El ejercicio y el desempeño musical: doce semanas de actividad física mejoran la capacidad de ejecución de un instrumento musical en estudiantes de conservatorio

Con el fin de evaluar los cambios que produce un programa de actividad física en la percepción que tienen los músicos sobre su capacidad de ejecución de un instrumento musical, se realizó una intervención con un programa de actividad física basado en la técnica Pilates, durante 12 semanas, en el Conservatorio de Música de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, con estudiantes del programa de música instrumental. Se midieron parámetros de la aptitud física (capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, fuerza, flexibilidad y composición corporal) y de la percepción de la capacidad de ejecución (fatiga muscular, nivel de esfuerzo, dolor y fluidez) antes y después de la intervención. Los resultados arrojaron cambios positivos en la aptitud física logrando un aumento significativo en la flexibilidad y resistencia de los miembros inferiores en 14 participantes (70% de la muestra), y en la percepción de la capacidad de ejecución instrumental con el retraso en la aparición de la fatiga muscular mientras se está ejecutando el instrumento (30 minutos en promedio). Esto permite a los músicos abordar un repertorio extenso con menor fatiga, minimizando el riesgo de lesión o alteraciones musculo-esqueléticas que influyan directamente en su desempeño técnico y artístico.

Experiencing flow while teaching and learning in individual tuition settings

Conferência anual da ISME

Towards the wide implementation of standards IEC 61968/70 (CIM) and IEC 61850 in the distribution system (CIGRÉ C6-105_2010)

Currently, power systems (PS) already accommodate a substantial penetration of distributed generation (DG) and operate in competitive environments. In the future, as the result of the liberalisation and political regulations, PS will have to deal with large-scale integration of DG and other distributed energy resources (DER), such as storage and provide market agents to ensure a flexible and secure operation. This cannot be done with the traditional PS operational tools used today like the quite restricted information systems Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) [1]. The trend to use the local generation in the active operation of the power system requires new solutions for data management system. The relevant standards have been developed separately in the last few years so there is a need to unify them in order to receive a common and interoperable solution. For the distribution operation the CIM models described in the IEC 61968/70 are especially relevant. In Europe dispersed and renewable energy resources (D&RER) are mostly operated without remote control mechanisms and feed the maximal amount of available power into the grid. To improve the network operation performance the idea of virtual power plants (VPP) will become a reality. In the future power generation of D&RER will be scheduled with a high accuracy. In order to realize VPP decentralized energy management, communication facilities are needed that have standardized interfaces and protocols. IEC 61850 is suitable to serve as a general standard for all communication tasks in power systems [2]. The paper deals with international activities and experiences in the implementation of a new data management and communication concept in the distribution system. The difficulties in the coordination of the inconsistent developed in parallel communication and data management standards - are first addressed in the paper. The upcoming unification work taking into account the growing role of D&RER in the PS is shown. It is possible to overcome the lag in current practical experiences using new tools for creating and maintenance the CIM data and simulation of the IEC 61850 protocol – the prototype of which is presented in the paper –. The origin and the accuracy of the data requirements depend on the data use (e.g. operation or planning) so some remarks concerning the definition of the digital interface incorporated in the merging unit idea from the power utility point of view are presented in the paper too. To summarize some required future work has been identified.

Ansiedade na performance: causas e possíveis curas

I - Este relatório pretende descrever o estágio especializado em ensino de música realizado no âmbito do mestrado em Ensino de Música na Escola Superior de Música de Lisboa. Este estágio decorreu no Instituto Gregoriano de Lisboa e no Conservatório de Música, de Dança e de Arte Dramática de Lisboa, duas escolas de ensino oficial especializado. Sendo a primeira pública e a segunda privada, estas escolas apresentam realidades muito diferentes do ponto de vista organizacional e de gestão, que resultam em situações heterogéneas e dependentes de vários factores que serão mencionados ao longo deste relatório. A análise SWOT efectuada para cada uma destas organizações descreve mais objectivamente os factores e variáveis que permitiram construir este relatório. Foram caracterizados três alunos, um de cada curso: preparatório, básico e secundário. A Maria M. é a aluna do 2º ano do curso preparatório, o Pedro R. é aluno de 3º grau do curso básico de instrumento e o Diego M. é aluno de 7º grau. Foram aprofundadas as práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas com cada um dos alunos e os avanços e metas atingidas por cada um destes alunos. Este estágio resulta numa reflexão sobre a prática pedagógica aplicada e as suas motivações.

