Using remote labs to serve different teacher's needs a case study with VISIR and RemotElectLab

Remote Laboratories are an emergent technological and pedagogical tool at all education levels, and their widespread use is an important part of their own improvement and evolution. This paper describes several issues encountered on laboratorial classes, on higher education courses, when using remote laboratories based on PXI systems, either using the VISIR system or an alternate in-house solution. Three main issues are presented and explained, all reported by teachers that gave support to students use of remote laboratories. The first issue deals with the need to allow students to select the actual place where an ammeter is to be inserted on electric circuits, even incorrectly, therefore emulating real world difficulties. The second one deals with problems with timing when several measurements are required at short intervals, as in the discharge cycle of a capacitor. And the last issue deals with the use of a multimeter in DC mode when reading AC values, a use that collides with the lab settings. All scenarios are presented and discussed including the solution found for each case. The conclusion derived from the described work is that the remote laboratories area is an expanding field, where practical use leads to improvement and evolution of the available solutions, requiring a strict cooperation and information sharing between all actors, i.e. developers, teachers and students.

Aplicações eletroanalíticas com eletrodos de prata confeccionados a partir de CDs graváveis

This paper presents a new way for the construction of silver electrodes utilizing recordable CDs. The new electrodes were explored for the quantification of chloride (by potentiometry/FIA), cyanide (by amperometry/FIA) and for lead analysis (by square wave voltammetry). For the flowing measurements, a digital multimeter, connected to a microcomputer (via RS 232 interface) was used to collect directly the potential signal (for Cl- measurements) or to take the output signal from a potentiostat (for CN- measurements). The square wave voltammetry analysis was performed in a commercial instrument. The results shown good performance of the new electrodes and the detection limit (s/n = 3) attained for these three analytes were: 0.2, 50, and 200 µg L-1 for Pb2+, Cl-, and CN- respectively.

Multímetro interfaceado de baixo custo para aquisição de dados

A digital multimeter (~U$ 240.00 on the national market) connected to a microcomputer by a RS-232 serial interface is proposed for data acquisition in equipment with analog output. Data are measured at the rate of 2 points per second and stored in text files by the software that accompanies the device, running in a Windows environment. The performance of the multimeter was verified by monitoring the transient signals generated in flow injection systems associated with fluorimetric, spectrophotometric and flame photometric detection. In addition, the performance of the proposed device was similar to that attained by employing an interface card with a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter for acquisition of the signals generated by a capillary electrophoresis equipment with oscillometric detection.

Yleismittarikortin prototyypin suunnittelu modulaariseen testauslaitteeseen

Tämä diplomityö on osa erään yrityksen sisäistä tuotekehitysprojektia. Projektin päämäärä oli kehittää ja tuoda markkinoille uusi modulaarinen testilaite. Markkinoille tuotava laite voi asiakkaan toivomuksesta pitää sisällään jännitelujuus-, eristysvastus- ja vuotovirtamittarin. Tämän lisäksi uuteen testilaitteeseen on mahdollista lisätä muita sisäisiä rele- ja mittalaitekortteja mm. yleismittarimoduulin. Diplomityössä perehdytään elektroniikan eri suureiden mittaamiseen, sekä syvennytään modulaarisen testilaitteen yleismittarikortin prototyypin suunnitteluun. Prototyypin tuli vastata tarkkuudeltaan ja nopeudeltaan markkinoiden johtavien mittalaitevalmistajien tarjoamia yleiskäyttöön tarkoitettuja järjestelmäyleismittareita. Työn lopputuloksena syntyi digitaaliyleismittarikortin prototyyppi. Käytännön syistä prototyyppikortin mittaustulokset ja tulosten käsittely on rajattu kokonaan pois tästä kirjallisesta dokumentista.

