67 resultados para NPT


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本文通过根农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumfaciens)介导法分别将Signal和KDEL修饰的豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(Cowpea trypsin inhibitor, CpTI)基因、豌豆外源凝集素(Pea lectin, P-Lec)和大豆Kunitz型胰蛋白酶抑制剂(Soybean Kunitz typsin inhibitor, SKTI)双价抗虫基因、雪花莲外源凝集素(Galanthus nivals agglutinin, GNA)基因以及高效复合启动子OM控制的苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis, B.t.)杀虫毒蛋白基因导入了陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)栽培品种新陆早1号、新陆中2号、晋棉7号、冀合321、辽9和晋棉12号,并获得了大批转基因再生植株。 实验中对影响棉花转化和再生的一些条件进行了研究,从根农杆菌培养、棉花无菌苗的制备、转化操作和共培养等方面对转化条件进行了探讨;从激素配化、植物表达载体、外植体类型、基因型等方面对抗性愈伤组织的诱导进行了摸索;从激素、从碳源、培养容器、pH值、抗褐化剂及固化剂的选择等方面对影响植株再生的条件进行了优化。 本文开创性地采用嫁接代替移栽,从而极大地提高了转化植株定植成活率,缩短了缓苗时间并增加了转化植株当代的繁殖系数。 在建立了一套较为高效的陆地棉转化及再生系统基础上,本文还进行了其它转化方式和转化体系的初步探讨。利用棉花幼嫩种子无菌苗下胚轴作为外植体,通过改变愈伤组织诱导培养基配方面提高胚性愈伤组织的诱导频率,进而得到更多的体细胞胚状和再生植株,缩短再生周期;尝试用胚性愈伤组织作为外植体的根农杆菌介导法转化,确定了一些与转化有关的条件;建立了一套棉花茎尖培养程序,为运用基因枪法轰击棉花茎尖分生组织或用根农杆菌直接转化茎尖分生组织,以克服根农杆菌转化棉花时体胚发生的基因型局限开辟了一条新途径。 本文还建立了一种快速鉴定转化植株后代的方法。这一简便方法还有助于进行转基因棉纯合系的筛选以及外源基因的遗传稳定性研究。 转基因植株经Npt-II ELISA、PCR、PCR Southern 检测证明外源抗虫基因CpTI、SKTI、P-lec、GNA以及B.t.基因已存在于转化植株基因组内。修饰的CpTI转基因植株抗棉铃虫(Heliothis armigera Hubner)试验结果表明,其杀虫效果显著优于前期未修饰的CpTI转化植株。P-lec和SKTI双价转基因植株抗棉铃虫试验结果表明,转基因植株对棉铃虫幼虫具有较强的杀虫活力。 目前,已获得转以上抗虫基因棉花T1代植株。为今后进一步将植物基因工程技术应用于棉花遗传改良打下了基础。

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根癌农杆菌通过将一段含有“癌”基因的T-DNA导入植物基因组中,引起植物的肿瘤:冠瘿。根癌农杆菌的这种能力来源于Ti质粒(Tumor inducing plasmid)。遗传工程中,根癌农杆菌的这一特性被用来将连接入Ti质粒T-DNA区两个边界之间的外源基因转入植物基因组。随着植物分子生物学的发展,T-DNA转化的原理被进一步阐明,农杆菌介导的转基因技术也得到进一步优化,更适合遗传工程操作。特别是Ti质粒毒性区和T-DNA区的反式作用(即位于不同质粒的T-DNA和毒性区也能侵染植物)被发现以来,双元表达载体的构建使遗传工程操作大为简便。 常用的双元表达载体大小都在11kb以上,尽管远远小于几百kb的野生型Ti质粒,但在实际的体外操作中还是不够简便。常用的植物双元表达载体pBI121的基因序列被测定(Frisch et al.,1995),数据显示非T-DNA区一半以上的序列被发现和功能无关,这使双元载体的进一步缩小成为可能。本文即通过PCR方法克隆到pBI121非T-DNA区中载体复制、三亲杂交必需的片段,结合载体pART27中的T-DNA区(含有真核、原核表达活性的嵌合npt II基因)创造了小的合成型植物表达双元载体pSY1(小于7kb)。然后将pBI121上带有35S启动子和nos终止子的GUS基因克隆到pSY1的T-DNA区中,得到pSY2(约10kb)。进一步用pROK2上的35S启动子和nos终止子区替换pSY2上的GUS表达区,得到pSY3(约8kb)。通过三亲法将pSY2转入根癌农杆菌中,根癌农杆菌再通过叶盘法侵染烟草叶片,获得愈伤组织,愈伤组织进一步分化出小苗。GUS组织化学染色表明GUS基因在转基因的愈伤组织和小苗中均有表达,PCR检测也证明GUS基因被导入了植物基因组。pSY系列载体能成功的用于植物遗传转化。

