions qui les accueillent. Dès lors, nous voulons comprendre comment des étudiants internationaux inscrits en programmes de recherche (maîtrise et doctorat) persévèrent à l’Université de Montréal. Cette thèse expose donc les points relatifs aux conditions d’accueil, d’intégration et de formation d’étudiants internationaux inscrits en programme de recherche à l’Université de Montréal. Nous partons des contextes canadiens et québécois de l’internationalisation de l’enseignement supérieur pour analyser la trame de l’expérience desdits étudiants, depuis les conditions scolaires, sociales et personnelles de leurs milieux d’accueil. Ainsi, la thèse nous plonge dans l’univers de ces étudiants et présente de nombreux points d’intérêt et une contribution à la sociologie de l’enseignement supérieur. Nous avons analysé les aspects relatifs aux caractéristiques des étudiants susceptibles de favoriser ou compromettre leur persévérance (Tinto, 1993) et les expériences scolaires et sociales de ces étudiants et le sens qu’ils donnent à ces expériences (Dubet, 1994; Rochex, 1995) et, enfin, nous avons exploré les trois temps de l’affiliation (Coulon, 1997). La question de recherche est la suivante : quels sont les aspects associés aux caractéristiques des étudiants (Tinto), à leurs expériences sociales (Dubet) et à l’apprentissage du métier d’étudiant (Coulon) susceptibles d’influencer la persévérance aux études chez les étudiants internationaux ? En ce qui concerne la méthodologie, cette recherche est de type exploratoire et repose sur une démarche d’investigation qualitative. Notre étude s’est attachée à décrire le cheminement scolaire des étudiants internationaux, nous avons tenté de tirer du sens de données institutionnelles mises à disposition. Des entretiens auprès de huit étudiants internationaux ont été réalisés. Nous proposons un survol des facteurs freinant ou favorisant la poursuite des études. Finalement, l’analyse compréhensive des entretiens suggère une forte capacité de résilience et l’importance d’une solidarité entre étudiants internationaux, en dépit de l’absence de bourses d’études ou d’autres soutiens financiers. Concernant leur intégration sociale et académique, si le Canada est décrit comme une société accueillante, les étudiants internationaux ont encore à surmonter des barrières culturelles et linguistiques, ils souffrent également d’un manque d’amitiés interculturelles faisant en sorte qu’ils ressentent un malaise général. Les échos de leurs récits suggèrent également l’importance des interactions de qualité avec leurs directions de recherche. Les étudiants internationaux ont besoin du soutien intellectuel, moral et financier de leur direction de recherche. Ces dernières sont souvent et systématiquement décrites comme première, voire unique, source d’informations. Elles sont aussi reconnues comme favorisant la persévérance aux études. Dans un tout autre ordre de déterminant, les étudiants internationaux mentionnent également que leur bien-être (physique et psychologique) dépend également de leur alimentation et la pratique de leur religion. Par exemple, certains sont véritablement en lutte pour accepter une alimentation totalement différente de celle de chez eux. De toute évidence, l’alimentation, la langue et la religion sont décrites comme véhicule de maintien de leur identité culturelle, au Canada et ce maintien est important pour leur bien-être et leur confort général dans le pays d’accueil. La recherche a permis de rendre plus audible la vie universitaire et sociale de ces étudiants jusque-là méconnue au Québec et à Montréal. L’approche exploratoire et compréhensive a montré que les migrations pour études répondent avant tout à des choix individuels liés à des aspirations sociales et professionnelles élevées. Mais, la décision de persévérer dépend de l’interrelation entre les stratégies individuelles et les contraintes migratoires, économiques et sociales. La thèse contribue à une meilleure compréhension de l’expérience des étudiants internationaux, notamment en montrant comment leur persévérance s’accompagne d’une fragilité et ces connaissances sont importantes pour les universités qui cherchent à accroître leur place sur le marché international de l’enseignement supérieur.

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La exportación de servicios tiene gran participación e importancia dentro de la economía de todos los países por eso cada vez es más difícil para los empresarios colombianos tener éxito en mercados internacionales, encontrándose con barreras gubernamentales, nuevas culturas, competidores internacionales y poca información sobre estos mercados. Es una decisión muy difícil para el empresario internacionalizarse e incursionar en un país nuevo, teniendo que hacer sacrificios en producción, capital humano, investigación, financiamiento., etc. Es muy importante para los exportadores elegir el mercado y el precio adecuado para incurrir en el país seleccionado, puesto que una decisión mal tomada puede ser la causa del fracaso en ese mercado y hasta llevar a la quiebra a la empresa. Es por eso que se trabajará en la creación de una matriz de selección de mercados para empresas de servicios y costos de exportación en las diferentes modalidades, lo anterior para brindarle una ayuda y guía al exportador a la hora de incurrir en un nuevo mercado y lograr diversificarse de la manera adecuada.

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High-quality employees with international experience bring valuable advantages to internationally operating organizations. The growing number and importance of immigrants, and particularly qualified, university-educated immigrants, deserves more attention from international business practitioners and scholars. The market for highly qualified people within MNCs is increasingly becoming international, and ever more of them have migrated to a new country to advance their career. Such employees can be a source of competitive advantage for international firms. We use qualitative research with qualified immigrants (QIs) in France to argue that the success of QIs depends in large part on their motivation to integrate into their host country, which is largely explained by their motivation to migrate. From the qualitative data we derive four different types of qualified migrant, and suggest that the type will determine the success of the immigrant within, and outside, the organization. The relationship between the motivation to migrate and the motivation to integrate is moderated by “met expectations” and “organizational integration policies”, such that the effects of these, in turn, vary with type. Recognition of the types of QI and the moderating factors will be valuable for practitioners, as well as opening up research avenues for scholars.

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BACKGROUND: Pre- and post-migration trauma due to forced migration may impact negatively on parents' ability to care for their children. Little qualitative work has examined Somali-born refugees' experiences. The aim of this study is to explore Somali-born refugees' experiences and challenges of being parents in Sweden, and the support they need in their parenting. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive study was undertaken. Data were collected from four focus group discussions (FGDs) among 23 Somali-born mothers and fathers living in a county in central Sweden. Qualitative content analysis has been applied. RESULTS: A main category, Parenthood in Transition, emerged as a description of a process of parenthood in transition. Two generic categories were identified: Challenges, and Improved parenting. Challenges emerged from leaving the home country and being new and feeling alienated in the new country. In Improved parenting, an awareness of opportunities in the new country and ways to improve their parenting was described, which includes how to improve their communication and relationship with their children. The parents described a need for information on how to culturally adapt their parenting and obtain support from the authorities. CONCLUSIONS: Parents experienced a process of parenthood in transition. They were looking to the future and for ways to improve their parenting. Schools and social services can overcome barriers that prevent lack of knowledge about the new country's systems related to parenthood. Leaving the home country often means separation from the family and losing the social network. We suggest that staff in schools and social services offer parent training classes for these parents throughout their children's childhood, with benefits for the child and family.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC

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Pós-graduação em Geografia - FCT