O papel dos pais na motivação para o estudo - aprendizagem do violino

Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Ensino de Música

Contrapuntos de la invención

Un instrumento musical implica la presencia de un registro sonoro que afecta tanto a la organización de los sonidos, silencios y ruidos, como a la disposición corporal que con él se va forjando. Desde esta consideración, la organización de la música llevada a cabo con las tecnologías eléctricas y electrónicas supone una profunda modificación de ambos aspectos. La llegada de la electricidad implica una tripledislocación: respecto a la transmisión de lo sonoro, a su posibilidad de reproducción y a la escucha. Estas dislocaciones son puestas en relación con invenciones que, desde el órgano de Ctesibios hasta el clavecín ocular de Castel, nos dibujan un marco en el que música, técnica, sensibilidad y sistemaeconómico-social, tejen sus nexos. A lo largo de este recorrido se trazan lo que se ha denominado contrapuntos de la invención, que pueden tomar en las figuras de J.S. Bach y de J. Cage sus ejemplos más prominentes

Recursos electrònics i audiovisuals per l'ensenyament i aprenentatge de la flauta dolça

Descripció i anàlisi dels principals webs dedicats a l'ensenyament-aprenentatge de la flauta de bec

Plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex induced by Music-supported therapy in stroke patients: a TMS study.

Playing a musical instrument demands the engagement of different neural systems. Recent studies about the musician"s brain and musical training highlight that this activity requires the close interaction between motor and somatosensory systems. Moreover, neuroplastic changes have been reported in motor-related areas after short and long-term musical training. Because of its capacity to promote neuroplastic changes, music has been used in the context of stroke neurorehabilitation. The majority of patients suffering from a stroke have motor impairments, preventing them to live independently. Thus, there is an increasing demand for effective restorative interventions for neurological deficits. Music-supported Therapy (MST) has been recently developed to restore motor deficits. We report data of a selected sample of stroke patients who have been enrolled in a MST program (1 month intense music learning). Prior to and after the therapy, patients were evaluated with different behavioral motor tests. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) was applied to evaluate changes in the sensorimotor representations underlying the motor gains observed. Several parameters of excitability of the motor cortex were assessed as well as the cortical somatotopic representation of a muscle in the affected hand. Our results revealed that participants obtained significant motor improvements in the paretic hand and those changes were accompanied by changes in the excitability of the motor cortex. Thus, MST leads to neuroplastic changes in the motor cortex of stroke patients which may explain its efficacy.

Plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex induced by Music-supported therapy in stroke patients: a TMS study.

Playing a musical instrument demands the engagement of different neural systems. Recent studies about the musician"s brain and musical training highlight that this activity requires the close interaction between motor and somatosensory systems. Moreover, neuroplastic changes have been reported in motor-related areas after short and long-term musical training. Because of its capacity to promote neuroplastic changes, music has been used in the context of stroke neurorehabilitation. The majority of patients suffering from a stroke have motor impairments, preventing them to live independently. Thus, there is an increasing demand for effective restorative interventions for neurological deficits. Music-supported Therapy (MST) has been recently developed to restore motor deficits. We report data of a selected sample of stroke patients who have been enrolled in a MST program (1 month intense music learning). Prior to and after the therapy, patients were evaluated with different behavioral motor tests. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) was applied to evaluate changes in the sensorimotor representations underlying the motor gains observed. Several parameters of excitability of the motor cortex were assessed as well as the cortical somatotopic representation of a muscle in the affected hand. Our results revealed that participants obtained significant motor improvements in the paretic hand and those changes were accompanied by changes in the excitability of the motor cortex. Thus, MST leads to neuroplastic changes in the motor cortex of stroke patients which may explain its efficacy.

Plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex induced by Music-supported therapy in stroke patients: a TMS study.

Playing a musical instrument demands the engagement of different neural systems. Recent studies about the musician"s brain and musical training highlight that this activity requires the close interaction between motor and somatosensory systems. Moreover, neuroplastic changes have been reported in motor-related areas after short and long-term musical training. Because of its capacity to promote neuroplastic changes, music has been used in the context of stroke neurorehabilitation. The majority of patients suffering from a stroke have motor impairments, preventing them to live independently. Thus, there is an increasing demand for effective restorative interventions for neurological deficits. Music-supported Therapy (MST) has been recently developed to restore motor deficits. We report data of a selected sample of stroke patients who have been enrolled in a MST program (1 month intense music learning). Prior to and after the therapy, patients were evaluated with different behavioral motor tests. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) was applied to evaluate changes in the sensorimotor representations underlying the motor gains observed. Several parameters of excitability of the motor cortex were assessed as well as the cortical somatotopic representation of a muscle in the affected hand. Our results revealed that participants obtained significant motor improvements in the paretic hand and those changes were accompanied by changes in the excitability of the motor cortex. Thus, MST leads to neuroplastic changes in the motor cortex of stroke patients which may explain its efficacy.