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本文利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术、景观生态学理论和方法、分形理论以及统计分析方法对北京地区植被景观的空间分布特征进行了分析,并对景观格局和景观多样性的分析方法进行了探讨,结果表明: (1)对几乎所有的斑块类型,其斑块大小的分布都不是对称的,而是右偏的。4种概率分布(Г—分布、对数正态分布、Weibull分布和(负)指数分布)都只能刻划部分斑块类型,并且服从对数正态分布的斑块类型最多,服从(负)指数分布的斑块类型最少。 (2)随着斑块面积的增加,边界效应越来越小,而斑块形状越来越不紧凑。 (3)分形分析识别出本地区植被景观中的两个尺度域:一个是斑块面积小于(大约)2.7km2,另一个是斑块面积大于(大约)2.7km2。两个域中的斑块复杂程度有很大差异,后一个域中的斑块明显比前一个域中的斑块复杂,并且随着斑块面积的增加,斑块形状越来越复杂。 (4)用斑块数作为多度指标时,该景观的斑块类型一多度分布服从(截断)对数正态分布和(截断)负二项分布,不服从对数级数分布和几何分布。用斑块面积作为多度指标时,该景观的斑块类型一多度分布服从对数正态分布、Weibull分布和Г—争布,不服从正态分布。从而该景观的斑块类型一多度分布不是对称的,也是右偏的。在4个优势度/多样性模型中,“生态位优先占领”模型和Zipf-Mandelbrot模型可以较好地刻划该景观的斑块类型一多度关系。 (5)样本大小对多样性测度有直接的影响。如果这种影响比较小,就说明测度指标比较稳定。三个丰富度指数中,Ri比R2和R3更稳定;五个多样性性指数中,D和Di最稳定,OD最不稳定,因此,OD是用于景观多样性监测的理想指标;五个均匀度指数中,Jgi最稳定。根据设计的3种计算临界样方数量(即多样性测度指标达到稳定时的样方数量)方法的计算结果,上述几个最稳定的测度指标在通常情况下只需要几个样方(即总抽样面积为数百km2)就达到稳定状态。 (6)斑块类型数目随面积的增加而增加。根据四个评价指标的评价结果,认为双曲线对该景观的斑块类型一面积关系的拟合效果最好。 (7)样本较大(对于一阶刀切估计,大于30个样方;对于二阶刀切估计,大于60个样方)时,刀切法能够给出斑块类型数目(NPT)较好的估计;样本较小(小于30个样方)时,Mingoti和Meeden提出的经验贝叶斯方法能够对NPT给出比刀切法和自助法更好的估计。斑块类型一面积曲线外推虽然也能给出NPT较好的估计,但这种方法需要慎重使用,不能外推得很远。 (8)列联表分析表明,该植被景观中的斑块类型与土壤类型、岩石类型、海拔高度和坡向各因子之间均存在显著的相关性。植被景观多样性与岩石类型多样性和地形多样性之间也均呈显著的正相关关系,即植被景观多样性随岩石类型多样性和地形多样性的增加而增加。但植被景观多样性与土壤类型多样性之间不存在显著的线性相关或秩相关关系,这可能是由于二者的分类体系不吻合。植被景观多样性与总的道路密度和第二类道路密度之间均呈显著的负相关关系,而与第一类和第三类道路密度之间的关系都不显著。这反映出景观样本单元(10kmxlOkm)的尺度对应于第二类道路的影响尺度。而道路密度在一定程度上反映了人类活动的强度,因此,在10kmxlOkm这个尺度上,人类活动愈剧烈,景观多样性就愈小。

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高等植物基因表达过程中的信号传导是目前植物分子生物学研究的前沿和热点之一。不少研究者已将脱落酸、乙烯、细胞分裂素及其它植物激素的作用一起归之于植物基因表达的信号传导系统。细胞分裂素作为—类重要的植物激素在植物的生长和发育过程中起重要的调节控制作用。因此研究细胞分裂素的基因与植物发育过程的关系是十分重要的。 为研究细胞分裂素对植物基因表达的调节,本文从转录和翻译水平上测定了黄瓜子叶在外源细胞分裂素诱导下微管蛋白基因表达的活性。发现经BAP处理的黄瓜子叶中α,β-tubulin mRNA迅速积累,微管蛋白的含量迅速增加。这表明外源细胞分裂素在诱导黄瓜子叶膨大的过程中激活了微管蛋白基因的表达。 为探索不同启动子驱动下的细胞分裂素基因转入植物后的表达对转基因植物生长发育的调控,本文将来自根癌农杆菌的细胞分裂素基因(T-cyt)分别置于CaMV 35S启动子,rbc S启动子和T-cyt基因自身启动子的调控下,构建了嵌合表达质粒,分别转化烟草和马铃薯。转基因烟草和马铃薯的PCR检测和Southern杂交鉴定均证实T-cyt基因已分别整合进烟草和马铃薯的核基因组中。标志基因NPTⅡ的酶活性测定表明有外源基因的表达。转基因烟草的Northern分析表明:CaMV 35s启动子驱动的T-cyt基因的mRNA在叶、茎和根中均有表达;rbc S启动子指导的T-cyt基因在叶中表达最强,茎中较弱,在根中几乎没有表达。转细胞分裂素基因的烟草在生长发育上与未转化的对照相比有明显不同。转基因烟草中叶绿素a,b含量明显增加,叶面积减小,叶衰老迟缓。T-cyt基因转化的烟草顶端优势受到抑制,侧芽生长旺盛;与对照相比,其节间短,株高降低,根生长受抑制。 本文还构建了T-cyt基因自身启动子与报告基因GUS编码区的嵌合表达质粒,转化烟草和马铃薯以研究T-cyt启动子在植物中的表达。组织化学定位测定表明,T-cyt启动子在植物的茎,叶中的表达较强,特别是在腋芽的生长点有很高的表达活性,但在根中的表达较弱。诱导性表达试验表明,T-cyt启动子的表达强度受细胞分裂素的诱导,而生长素对T-cyt启动子的表达无明显影响。这提示T-cyt启动子是一个细胞分裂素诱导性表达的启动子。 总之,将T-cyt基因转入植物,作为调节内源细胞分裂素的一种手段,可以对植物的生长发育进行调控。尤其是利用发育阶段特异性和各种器官特异性表达的启动子可以调节T-cyt基因的表达活性,有可能创造出具有经济价值的、具有新遗传特性的植物。