Development and characterization of thin printed films for gas sensing applications

The monitoring and control of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) level is of great interest for a wide range of application areas including food quality control, defense and antiterrorist applications and air quality monitoring e.g. in mines. H2S is a very poisonous and flammable gas. Exposure to low concentrations of H2S can result in eye irritation, a sore throat and cough, shortness of breath, and fluid retention in the lungs. These symptoms usually disappear in a few weeks. Long-term, low-level exposure may result in fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, irritability, poor memory, and dizziness. Higher concentrations of 700 - 800 ppm tend to be fatal. H2S has a characteristic smell of rotten egg. However, because of temporary paralysis of olfactory nerves, the smelling capability at concentrations higher than 100 ppm is severely compromised. In addition, volatile H2S is one of the main products during the spoilage of poultry meat in anaerobic conditions. Currently, no commercial H2S sensor is available which can operate under anaerobic conditions and can be easily integrated in the food packaging. This thesis presents a step-wise progress in the development of printed H2S gas sensors. Efforts were made in the formulation, characterization and optimization of functional printable inks and coating pastes based on composites of a polymer and a metal salt as well as a composite of a metal salt and an organic acid. Different processing techniques including inkjet printing, flexographic printing, screen printing and spray coating were utilized in the fabrication of H2S sensors. The dispersions were characterized by measuring turbidity, surface tension, viscosity and particle size. The sensing films were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and an electrical multimeter. Thin and thick printed or coated films were developed for gas sensing applications with the aim of monitoring the H2S concentrations in real life applications. Initially, a H2S gas sensor based on a composite of polyaniline and metal salt was developed. Both aqueous and solvent-based dispersions were developed and characterized. These dispersions were then utilized in the fabrication of roll-to-roll printed H2S gas sensors. However, the humidity background, long term instability and comparatively lower detection limit made these sensors less favourable for real practical applications. To overcome these problems, copper acetate based sensors were developed for H2S gas sensing. Stable inks with excellent printability were developed by tuning the surface tension, viscosity and particle size. This enabled the formation of inkjet-printed high quality copper acetate films with excellent sensitivity towards H2S. Furthermore, these sensors showed negligible humidity effects and improved selectivity, response time, lower limit of detection and coefficient of variation. The lower limit of detection of copper acetate based sensors was further improved to sub-ppm level by incorporation of catalytic gold nano-particles and subsequent plasma treatment of the sensing film. These sensors were further integrated in an inexpensive wirelessly readable RLC-circuit (where R is resistor, L is inductor and C is capacitor). The performance of these sensors towards biogenic H2S produced during the spoilage of poultry meat in the modified atmosphere package was also demonstrated in this thesis. This serves as a proof of concept that these sensors can be utilized in real life applications.

Degree of Conversion and Temperature Increase of a Composite Resin Light Cured with an Argon Laser and Blue LED

Different light sources and power densities used on the photoactivation process may provide changes in the degree of conversion (DC%) and temperature ( T) of the composite resins. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the DC (%) and T (degrees C) of the microhybrid composite resin (Filtek (TM) Z-250, 3M/ESPE) photoactivated with one argon laser and one LED (light-emitting diode) with different power densities. For the KBr pellet technique, the composite resin was placed into a metallic mould (2-mm thickness, 4-mm diameter) and photoactivated as follows: a continuous argon laser (CW) and LED LCUs with power density values of 100, 400, 700, and 1000 mW/cm(2) for 20 s. The measurements for DC (%) were made in a FTIR spectrometer Bomen ( model MB 102, Quebec, Canada). Spectroscopy ( FTIR) spectra for both uncured and cured samples were analyzed using an accessory of the reflectance diffusion. The measurements were recorded in absorbance operating under the following conditions: 32 scans, 4 cm(-1) resolution, 300 to 4000-cm(-1) wavelength. The percentage of unreacted carbon double bonds (% C=C) was determined from the ratio of absorbance intensities of aliphatic C=C (peak at 1638 cm(-1)) against an internal standard before and after the curing of the specimen: aromatic C-C (peak at 1608 cm(-1)). For T (degrees C), the samples were created in a metallic mould (2-mm thickness, 4-mm diameter) and photoactivated for 20 s. The thermocouple was attached to the multimeter allowing temperature readings. The DC (%) and T (degrees C) were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey`s test (p < 0.05). The degree of conversion values varied from 35.0 to 50.0% ( 100 to 1000 mW/cm(2)) for an argon laser and from 41.0 to 49% (100 to 1000 mW/cm(2)) for an LED. The temperature change values varied from 1.1 to 13.1 degrees C (100 to 1000 mW/cm(2)) for an argon laser and from 1.9 to 15.0 degrees C (100 to 1000 mW/cm(2)) for an LED. The power densities showed a significant effect on the degree of conversion and changes the temperature for both light-curing units.