El sonido de la guerra: Las trompas de la Fortaleza Medieval de Ausa (Zaldibia, Guipuzcoa)

During the fieldwork in the medieval fortification of Ausa (Gipuzkoa), a vast amount of sherds from several pottery artifacts featured by a cylindrical body has been found out. They presumably had the same function in contexts dated from the first half of xiv century. Although it has not been possible to reconstruct any of these artefacts, the study of the sherds allows us to think that they would have formed some sort of big-sized horn. This high-sounding instrument, which has been frequently reproduced in iconographic references, does not have at this moment any direct parallelism in Hispanic contexts, despite being plentiful of references to similar objects in medieval ranges from Provence and Languedoc. By introducing these artefacts from different approaches, we aim to go over the scarce knowledge of these instruments, whose evidence lets us to believe in their widespread distribution all over the landscape in several material contexts from Medieval Ages.

El sonido de la guerra: Las trompas de la Fortaleza Medieval de Ausa (Zaldibia, Guipuzcoa)

During the fieldwork in the medieval fortification of Ausa (Gipuzkoa), a vast amount of sherds from several pottery artifacts featured by a cylindrical body has been found out. They presumably had the same function in contexts dated from the first half of xiv century. Although it has not been possible to reconstruct any of these artefacts, the study of the sherds allows us to think that they would have formed some sort of big-sized horn. This high-sounding instrument, which has been frequently reproduced in iconographic references, does not have at this moment any direct parallelism in Hispanic contexts, despite being plentiful of references to similar objects in medieval ranges from Provence and Languedoc. By introducing these artefacts from different approaches, we aim to go over the scarce knowledge of these instruments, whose evidence lets us to believe in their widespread distribution all over the landscape in several material contexts from Medieval Ages.

Social class as a factor for the construction of a musician’s identity : The Musician’s social background and identity questionnaire (MSBIQ) – a cross-sectional comparative quantitative online survey research study of music students at two higher education institutions in Finland

There is currently little empirical knowledge regarding the construction of a musician’s identity and social class. With a theoretical framework based on Bourdieu’s (1984) distinction theory, Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) theory of ecological systems, and the identity theories of Erikson (1950; 1968) and Marcia (1966), a survey called the Musician’s Social Background and Identity Questionnaire (MSBIQ) is developed to test three research hypotheses related to the construction of a musician’s identity, social class and ecological systems of development. The MSBIQ is administered to the music students at Sibelius Academy of the University of Arts Helsinki and Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, representing the ’highbrow’ and the ’middlebrow’ samples in the field of music education in Finland. Acquired responses (N = 253) are analyzed and compared with quantitative methods including Pearson’s chi-square test, factor analysis and an adjusted analysis of variance (ANOVA). The study revealed that (1) the music students at Sibelius Academy and Metropolia construct their subjective musician’s identity differently, but (2) social class does not affect this identity construction process significantly. In turn, (3) the ecological systems of development, especially the individual’s residential location, do significantly affect the construction of a musician’s identity, as well as the age at which one starts to play one’s first musical instrument. Furthermore, a novel finding related to the structure of a musician’s identity was the tripartite model of musical identity consisting of the three dimensions of a musician’s identity: (I) ’the subjective dimension of a musician’s identity’, (II) ’the occupational dimension of a musician’s identity’ and, (III) ’the conservative-liberal dimension of a musician’s identity’. According to this finding, a musician’s identity is not a uniform, coherent entity, but a structure consisting of different elements continuously working in parallel within different dimensions. The results and limitations related to the study are discussed, as well as the objectives related to future studies using the MSBIQ to research the identity construction and social backgrounds of a musician or other performing artists.