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商陆种子的7kD多肽被鉴定为一种抗真菌多肽,命名为PAFP(pokeweed antifungal protein)。它抑制Trichoderma viride, Fusatium及其它一些病原真菌的生长。本文构建了cDNA文库,而后从库中筛选和克隆PAFP基因。PAFP的编码序列--201bp的DNA片段被扩增并插入pBluescript SK+载体。经酶切图谱分析和核苷酸顺序测定之后,这个片段与35S启动子连接并重组于双元载体pBin 19。此表达载体质粒转入农杆菌LBA 4404供转化植物之用。通过农杆菌介导的对西瓜的转化,所采用的基因还包括报告基因GUS和Bar,以及一种来自大麦的抗真菌蛋白的基因。以PCR扩增,GUS与NPT II活性检测,以及Southern杂交对转基因植物进行鉴定。

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根癌农杆菌通过将一段含有“癌”基因的T-DNA导入植物基因组中,引起植物的肿瘤:冠瘿。根癌农杆菌的这种能力来源于Ti质粒(Tumor inducing plasmid)。遗传工程中,根癌农杆菌的这一特性被用来将连接入Ti质粒T-DNA区两个边界之间的外源基因转入植物基因组。随着植物分子生物学的发展,T-DNA转化的原理被进一步阐明,农杆菌介导的转基因技术也得到进一步优化,更适合遗传工程操作。特别是Ti质粒毒性区和T-DNA区的反式作用(即位于不同质粒的T-DNA和毒性区也能侵染植物)被发现以来,双元表达载体的构建使遗传工程操作大为简便。 常用的双元表达载体大小都在11kb以上,尽管远远小于几百kb的野生型Ti质粒,但在实际的体外操作中还是不够简便。常用的植物双元表达载体pBI121的基因序列被测定(Frisch et al.,1995),数据显示非T-DNA区一半以上的序列被发现和功能无关,这使双元载体的进一步缩小成为可能。本文即通过PCR方法克隆到pBI121非T-DNA区中载体复制、三亲杂交必需的片段,结合载体pART27中的T-DNA区(含有真核、原核表达活性的嵌合npt II基因)创造了小的合成型植物表达双元载体pSY1(小于7kb)。然后将pBI121上带有35S启动子和nos终止子的GUS基因克隆到pSY1的T-DNA区中,得到pSY2(约10kb)。进一步用pROK2上的35S启动子和nos终止子区替换pSY2上的GUS表达区,得到pSY3(约8kb)。通过三亲法将pSY2转入根癌农杆菌中,根癌农杆菌再通过叶盘法侵染烟草叶片,获得愈伤组织,愈伤组织进一步分化出小苗。GUS组织化学染色表明GUS基因在转基因的愈伤组织和小苗中均有表达,PCR检测也证明GUS基因被导入了植物基因组。pSY系列载体能成功的用于植物遗传转化。

