Comment on: ‘Screening’ for Breast Cancer: Misguided Research Misinforming Public Policies, by O. S. Miettinen

Our commentary of the article “‘Screening’ for Breast Cancer: Misguided Research Misinforming Public Policies” has two main parts. First we address some of the methodological points raised by Professor Miettinen. Then we review more specific aspects of the Swiss Medical Board statement on mammography screening for early detection of breast cancer.

Age and Method-dependent Variability of Predicted Oxygen Consumption in Congenital Heart Disease

Background and Purpose. There has been a lot of debate about the use of predicted oxygen consumption to calculate pulmonary vascular resistance using the Fick principle. We therefore comparatively analyzed predicted oxygen consumption in infants and children in specific age groups, using different methods (formulas), as an attempt to better understand the usefulness and limitations of predictions. Methods and Results. Four models (LaFarge & Miettinen, Bergstra et al., Lindahl, and Lundell et al.) were used to predict oxygen consumption in 200 acyanotic patients with congenital cardiac defects aged 0-2.0, > 2.0-4.0, > 4.0-6.0, and > 6.0-8.75 years (median 2.04 years). Significant differences were observed between the age groups (P < .001) and between the methods (P < .001), not related to diagnoses. Differences between methods were more impressive in the first age group (P < .01). In patients aged 0-2.0 years, the lowest values of oxygen consumption (corresponding to the highest estimates of pulmonary vascular resistance) were obtained with the method of Lindahl; above this age, any method except that of Lundell et al. Conclusions. Although measuring oxygen consumption is always preferable, a rational use of predictions, using different methods, may be of help in situations where measurements are definitely not possible.

Mild myocardial infarction - A classification problem in epidemiologic studies

In studies assessing the trends in coronary events, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) MONICA Project (multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants of CArdiovascular disease), the main emphasis has been on coronary deaths and non-fatal definite myocardial infarctions (MI). It is, however, possible that the proportion of milder MIs may be increasing because of improvements in treatment and reductions in levels of risk factors. We used the MI register data of the WHO MONICA Project to investigate several definitions for mild non-fatal MIs that would be applicable in various settings and could be used to assess trends in milder coronary events. Of 38 populations participating in the WHO MONICA MI register study, more than half registered a sufficiently wide spectrum of events that it was possible to identify subsets of milder cases. The event rates and case fatality rates of MI are clearly dependent on the spectrum of non-fatal MIs, which are included. On clinical grounds we propose that the original MONICA category ''non-fatal possible MI'' could bt:divided into two groups: ''non fatal probable MI'' and ''prolonged chest pain.'' Non-fatal probable MIs are cases, which in addition to ''typical symptoms'' have electrocardiogram (EGG) or enzyme changes suggesting cardiac ischemia, but not severe enough to fulfil the criteria for non-fatal definite MI In more than half of the MONICA Collaborating Centers, the registration of MI covers these milder events reasonably well. Proportions of non-fatal probable MIs vary less between populations than do proportions of non fatal possible MIs. Also rates of non-fatal probable MI are somewhat more highly correlated with rates of fatal events and non-fatal definite MI. These findings support the validity of the category of non-fatal probable MI. In each center the increase in event rates and the decrease in case-fatality due to the inclusion of non-fatal probable MI was lar er for women than men. For the WHO MONICA Project and other epidemiological studies the proposed category of non-fatal probable MIs can be used for assessing trends in rates of milder MI. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.

Enhancement of adhesion and promotion of osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells by poled electroactive poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is a biocompatible material with excellent electroactive properties. Non-electroactive α-PVDF and electroactive β-PVDF were used to investigate the substrate polarization and polarity influence on the focal adhesion size and number as well as on human adipose stem cells (hASCs) differentiation. hASCs were cultured on different PVDF surfaces adsorbed with fibronectin and focal adhesion size and number, total adhesion area, cell size, cell aspect ratio and focal adhesion density were estimated using cells expressing EGFP-vinculin. Osteogenic differentiation was also determined using a quantitative alkaline phosphatase assay. The surface charge of the poled PVDF films (positive or negative) influenced the hydrophobicity of the samples, leading to variations in the conformation of adsorbed extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, which ultimately modulated the stem cell adhesion on the films and induced their osteogenic differentiation.

Dynamic piezoelectric stimulation enhances osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells

This work reports on the influence of the substrate polarization of electroactive β-PVDF on human adipose stem cells (hASCs) differentiation under static and dynamic conditions. hASCs were cultured on different β-PVDF surfaces (non-poled and “poled -”) adsorbed with fibronectin and osteogenic differentiation was determined using a quantitative alkaline phosphatase assay. “Poled -” β-PVDF samples promote higher osteogenic differentiation, which is even higher under dynamic conditions. It is thus demonstrated that electroactive membranes can provide the necessary electromechanical stimuli for the differentiation of specific cells and therefore will support the design of suitable tissue engineering strategies, such as bone tissue engineering.