Effect of power densities and irradiation times on the degree of conversion and temperature increase of a microhybrid dental composite resin

The different parameters used for the photoactivation process provide changes in the degree of conversion (DC%) and temperature rise (TR) of the composite resins. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the DC (%) and TR of the microhybrid composite resin photoactivated by a new generation LED. For the KBr pellet technique, the composite resin was placed into a metallic mould (1-mm thickness and 4-mm diameter) and photoactivated as follows: continuous LED LCU with different power density values (50-1000 mW/cm(2)). The measurements for the DC (%) were made in a FTIR Spectrometer Bomen (model MB-102, Quebec-Canada). The spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra for both uncured and cured samples were analyzed using an accessory for the diffuse reflectance. The measurements were recorded in the absorbance operating under the following conditions: 32 scans, 4-cm(-1) resolution, and a 300 to 4000-cm(-1) wavelength. The percentage of unreacted carbon-carbon double bonds (% C=C) was determined from the ratio of the absorbance intensities of aliphatic C=C (peak at 1638 cm(-1)) against an internal standard before and after the curing of the specimen: aromatic C-C (peak at 1608 cm-1). For the TR, the samples were made in a metallic mould (2-mm thickness and 4-mm diameter) and photoactivated during 5, 10, and 20 s. The thermocouple was attached to the multimeter to allow the temperature readings. The DC (%) and TR were calculated by the standard technique and submitted to ANOVA and Tukey`s test (p < 0.05). The degree of conversion values varied from 35.0 (+/- 1.3) to 45.0 (+/- 2.4) for 5 s, 45.0 (+/- 1.3) to 55.0 (+/- 2.4) for 10 s, and 47.0 (+/- 1.3) to 52.0 (+/- 2.4) for 20 s. For the TR, the values ranged from 0.3 (+/- 0.01) to 5.4 (+/- 0.11)degrees C for 5 s, from 0.5 (+/- 0.02) to 9.3 (+/- 0.28)degrees C for 10 s, and from 1.0 (+/- 0.06) to 15.0 (+/- 0.95)degrees C for 20 s. The power densities and irradiation times showed a significant effect on the degree of conversion and temperature rise.

Desenvolvimento de sensor elétrico de contato e correlações com atributos do solo visando à agricultura de precisão

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Desenvolvimento de equipamento multifuncional portátil de baixo custo para determinações fotométricas, turbidimétricas, nefelométricas e fluorimétricas

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

A simple and portable instrument for determination of captopril in pharmaceutical formulations

Objective: This article describes the application and the performance of a cheap, simple and portable device that can be used for colorimetric quantitative determination of captopril (CPT) in pharmaceutical preparations. Methods: The sensor is a light detector resistor (LDR) placed into a black PTFE cell and coupled to a low cost multimeter (Ohmmeter). The instrument has been tested and is easy and fast to use. The quantitative study is based mainly on reduction of ammonium molybdate by captopril, in the presence of sulphuric acid, producing a green-yellow compound (max 407 nm). The calibration curves were obtained by plotting the electric resistance of the LDR against the CPT concentration on the range of 4.60 x 10-4 to 1.84 x 10-3 mol l-1 with a good coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9962). Results: Statistical analysis of the obtained results showed no significant difference between the proposed methodology and the official reported method as evident from the t-test and variance ratio at 95% confidence level. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that the instrument can be used for simple, accurate, precise, fast, in situ and low-cost colorimetric analysis of captopril in pharmaceuticals products.