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大豆是我国最重要的油料作物之一,在我国的农业乃至幽民经济中占有重要地位。但是,由于我国人豆品质较差、产量较低,严重地影响着我国的大豆牛产及其在国际市场上的竞争力。农杆菌介导的转基因方法是大豆改良的最简便和最经济的方法之一,然而大豆基因转化效率低一直是大豆基因工程的主要限制因素。本研究以含有GUS报告基因和NPT II筛选基因的农杆菌1301侵染大豆子叶节和下胚轴,并用组织化学定位法测定GUS基因在叶节和下胚轴上瞬时表达,研究了抗氧化剂对提高大豆基因转化效率的影响,为建立大豆高效基因转化体系奠定基础。 以子叶节为外植体,用农杆菌侵染和共培养后进行GUS染色,观察其瞬时表达情况。在培养基中不含抗氧化剂的情况下,子叶节上未发现染色点,仅在下胚轴侧面有极少染色点。而在培养基巾含有抗氧化剂的情况下,外植体上产生了人量GUS染色点,其中大部分位于下胚轴处,子叶节部位几乎很少被染色。这说明下胚轴比f叶节更容易接受外源基因。本论文分别以子叶节和下胚轴为外植体进行研究。 以子叶节为外植体,在抗氧化剂作用下用农杆菌侵染,诱导丛生芽,在含有潮霉素的筛选培养基上培养,以筛选抗性苗。实验只得到一株抗性幼苗。 为了进一步研究抗氧化剂对GUS暴凶在下胚轴中瞬时表达的影响,我们特别以下胚轴为外植体,测定了多种条件下的瞬时表达率情况。 我们研究了共培养时间对大豆下胚轴基因瞬时表达率的影响,通过确定合适的共培养时间以获得最佳转化率。在共培养2天后,GUS基因的表达率是8%,但是在3天后,GUS基因瞬时表达率大幅度上升,达到23.4%。随后两天GUS基因瞬时表达率没有太大变化,因此,大豆下胚轴的GUS基因瞬时表达的最适共培养时间为3天。 农杆菌再悬浮液稀释浓度对大豆下胚轴GUS基因瞬时表达也有较大影响:再悬浮培养基与农杆菌菌液等体积时,GUS基因瞬时表达率最高,随稀释浓度提高,转化效率降低。这说明随农杆菌菌液浓度提高,侵染几率增加,从而提高了GUS基因的瞬时表达率。 很多研究表明大豆基因转化存在很大的品种问差异,我们选择了四种基因型差异较大的品种在上述最佳条件下分别测定了GUS基因瞬时表达率,但没有发现品种之间存在显著差异,说明抗氧化剂在大豆下胚轴基因转化中具有品种普遍适用性。 上述研究结果表明抗氧化剂能够大大促进GUS基因在下胚轴的瞬时表达,这对于今后开展大豆基因组研究和品质改良工作具有一定意义。

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近年来,我国花生重金属镉超标的现象屡见不鲜,致使花生在我国出口创汇的能力受到了严重影响。因此,本项研究选用北方两种花生-锦花5号和阜花13号为供试材料,采用室外盆栽方式,初步探讨了镉胁迫对花生品质的影响及花生对镉胁迫的响应机制,揭示了花生易富集镉和对镉高耐性的原因。 1.在外源高镉处理下,两品种花生的产量随镉处理浓度的增加而降低;籽实Cd含量均随土壤中Cd含量的增加而显著增加(p<0.05),在土壤低Cd处理时,花生籽实更易富集Cd;花生受Cd胁迫后,籽实的亮氨酸含量受Cd的影响较为严重;氨基酸组成比例在较低镉处理剂量下未受到影响。 2.受Cd污染的花生籽实,种皮Cd含量较高;蛋白质是络合镉的主要营养部位,而脂肪中镉的含量甚微,研究处理范围内均低于食品中Cd的限量值0.2 mg•kg-1 ;因此供试花生籽实不能作为人体对植物蛋白的来源,但可以作为人体对食用油脂的来源。 3.花生籽实中存在植物螯合肽PC4,它在花生中镉的耐性方面发挥着重要的作用。尽管非蛋白巯基(NPT)、半胱氨酸(Cys)、PC4和脯氨酸(Pro)含量受作物品种和外源镉处理剂量的影响,但它们对籽实中重金属镉的络合发挥着作用。此外,脯氨酸(Pro)还可以作为花生受镉胁迫的生物指示物。

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通过溶液培养方法,研究了不同浓度镉(Cd)处理对向日葵幼苗生长和生理特性的影响、不同生长代谢水平对向日葵Cd积累的影响、硫(S)对向日葵幼苗Cd积累的调控,并对相关代谢产物进行了分析。结果表明: 1)随着Cd处理浓度的增加,向日葵幼苗对Cd的吸收显著增加;根中积累的Cd明显高于叶和茎,各浓度处理根部的Cd含量分别为叶和茎的37.8 - 63.0倍和29.4 - 41.0倍。Cd胁迫显著抑制向日葵幼苗生长和叶绿素合成,当Cd浓度达1.0 mg•L-1 时,整株植物生物量和总叶绿素含量分别为对照的55.9%和52.6%。Cd胁迫下向日葵幼苗中游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量显著增加,1.0 mg•L-1 Cd浓度时,根中含量分别为对照的4.0、5.8倍。向日葵幼苗可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化物酶活性变化与Cd胁迫浓度呈明显的倒U字型关系,可溶性蛋白含量在0.05 mg•L-1 Cd浓度时达到最大值,叶、茎、根中的过氧化物酶活性分别在0.1、0.1和0.05 mg•L-1 Cd浓度时达到最大值。 2)向日葵幼叶中的Cd含量远远高于成熟叶片,最高可达成熟叶片Cd含量的5.8倍;幼苗地上部Cd积累与生长量呈线性正相关(R2=0.9858),证明Cd积累主要发生在植物的生长发育阶段,停止生长的组织或器官积累镉的速率显著降低(甚至停止)。 3)营养液缺S处理显著降低向日葵幼苗对Cd的积累,叶、茎、根Cd含量分别减少对照的30.5%、53.6%、31.4%,说明S是影响向日葵Cd积累的关键因素,而且不同器官对缺S的敏感程度不同,表现为:茎>根>叶。叶面喷施雾化谷胱甘肽(GSH)使向日葵地上部分Cd含量显著增加,为对照的1.4倍;但单独喷施半胱氨酸(Cys)或GSH的前体氨基酸(Cys、谷氨酸、甘氨酸)并没有增加向日葵Cd积累,说明GSH合成与向日葵的Cd积累密切相关。 4)通过对植物相关代谢产物分析发现,有机酸和非蛋白巯基(NPT)在向日葵幼苗中的含量分布不同,其中草酸和植物螯合肽(PC)分别占到总有机酸和NPT的90%、85%以上。有机酸和PC合成的前体物质(Cys、γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸、GSH)含量的高低对向日葵幼苗Cd积累没有影响;但幼苗叶和茎中的PC含量和Cd积累呈线性正相关(R叶2=0.958,R茎2=0.9994),而且各器官PC含量为:根≥茎、叶,说明PC是向日葵Cd积累的关键物质。