Suuhygienisti- ja hammaslääkäriopiskelijoiden yhteisöllisen asiantuntijuuden kehittyminen koulutuksen aikana

Opinnäytetyö kartoittaa suuhygienisti- ja hammaslääkäriopiskelijoiden työn organisoinnin ja tehtävä-jaon nykytilannetta ja kehittämistarvetta. Työn tarve pohjautuu lainsäädäntöön, jonka mukaan kaikkien kuntien tulee pystyä järjestämään hammashoito asukkailleen. Suun terveydenhuollossa hoidon tarve on tällä hetkellä suurempi kuin hoidon tarjonta. Kehittämishanke on osa Työn organisointi ja työnjako terveydenhuollon erityisaloilla -hanketta. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on käynnistää yhteisöllisen asiantuntijuuden kehittäminen työn organisoinnin ja tehtäväjaon parantamiseksi. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena on tuottaa tietoa suuhygienisti- ja hammaslääkäriopiskelijoiden yhteisöllisen asiantuntijuuden nykytilanteesta ja kehitystarpeista potilaiden hoidossa. Opinnäytetyö on kvantitatiivinen, ja se on toteutettu projektin omaisesti. Kyselylomake lähetettiin e-lomake muodossa 149 opiskelijalle. Vastanneita oli 50, joista 26 oli suuhygienisti- ja 24 hammaslääkäriopiskelijaa. Kyselyn tulokset analysoitiin SPSS-ohjelmalla. Teoreettisena viitekehyksenä työssä on Hannanin systemoidun kirjallisuuskatsauksen perusteella tuottama malli. Se on valittu työn teoreettiseksi pohjaksi, koska se toimii koko hankkeen teoreettisena viitekehyksenä. Hannanin mallin keskeisiä käsitteitä ovat työtyytyväisyys, työhönsitoutuminen, sairauspoissaolot, työssä vaikuttamisen mahdollisuudet, työstressi, roolikonfliktit ja -epäselvyydet. Kyselyn tulokset osoittavat, että suuhygienisti- ja hammaslääkäriopiskelijat ovat jokseenkin samaa mieltä siitä, että koulutuksen aikainen yhteistyö on hyvä asia. Tutkimuksen mukaan suuhygienisti- ja hammaslääkäriopiskelijat ovat epätietoisia toistensa osaamisalueista, mutta molemmat opiskelijaryhmät ovat kuitenkin kiinnostuneita yhteistyön tekemisestä. Monien yhteistyön laatua ja määrää koskevien kysymysten osalta suuhygienisti- ja hammaslääkäriopiskelijoiden näkemykset eivät kohtaa. Kyselyyn vastanneet opiskelijat kokevat informaation kulun riittämättömyyden opiskelijaryhmien ja opettajien välillä yhdeksi ongelmaksi. Samoin tietämättömyys suuhygienisti- ja hammaslääkäriopiskelijoiden välillä toistensa työnkuvasta todetaan ongelmalliseksi. Opinnäytetyö sisältää myös jonkin verran konkreettisia kehittämisehdotuksia edellä mainittuihin ongelmiin. Työssä esitetään muun muassa yhteisen keskustelufoorumin perustamista sekä opetussuunnitelmien muutoksia. Opinnäytetyö tarjoaa hyvän pohjan yhteistyön kehittämisen jatkotoimille.

Licorice-induced hypertension and common variants of genes regulating renal sodium reabsorption.

AIM: To study if gene alterations affecting renal sodium reabsorption associate with susceptibility to licorice-induced hypertension.METHODS: Finnish subjects (n = 30) with a previously documented incident of licorice-induced hypertension were recruited for the study using a newspaper announcement. Their previous clinical and family histories as well as serum electrolyte levels were examined. DNA samples from all individuals were screened for variants of the genes encoding 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11betaHSD2) and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-subunits of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC).RESULTS: Upon licorice predisposition, the patients had a mean blood pressure of 201/118 mmHg. Circulating potassium, renin, and aldosterone levels were low. No significant DNA variations were identified in the 11betaHSD2 gene. Four subjects were heterozygous for beta- and gammaENaC variants previously shown to be associated with hypertension. Furthermore, a novel G insertion (2004-2005insG) in the SCNN1A gene encoding the alphaENaC was identified in two subjects. The frequency of these ENaC variants was significantly higher in subjects with licorice-induced hypertension (6/30 i.e. 20%) than in blood donors (11/301 i.e. 3.7%, P = 0.002).CONCLUSIONS: Defects of the 11betaHSD2 gene do not constitute a likely cause for licorice-induced hypertension. Variants of the ENaC subunits may render some individuals sensitive to licorice-induced metabolic alterations and hypertension.

Pielisen jääjärven kehityshistoria

Arto Miettinen

Miten kokemuksesta voi oppia? : Kokemus ja reflektiivinen ajattelu John Deweyn toiminnan filosofiassa

Artikkelissa käsitellään sitä, miten David Kolb perustelee teoksessaan Experiential Learning kokemusoppimisen malliaan, mitä hän esittää John Deweyn siitä sanoneen, sekä verrataan tätä esitystä Dewey-tutkijoiden tulkintaan kokemuksen ja reflektiivisen ajattelun luonteesta Deweyn filosofiassa