Avaliação de um sensor de resistencia eletrica e sua correlação com atributos do solo

The electrical measures of the soil have been used as variables that correlate with its characteristics. This study aimed at developing an electrical capacitance sensor of low cost, to evaluate its performance on the field and verify the correlation between the measurements of electrical capacitance with physical properties (sand, silt and clay) and chemical properties of soil (pH, MO, P resin, H + Al, K, Ca, Mg, SB, CTC and V%) and the moisture content. The data sampling was performed at the farm named "Capão da Onça" which belongs to the State University of Ponta Grossa. The samples collection was conducted in an area of approximately 13 hectares, totalizing 81 samples. In each sampling the electrical capacitance of the soil was measured. After the sensor withdrawal, soil samples were collected and sent to be analysed in the laboratory of the College of Agronomics Science of the Paulista State University. The measuring instrument used to collect data on electric capacitance of the soil a digital multimeter was used. The data were submitted to the analysis of correlation and regression. The developed system presented a low cost and it was capable to measuring variation of the electrical capacitance of the soil. The obtained measures satisfactorily correlated with the levels of clay and sand, and weakly with the moisture content. This had demonstrated the possibility to use a sensor to verify the soil texture in not homogeneous areas. The measures of the electrical capacitance of the soil obtained by the sensor had significantly correlated with the soil attributes: calcium, magnesium, pH, SB and CTC. These results had demonstrated the possibility to use a sensor for soil fertility control.

Polimeri tiofenici funzionali e loro applicazioni nel fotovoltaico

Recentemente, sempre più attenzione è stata rivolta all' utilizzo di coloranti organici come assorbitori di luce per la preparazione di strati fotoattivi in celle solari organiche (OPV). I coloranti organici presentano un'elevata abilità nella cattura della luce solare grazie all'elevato coefficiente di estinzione molare e buone proprietà fotofisiche. Per questi motivi sono eccellenti candidati per l'incremento della conversione fotoelettrica in OPV. In questa tesi viene descritta una nuova strategia per l'incorporazione di derivati porfirinici in catena laterale a copolimeri tiofenici. Gli studi svolti hanno dimostrato che poli(3-bromoesil)tiofene può essere variamente funzionalizzato con idrossitetrafenilporfirina (TPPOH), per l'ottenimento di copolimeri utilizzabili come materiali p-donatori nella realizzazione di OPV. I copolimeri poli[3-(6-bromoesil)tiofene-co-(3-[5-(4-fenossi)-10,15,20-trifenilporfirinil]esil tiofene] P[T6Br-co-T6TPP] contenenti differenti quantità di porfirina, sono stati sintetizzati sia con metodi non regiospecifici che regiospecifici, con lo scopo di confrontarene le proprietà e di verificare se la strutture macromolecolare che presenta una regiochimica di sostituzione sempre uguale, promuove o meno il trasporto della carica elettrica, migliorando di conseguenza l'efficienza. E' stato inoltre effettuato un ulteriore confronto tra questi derivati e derivati simili P[T6H-co-T6TPP] che non contengono l'atomo di bromo in catena laterale con lo scopo di verificare se l'assenza del gruppo reattivo, migliora o meno la stabilità termica e chimica dei film polimerici, agendo favorevolmete sulle performance dei dispositivi fotovoltaici. Tutti i copolimeri sono stati caratterizzati con differenti tecniche: spettroscopia NMR, FT-IR e UV-Vis, analisi termiche DSC e TGA, e GPC. Le celle solari Bulk Heterojunction, preparate utilizzando PCBM come materiale elettron-accettore e i copolimeri come materilai elettron-donatori, sono state testate utilizzando un multimetro Keithley e il Solar Simulator.