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鞑靼荞麦是我国特有的农业产品,具有抗寒耐旱特性和较高的营养保健功能。荞麦的开花习性及遗传特点导致其人工杂交授粉难以成功,这成为荞麦杂交育种难以获得突破的重要原因。因此利用转基因技术导入有益基因有可能成为荞麦遗传改良的新途径,而再生及转化体系的建立是开展转基因研究的基础。 本文研究了苗龄、外植体、几种激素配比对鞑靼荞麦(Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.)离体培养的影响,初步建立了鞑靼荞麦离体再生体系。结果表明,鞑靼荞麦离体再生的最佳取材时间为苗龄6-8d;诱导愈伤组织的最适培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+1.5 mg/L 6-BA,子叶诱愈率达75%左右,下胚轴的可高达86.62%;愈伤组织分化的最适培养基为MS 0.1mg/L IAA+2.0mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L KT+0.5mg/L TDZ,下胚轴的分化率可达9.52%。下胚轴的诱愈率与分化率均高于子叶,更适于离体再生培养。培养基中加入AgNO3后,能有效降低褐化率。生根最适培养基为含有0.5mg/L NAA的1/2MS培养基,生根率在50%左右。TDZ在诱导鞑靼荞麦的愈伤组织分化出芽的过程中起到明显的促进作用,可提高分化率约20%。 在上述研究基础上,本文还对鞑靼荞麦的遗传转化体系进行了探索性研究。分别利用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导法和微粒轰击法(基因枪法)对黑水苦荞下胚轴进行遗传转化。 在农杆菌介导的方法中,携带有质粒pCAMBIA2301的农杆菌菌株EHA105用于转化。载体质粒pCAMBIA2301包含有gus和npt-II 基因, 并受35s启动子驱动。研究结果表明,在侵染方式选择上,浸泡方式比吸打方式更有效,根癌农杆菌侵染的较适浓度为OD600=0.5,共培养3天,恢复培养7天,能检测到gus基因的表达。 基因枪法使用质粒pBI121,同样包含有gus和npt-II基因, 并受CaMV35s 启动子驱动。轰击距离为9cm较合适,甘露醇前处理在本研究中未表现出明显优势。 两种转化方法比较,基因枪法比农杆菌介导法更快速有效。 本研究为进一步的遗传操作研究打下基础。 Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.), the traditional and unique agricultural product of China, is a kind of crop with strong drought and cold tolerance, abundant nutrition and high medical value. Artificial hybridization is hard in buckwheat because of its flowering habits and genetic characteristics, which leads to no breakthrough in tartary buckwheat breeding. However, biotechnological approaches, especially genetic transformation for the direct introduction of good genes into tartary buckwheat for quality improvement, hold great promise. In this study, we established tartary buckwheat regeneration system in vitro. It is the foundation for genetic manipulation of this crop. The effects of seedling age, hypocotyl and cotyledon as explants, and proportions of several growth regulators were tested in tissue culture of tartary buckwheat for establishing its in vitro regeneration system. The results showed that the best seedling age for callus induction was 6 to 8 days. On the MS medium containing 2.0mg/L 2, 4-D and 1.5mg/L 6-BA, the induction rate of callus from hypocotyls was up to 86.62%, while from cotyledons was about 75%. The suitable shooting medium was the MS medium+0.1mg/L IAA+2.0mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L KT+0.5mg/L TDZ, and the shooting rate from hypocotyls was 9.52%. The callus induction and shooting rates were higher from hypocotyls than from cotyledons. Browning reduced when the medium mixed with AgNO3. Half strength MS supplemented with 0.5mg/L NAA was the best for rooting, the rate was around 50% after 30 days culture. TDZ can accelerate the shoot differentiation distinctively, and it could improve the shooting rate nearly 20%. On the base of above, the explorative research of the genetic transformation in tartary buckwheat was done. In the study, hypocotyls from Heishui tartary buckwheat were transformed by Agrobacterium-mediated method and microprojectile bombardment method (gene-gun), comparatively. In Agrobacterium-mediated method, a disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring plasmid pCAMBIA2301 was used. The vector pCAMBIA2301 contains gus and npt-II genes, driven by CaMV35s promoter. The results showed that the appropriate concentration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens for infecting was OD600=0.5, and co-culture time was 3d. Seven days later after coculture, GUS expression could be tested. In particle bombardment transformation, plasmid pBI121 was used. pBI121 also contains gus and npt-II genes, driven by 35s promoter. Hypocotyls pretreated with mannitol, no effect was observed, and the suitable distance of bombardment is 9cm. Comparing with Agrobacterium-mediated method, gene-gun method is more convenient and effective. All above results could be a basic work for further study in tartary buckwheat transformation.