Corrélats neuronaux de l'expertise auditive

La voix humaine constitue la partie dominante de notre environnement auditif. Non seulement les humains utilisent-ils la voix pour la parole, mais ils sont tout aussi habiles pour en extraire une multitude d’informations pertinentes sur le locuteur. Cette expertise universelle pour la voix humaine se reflète dans la présence d’aires préférentielles à celle-ci le long des sillons temporaux supérieurs. À ce jour, peu de données nous informent sur la nature et le développement de cette réponse sélective à la voix. Dans le domaine visuel, une vaste littérature aborde une problématique semblable en ce qui a trait à la perception des visages. L’étude d’experts visuels a permis de dégager les processus et régions impliqués dans leur expertise et a démontré une forte ressemblance avec ceux utilisés pour les visages. Dans le domaine auditif, très peu d’études se sont penchées sur la comparaison entre l’expertise pour la voix et d’autres catégories auditives, alors que ces comparaisons pourraient contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la perception vocale et auditive. La présente thèse a pour dessein de préciser la spécificité des processus et régions impliqués dans le traitement de la voix. Pour ce faire, le recrutement de différents types d’experts ainsi que l’utilisation de différentes méthodes expérimentales ont été préconisés. La première étude a évalué l’influence d’une expertise musicale sur le traitement de la voix humaine, à l’aide de tâches comportementales de discrimination de voix et d’instruments de musique. Les résultats ont démontré que les musiciens amateurs étaient meilleurs que les non-musiciens pour discriminer des timbres d’instruments de musique mais aussi les voix humaines, suggérant une généralisation des apprentissages perceptifs causés par la pratique musicale. La seconde étude avait pour but de comparer les potentiels évoqués auditifs liés aux chants d’oiseaux entre des ornithologues amateurs et des participants novices. L’observation d’une distribution topographique différente chez les ornithologues à la présentation des trois catégories sonores (voix, chants d’oiseaux, sons de l’environnement) a rendu les résultats difficiles à interpréter. Dans la troisième étude, il était question de préciser le rôle des aires temporales de la voix dans le traitement de catégories d’expertise chez deux groupes d’experts auditifs, soit des ornithologues amateurs et des luthiers. Les données comportementales ont démontré une interaction entre les deux groupes d’experts et leur catégorie d’expertise respective pour des tâches de discrimination et de mémorisation. Les résultats obtenus en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle ont démontré une interaction du même type dans le sillon temporal supérieur gauche et le gyrus cingulaire postérieur gauche. Ainsi, les aires de la voix sont impliquées dans le traitement de stimuli d’expertise dans deux groupes d’experts auditifs différents. Ce résultat suggère que la sélectivité à la voix humaine, telle que retrouvée dans les sillons temporaux supérieurs, pourrait être expliquée par une exposition prolongée à ces stimuli. Les données présentées démontrent plusieurs similitudes comportementales et anatomo-fonctionnelles entre le traitement de la voix et d’autres catégories d’expertise. Ces aspects communs sont explicables par une organisation à la fois fonctionnelle et économique du cerveau. Par conséquent, le traitement de la voix et d’autres catégories sonores se baserait sur les mêmes réseaux neuronaux, sauf en cas de traitement plus poussé. Cette interprétation s’avère particulièrement importante pour proposer une approche intégrative quant à la spécificité du traitement de la voix.

De la musique au-delà des frontières du son

La musique aujourd’hui est régulièrement accompagnée d’environnements visuels. Depuis les propositions en provenance du vidéoclip jusqu’aux œuvres installatives en passant par l’art web ou le cinéma, l’audiovisuel occupe une place considérable dans notre monde médiatisé et constitue un foyer important du développement des pratiques musicales. L’alliage entre son et image est souvent rattachée à l’histoire du cinéma mais les prémisses entourant l’audiovisuel remontent en réalité à l’Antiquité. Les correspondances entre sons et couleurs ont pris racine en premier chez les Pythagoriciens et cet intérêt se poursuit encore aujourd’hui. L’avènement de différentes technologies est venu reformuler au fil des siècles cette recherche qui retourne du décloisonnement artistique. L’arrivée de l’électricité permet au XIXe siècle le développement d’une lutherie expérimentale avec entre autres l’orgue à couleur d’Alexander Rimington. Ces instruments audiovisuels donnent naissance plus tard au Lumia, un art de la couleur et du mouvement se voulant proche de la musique et qui ne donne pourtant rien à entendre. Parallèlement à ces nouvelles propositions artistiques, il se développe dès les tout début du XXe siècle au sein des avant-gardes cinématographiques un corpus d’œuvres qui sera ensuite appelé musique visuelle. Les possibilités offertes par le support filmique vient offrir de nouvelles possibilités quant à l’organisation de la couleur et du mouvement. La pratique de cet art hybride est ensuite reformulée par les artistes associés à l’art vidéo avant de connaitre une vaste phase de démocratisation avec l’avènement des ordinateurs domestiques depuis les années 1990. Je retrace le parcours historique de ces pratiques audiovisuelles qui s’inscrivent résolument sur le terrain du musical. Un parcours appuyé essentiellement sur des œuvres et des ouvrages théoriques tout en étant parsemé de réflexions personnelles. Je traite des enjeux théoriques associés à ces propositions artistiques en les différenciant d’un autre format audiovisuel majeur soit le cinéma. Cet exposé permet de préparer le terrain afin de présenter et contextualiser mon travail de création. Je traite de deux œuvres, Trombe (2011) et Lungta (2012), des propositions qui héritent à la fois des musiques visuelles, de l’art interactif et de l’art cinétique.