Emulación de instrumentos de sobremesa mediante Tarjetas de Adquisición de Datos

Este proyecto se ha enmarcado en la línea de desarrollo del Laboratorio Virtual de electrónica, desarrollado en la Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica de Telecomunicación (EUITT), de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM). Con el Laboratorio Virtual los alumnos de la universidad, de cualquiera de las escuelas de ingeniería que la componen, pueden realizar prácticas de forma remota. Es decir, desde cualquier PC con el software adecuado instalado y a través de Internet, sin requerir su presencia en un laboratorio físico. La característica más destacable e importante de este Laboratorio Virtual es que las medidas que se realizan no son simulaciones sobre circuitos virtuales, sino medidas reales sobre circuitos reales: el alumno puede configurar una serie de interconexiones entre componentes electrónicos, formando el circuito que necesite, que posteriormente el Laboratorio Virtual se encargará de realizar físicamente, gracias al hardware y al software que conforman el sistema. Tras ello, el alumno puede excitar el circuito con señales provenientes de instrumental real de laboratorio y obtener medidas de la misma forma, en los puntos del circuito que indique. La necesidad principal a la que este Proyecto de Fin de Carrera da solución es la sustitución de los instrumentos de sobremesa por instrumentos emulados en base a Tarjetas de Adquisición de Datos (DAQ). Los instrumentos emulados son: un multímetro, un generador de señales y un osciloscopio. Además, existen otros objetivos derivados de lo anterior, como es el que los instrumentos emulados deben guardar una total compatibilidad con el resto del sistema del Laboratorio Virtual, o que el diseño ha de ser escalable y adaptable. Todo ello se ha implementado mediante: un software escrito en LabVIEW, que utiliza un lenguaje de programación gráfico; un hardware que ha sido primero diseñado y luego fabricado, controlado por el software; y una Tarjeta de Adquisición de Datos, que gracias a la escalabilidad del sistema puede sustituirse por otro modelo superior o incluso por varias de ellas. ABSTRACT. This project is framed in the development line of the electronics Virtual Laboratory, developed at Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica de Telecomunicación (EUITT), from Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM). With the Virtual Laboratory, the university’s students, from any of its engineering schools that is composed of, can do practices remotely. Or in other words, from any PC with the correct software installed and through the Internet, without requiring his or her presence in a physical laboratory. The most remarkable and important characteristic this Virtual Laboratory has is that the measures the students does are not simulations over virtual circuits, but real measures over real circuits: the student can configure a series of interconnections between electronic parts, setting up the circuit he or she needs, and afterwards the Virtual Laboratory will realize that circuit physically, thanks to the hardware and software that compose the whole system. Then, the student can apply signals coming from real laboratory instruments and get measures in the same way, at the points of the circuit he or she points out. The main need this Degree Final Project gives solution is the substitution of the real instruments by emulated instruments, based on Data Acquisition systems (DAQ). The emulated instruments are: a digital multimeter, a signal generator and an oscilloscope. In addition, there is other objectives coming from the previously said, like the need of a total compatibility between the real instruments and the emulated ones and with the rest of the Virtual Laboratory, or that the design must be scalable and adaptive. All of that is implemented by: a software written in LabVIEW, which makes use of a graphical programming language; a hardware that was first designed and later manufactured, then controlled by software; and a Data Acquisition device, though thanks to the system’s scalability it can be substituted by a better model or even by several DAQs.