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地锦(Parthenocissus tricuspidata)为葡萄科(Vitaceae)地锦属(Parthenocissus)多年生大型落叶木质藤本植物,集绿化、环境保护、药用价值为一体,开发利用前景非常广阔。为了进一步有效地利用及增加它的适应性,本论文对地锦的遗传转化及其抑菌活性进行了初步研究。 利用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导对地锦进行遗传转化。所转外源目的基因为干旱应答因子结合蛋白DREB基因,克隆自拟南芥,受干旱应答基因启动子rd29Bp驱动。将此基因与pCAMBIA2301重组构建得到植物表达载体p2326。p2326携报告基因b-葡萄糖苷酸酶基因(gus)和选择基因新霉素磷酸转移酶基因(npt II)。然后将p2326导入根癌农杆菌EHA105,对地锦愈伤组织及外植体茎段进行转化。经3-4轮卡那霉素选择培养后,PCR及GUS组织染色验证,表明成功获得了转基因愈伤组织。 对地锦愈伤组织进行耐盐及脯氨酸含量测定。结果表明,转基因愈伤组织与非转基因愈伤组织相比,对高盐的耐受力有较大提高。在250 mM NaC1的继代培养基中,携DREB基因的愈伤组织能够存活20 d以上,而对照在10 d后大多数褐化死亡。高盐胁迫时转基因材料脯氨酸含量高于对照,并能够维持较长时间。 研究还发现,来自室外自然生长的地锦茎、叶,对根癌农杆菌有极强的抑制作用。 因此,对地锦的抑菌作用进行初步研究。 对一年中不同时期(分别采于4月、8月、12月)的地锦茎、叶进行抑菌活性初步研究。结果表明,12月份地锦叶片对所选细菌抑制作用最强。然后对其进行分溶剂萃取。分别用极性递增的有机溶剂依次提取地锦中的有效成分、逐级分离、浓缩干燥,得到石油醚部、乙酸乙酯部、正丁醇部和水部等不同极性溶剂萃取物。选择革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌共5种对得到的各部分粗提物分别做抑菌实验,表明正丁醇部的抑菌活性最强,水部提取物有一定抑制作用,而石油醚部、乙酸乙酯部没有表现出明显抑菌作用。 地锦正丁醇提取物对大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌、农杆菌及酵母菌的最低抑制浓度(MIC)分别为0.25,0.3,0.25,0.3,1g/mL。其抑菌活性随着浓度增加而增强,而且抑菌活性具有较好的热稳定性。 研究发现地锦所产生的抑菌物质不仅对无耐药性的细菌具有抑制作用,而且还对某些耐药性细菌具有抑制作用。目前,细菌对抗生素的耐药性已成为全球关注的问题,寻找新型抗生素已迫在眉捷,地锦抑菌物质的研究为新抗菌药物的研制开发提供了新思路。 上述研究结果,为地锦的遗传改良及开发利用打下基础。

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毛壳菌属很多种类具有重要生防价值,其生防机理包括对植物病原真菌的重寄生作用、诱导植物产生抗病性、产生抗真菌活性的次生代谢产物等。迄今,学界对毛壳菌的研究主要集中在毛壳菌的生防机理,毛壳菌活性次生代谢产物的分离等方面。本研究致力于产抗生素的毛壳菌的种间原生质体融合,从产抗生素毛壳菌菌株的筛选开始,进而对产抗生素的角毛壳菌进行诱变选育,最终用产不同抗生素的角毛壳菌与球毛壳菌进行种间原生质体融合。主要有以下五方面研究结果。 1、毛壳菌抗真菌活性物质产生菌株的筛选:不同毛壳菌菌株发酵液采用琼脂扩散法对植物病原真菌进行抑菌活性试验,结果显示,菌株CH08和CH23的发酵液对芒果炭疽、苹果炭疽和马铃薯晚疫菌具有抑制作用。菌株CH16和CH17的发酵液对芒果炭疽菌、苹果炭疽菌有抑制作用。菌株CH21发酵液对辣椒炭疽菌和西瓜枯萎菌有抑制作用。经形态学研究,菌株CH08、CH16、CH17和CH23鉴定为球毛壳菌,菌株CH21鉴定为角毛壳菌。对角毛壳菌与球毛壳菌菌株发酵液抑菌谱比较,发现角毛壳菌与球毛壳菌发酵液具有明显不同的抑菌谱,表明角毛壳菌与球毛壳菌产生不同的抗真菌活性物质。 2、角毛壳菌(CH21)和球毛壳菌(CH08)原生质体制备和再生条件研究:考察了菌龄、酶浓度、稳渗剂及其浓度、酶解温度、酶解时间及再生培养基对原生质体制备和再生的影响。用菌龄为生长54 h的角毛壳菌菌丝,以0.06 M磷酸缓冲液(pH6.0)配制成含蜗牛酶15 mg/ml、溶壁酶10 mg/ml、蔗糖0.6 mol/L的酶解液,30℃酶解1.5 h,原生质体释放量2.02×107个/g;以PDA为再生培养基,0.7 mol/L的蔗糖再生稳渗剂,再生率可达51.45%。用菌龄为生长48 h的球毛壳菌菌丝,以0.06 M磷酸缓冲液(pH6.0)配制成含蜗牛酶15 mg/ml、溶壁酶10 mg/ml、蔗糖0.6 mol/L的酶解液,30℃酶解1 h,原生质体释放量达1.57×108个/g;以PDA为再生培养基,0.7 mol/L的蔗糖为再生稳渗剂,再生率可达41.48%。 3、角毛壳菌(CH21)原生质体紫外诱变选育:以CH21为出发菌株,制备原生质体进行紫外诱变,诱变条件为:15 w紫外灯,距离30 cm,照射90 s,致死率80%~85%。建立了诱变菌株初筛的双层平板筛选模型。经平板初筛和摇瓶复筛,获得一株突变菌株CH21-I-402,其发酵液抑菌活性较出发菌株提高18.3%。 4、抗性标记菌株的获得:菌株CH21-I-402和CH08抗生素药敏试验表明, CH21-I-402菌株对潮霉素有抗性、对G418(Geneticin)敏感,菌株CH08对潮霉素和G418都敏感。根癌农杆菌EHA105介导的新霉素磷酸转移酶基因转化球毛壳菌,经PCR检测,新霉素磷酸转移酶基因成功转化进菌株CH08-GR70,CH08-GR120。转化子对G418抗性提高3~4倍,对潮霉素仍然比较敏感。 5、以G418和潮霉素抗性为筛选标记的原生质体融合与融合菌株AFLP分析:制备角毛壳菌CH21-I-402和球毛壳菌CH08-GR70原生质体,以35%的PEG6000为助融剂进行原生质体融合,以65 μg/ml的潮霉素和60 μg/ml G418为抗性筛选标记,获得46个再生菌株。再生菌株连续传代5代后,再生菌株表现出多种形态类型。利用AFLP技术对再生菌株及亲本菌株基因组DNA分析表明,再生菌株PF1、PF26为融合菌株。抑菌活性测试表明,融合菌株PF26发酵液对芒果炭疽菌和苹果轮纹菌有强的抑制作用,且抑菌活性比亲本球毛壳菌明显提高。 Chaetomium spp. have great potentials as biocontrol agents against a range of plant pathogens on the basis of its mycoparasitism, induced plant disease resistance, production of antifungal metabolites, and so on. Previous researches on C. spp. mostly focused on the mechanisms of its biocontrol and the isolation of secondary metabolites. In this study, screening antifungal C. spp., mutation breeding of C. cupreum and interspecies protoplast fusion between C. cupreum and C. globosum were carried out, respectively. The corresponding results are as follows: Firstly, among more than 40 C. spp., the strains produced anti-fungal antibiotics were screened by agar diffusion experiments. Results showed that both CH08 and CH23 had inhibition against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Cladosporium fulvum, and Phytophthora infestans. Both CH16 and CH17 had inhibition against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Cladosporium fulvum. In addition, CH21 exhibited anti-fungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp niveum and Colletotrichum capsici. Furthermore, CH08, CH16, CH17 and CH23 were identified as C. globosum, CH21 was proved to be C. cupreum based on morphology. The comparison of the anti-fungal spectrum between C. cupreum and C. globosum, showed they could produce different antibiotics. Secondly, specified protocols for preparing and regenerating protoplasts from mycelia of C. cupreum CH21 and C. globosum CH08 were studied. The effects of the age mycelia, the concentration of enzyme, digestion temperature and time, kinds of osmotic stabilizer and regeneration medium on protoplasts preparation and regeneration were all optimized, respectively. In one protocol, with 15 mg/mL snailase, 10 mg/mL lywallzyme, 0.6 M sucrose, in 0.06 M phosphate buffer (pH6.0), and digested for 1.5 h at 30 ºC, 2.02×107 protoplasts from each gram mycelia were obtained from cultures of C. cupreum CH21 grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium for 54 h. And when 0.7 M sucrose was used as osmotic stabilizer in the regeneration medium OPDA (potato dextrose agar with osmotic stabilize), the regeneration efficiency of protoplasts was 51.45%. In another protocol, with 15 mg/mL snailase, 10 mg/mL lywallzyme, 0.6 M sucrose, in 0.06 M phosphate buffer (pH6.0), and digested for 1 h at 30 ºC, 1.57×108 protoplasts from each gram mycelia were obtained from cultures of C. globosum CH08 grown in PDB for 48 h. And when 0.7 M sucrose was used as osmotic stabilizer in the regeneration medium OPDA, the regeneration efficiency of protoplasts was 41.48%. Thirdly, the mutagenesis conditions and secondary screening model of C. cupreum CH21 were explored. An 80% to 85% death rate could be achieved when the protoplasts of C. cupreum CH21 were irradiated by 15 w UV lamp from 30 cm distance for 90 s. In addition, the doublelayer plate’s method for the primary screening of high-producing antibiotics strains was established. A high yielding antibiotic mutant CH21-I-402 was obtained through the primary screening on plate and the secondary selection in Erlenmeyer flask, compared to the original CH21 strain, the antifungal activity of the mutant CH21-I-402 was increased by 18.3%. Fourth, the sensitivity to antibiotics of both C. cupreum CH21-I-402 and C. globusm CH08 was detected. Results showed C. cupreum CH21-I-402 was sensitive to G418 (Geneticin) (Gs) and resistant to Hygromycin B(Hr), and C. globusm CH08 was sensitive to both G418 (Geneticin) (Gs) and Hygromycin B(Hs). At the same time, neomycin phosphotransferase II (npt II) gene was transformed into C. globusm CH08(Gs, Hs) mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105, and the npt II gene was verified by polymerase chain reaction in resistance to G418 strains CH08-GR70 and CH08-GR120. The transformants still showed sensitive to Hygromycin B(Hs). Finally, a selection system for hybrids was set up by interspecies protoplast fusion between C. cupreum and C. globusm using dominant selective drug resistance markers. At first, protoplasts of C. cupreum CH21-I-402 (Hr, Gs) and C. globusm CH08-GR70 (Hs, Gr) were prepared, then the protoplasts were fused in the presence of 35% polyethylene glycol 6000 and regenerated on OPDA medium with 65 μg/ml Hygromycin B and 60μg/ml G418, at last 46 colonies with Hr and Gr were obtained. Even after 5 generations’ subculture, most of the colonies displayed significant difference in taxonomic characteristics with their parental strains. Regenerated strains PF1 and PF26 were confirmed as fusants by amplified fragment length polymorphisms analysis with the genomic DNA as the model. PF26 showed higher inhibitory activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Macrophoma kuwatsukai than that of the parental strain C. globusm.