Fiabilidad de minimodulos de silicio

El objetivo de este Proyecto Final de Carrera es la realización de un ensayo de fiabilidad de componentes electrónicos, más concretamente de Minimódulos de Silicio, con el fin de estudiar su comportamiento a lo largo del tiempo de vida. Debido a la larga duración de los Minimódulos de Silicio , un ensayo de este tipo podría durar años, por lo que es necesario realizar un ensayo acelerado que acorte significativamente el tiempo del experimento, para ello, han de someterse a esfuerzos mayores que en condiciones normales de funcionamiento. A día de hoy, los Minimódulos de silicio, que conocemos como placas solares fotovoltaicas, se usan en infinidad de dispositivos debido a las múltiples ventajas que conllevan. La principal ventaja es poder llevar electricidad a cualquier parte del planeta sin necesidad de tener que hacer unas elevadas inversiones. Esta electricidad proviene de una fuente de energía inagotable y nada contaminante, con lo que ayudamos a mantener el equilibrio del planeta. La mayoría de las veces estas placas solares fotovoltaicas se usan en el exterior, soportando cambios de temperatura y de humedad elevados, de ahí, la importancia de realizar ensayos de fiabilidad, que muestren sus posibles causas de fallo, los efectos que producen estos fallos y los aspectos de diseño, fabricación y mantenimiento que puedan afectarles. Los Minimódulos de silicio utilizados en este proyecto son el modelo MC-SP0.8-NF-GCS de la empresa fabricante Multicomp. Para realizar el Proyecto hubiéramos necesitado una cámara climática que simulara unas condiciones ambientales determinadas, pero debido a la dificultad de iluminar el módulo dentro de la cámara climática hemos desarrollado un nuevo sistema de ensayos acelerados en temperatura. El nuevo sistema de ensayos acelerados consiste en: •Colocar los módulos fotovoltaicos en el laboratorio con un foco de 500W que irradia lo equivalente al sol. •Los tres módulos trabajarán a tres temperaturas diferentes para simular condiciones ambientales distintas, concretamente a 60°C, 72°C y 84°C. •Mediante un sistema automático de medida diseñado en LabVIEW, de manera simultánea tomará medidas de tensión en las tres placas y estudiaremos el grado degradación en cada placa. Se analizaran los resultados obtenido de cada una de las medidas y se realizará un estudio de fiabilidad y del proceso de degradación sufrido por los Minimódulos de silicio. Este PFC se puede dividir en las siguientes fases de trabajo siendo el ensayo la parte más larga en el tiempo: •Búsqueda de bibliografía documentación y normas aplicables. •Familiarización con los equipos y software, estudiando el manejo del software que viene con el Multímetro Keithley 2601 y el programa LabVIEW. •Desarrollo del hardware y sistemas necesarios para la realización del ensayo. •Montaje del ensayo •Realización del ensayo. •Análisis de resultados. ABSTRACT. The objective of this Final Project is conducting a test reliability of electronic components, more specifically Silicon minimodules, in order to study their behavior throughout the life span. Due to the long duration of Silicon minimodules a test like this could take years, so it is necessary to perform an accelerated significantly shorten the time of the experiment, testing for it, should be subjected to greater efforts than in normal operating. Today, the mini-modules, silicon is known as photovoltaic solar panels are used in a multitude of devices due to the many advantages they bring. The main advantage is to bring electricity to anywhere in the world without having to make high investments. This electricity comes from an inexhaustible source of energy and no pollution, thus helping to maintain the balance of the planet. Most of the time these solar photovoltaic panels are used on the outside, enduring changes in temperature and high humidity, hence, the importance of reliability testing, showing the possible causes of failure, the effects produced by these faults and aspects of design, manufacturing and maintenance that may affect them. The silicon mini-modules used in this project are the MC-SP0.8-NF-GCS model Multicomp manufacturing company. To realize the project we would have needed a climatic chamber to simulate specific environmental conditions, but due to the difficulty of illuminating the module in the climate chamber we have developed a new system of accelerated tests in temperature. The new system is accelerated tests: •Place the PV modules in the laboratory with a focus on the equivalent 500W radiating sun. •The three modules work at three different temperatures to simulate different environmental conditions, namely at 60 °C, 72 °C and 84 °C. •Automatic measurement system designed in LabVIEW, simultaneous voltage measurements taken at the three plates and study the degradation degree in each plate. The results obtained from each of the measurements and a feasibility study and degradation suffered by the silicon is performed minimodules were analyzed. This PFC can be divided into the following phases of the test work the longest part being overtime: •Literature search and documentation standards. •Familiarization with equipment and software, studying management software that comes with the Keithley 2601 multimeter and the LabVIEW program. •Development of hardware and systems necessary for the conduct of the trial. •Experiment setup •Carrying out the experiment. •Analysis of results.

Strain and damage sensing properties on multifunctional cement composites with CNF admixture

Both strain and damage sensing properties on carbon nanofiber cement composites (CNFCC) are reported in the present paper. Strain sensing tests were first made on the material’s elastic range. The applied loading levels have been previously calculated from mechanical strength tests. The effect of several variables on the strain-sensing function was studied, e.g. cement pastes curing age, current density, loading rate or maximum stress applied. All these parameters were discussed using the gage factor as reference. After this first set of elastic experiments, the same specimens were gradually loaded until material’s failure. At the same time both strain and resistivity were measured. The former was controlled using strain gages, and the latter using a multimeter on a four probe setup. The aim of these tests was to prove the sensitivity of these CNF composites to sense their own damage, i.e. check the possibility of fabricating structural damage sensors with CNFCC’s. All samples with different CNF dosages showed good strain-sensing capacities for curing periods of 28 days. Furthermore, a 2%CNF reinforced cement paste has been sensitive to its own structural damage.