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Antisense deoxyoligonucleotide (ASO) gene silencing was investigated as a potential disinfection tool for industrial and drinking water treatment application. ASOs bind with their reverse complementary mRNA transcripts thereby blocking protein translation. While ASO silencing has mainly been studied in medicine, it may be useful for modulating gene expression and inactivating microorganisms in environmental applications. In this proof of concept work, gene targets were sh ble (zeocin resistance) and todE (catechol-2,3-dioxygenase) in Pichia pastoris and npt (kanamycin resistance) in Pseudomonas putida. A maximum 0.5-fold decrease in P. pastoris cell numbers was obtained following a 120 min incubation with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 200 nM as compared to the no ssDNA control. In P. putida, a maximum 5.2-fold decrease was obtained after 90 min with 400 nM ssDNA. While the silencing efficiencies varied for the 25 targets tested, these results suggest that protein activity as well as microbial growth can be altered using ASO gene silencing-based tools. If successful, this technology has the potential to eliminate some of the environmental and health issues associated with the use of strong chemical biocides. However, prior to its dissemination, more research is needed to increase silencing efficiency and develop effective delivery methods.

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Significant genotypic difference in response to arsenate toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa) was investigated in root elongation, arsenate uptake kinetics, physiological and biochemical response and arsenic (As) speciation. Uptake kinetics data showed that P-deprived genotype 94D-54 had a little higher As uptake than P-deprived 94D-64, but the difference was not large enough to cause acute toxicity in P-deprived 94D-54. There was no difference in tissue P concentrations between the two genotypes under P deficient conditions. In addition, arsenic speciation in plant tissues (using high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) was not different between P pretreatments and between genotypes. P-deprived genotype 94D-54 suffered much higher stress induced by arsenate toxicity than P-deprived genotype 94D-64, in terms of lipid peroxidation, tissue H2O2 concentrations and exosmosis of K, P and As. However, P-deprived 94D-54 also had higher overproduction of enzymatic antioxidants (with higher GPX, SOD, CAT) and NPT (non-protein thiols) than P-deprived 94D-64. It appeared that, the higher sensitivity of P-deprived 94D-54 to arsenate toxicity might cause the overproduction of NPT, thus leading to the depletion of GSH and to the accumulation of H2O2. The differential sensitivity of the two genotypes has major implications for breeding rice for As affected paddy soil.

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The solid-fluid transition properties of the n - 6 Lennard-Jones system are studied by means of extensive free energy calculations. Different values of the parameter n which regulates the steepness of the short-range repulsive interaction are investigated. Furthermore, the free energies of the n < 12 systems are calculated using the n = 12 system as a reference. The method relies on a generalization of the multiple histogram method that combines independent canonical ensemble simulations performed with different Hamiltonians and computes the free energy difference between them. The phase behavior of the fullerene C60 solid is studied by performing NPT simulations using atomistic models which treat each carbon in the molecule as a separate interaction site with additional bond charges. In particular, the transition from an orientationally frozen phase at low temperatures to one where the molecules are freely rotating at higher temperatures is studied as a function of applied pressure. The adsorption of molecular hydrogen in the zeolite NaA is investigated by means of grand-canonical Monte Carlo, in a wide range of temperatures and imposed gas pressures, and results are compared with available experimental data. A potential model is used that comprises three main interactions: van der Waals, Coulomb and induced polarization by the permanent electric field in the zeolite.