Coastal environmental gradients – Key to reproduction habitat mapping of freshwater fish in the Baltic Sea

Habitat requirements of fish are most strict during the early life stages, and the quality and quantity of reproduction habitats lays the basis for fish production. A considerable number of fish species in the northern Baltic Sea reproduce in the shallow coastal areas, which are also the most heavily exploited parts of the brackish marine area. However, the coastal fish reproduction habitats in the northern Baltic Sea are poorly known. The studies presented in this thesis focused on the influence of environmental conditions on the distribution of coastal reproduction habitats of freshwater fish. They were conducted in vegetated littoral zone along an exposure and salinity gradient extending from the innermost bays to the outer archipelago on the south-western and southern coasts of Finland, in the northern Baltic Sea. Special emphasis was placed on reed-covered Phragmites australis shores, which form a dominant vegetation type in several coastal archipelago areas. The main aims of this research were to (1) develop and test new survey and mapping methods, (2) investigate the environmental requirements that govern the reproduction of freshwater fish in the coastal area and (3) survey, map and model the distribution of the reproduction habitats of pike (Esox lucius) and roach (Rutilus rutilus). The white plate and scoop method with a standardized sampling time and effort was demonstrated to be a functional method for sampling the early life stages of fish in dense vegetation and shallow water. Reed-covered shores were shown to form especially important reproduction habitats for several freshwater fish species, such as pike, roach, other cyprinids and burbot, in the northern Baltic Sea. The reproduction habitats of pike were limited to sheltered reed- and moss-covered shores of the inner and middle archipelago, where suitable zooplankton prey were available and the influence of the open sea was low. The reproduction habitats of roach were even more limited and roach reproduction was successful only in the very sheltered reed-covered shores of the innermost bay areas, where salinity remained low (< 4‰) during the spawning season due to freshwater inflow. After identifying the critical factors restricting the reproduction of pike and roach, the spatial distribution of their reproduction habitats was successfully mapped and modelled along the environmental gradients using only a few environmental predictor variables. Reproduction habitat maps are a valuable tool promoting the sustainable use and management of exploited coastal areas and helping to maintain the sustainability of fish populations. However, the large environmental gradients and the extensiveness of the archipelago zone in the northern Baltic Sea demand an especially high spatial resolution of the coastal predictor variables. Therefore, the current lack of accurate large-scale, high-resolution spatial data gathered at exactly the right time is a considerable limitation for predictive modelling of shallow coastal waters.

Evolutionary Genetics in the WIld : from Populations to Individuals

Predicting evolutionary outcomes and reconstructing past evolutionary transitions are among the main goals of evolutionary biology. Ultimately, understanding the mechanisms of evolutionary change will also provide answers to the timely question of whether and how organisms will adapt to changing environmental conditions. In this thesis, I have investigated the relative roles of natural selection, random genetic drift and genetic correlations in the evolution of complex traits at different levels of organisation from populations to individuals. I have shown that natural selection has been the driving force behind body shape divergence of marine and freshwater threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) populations, while genetic drift may have played a significant role in the more fine scale divergence among isolated freshwater populations. These results are concurrent with the patterns that have emerged in the published studies comparing the relative importance of natural selection and genetic drift as explanations for population divergence in different traits and taxa. I have also shown that body shape and armour divergence among threespine stickleback populations is likely to be biased by the patterns of genetic variation and covariation. Body shape and armour variation along the most likely direction of evolution the direction of maximum genetic variance reflects the general patterns of variation observed wild populations across the distribution range of the threespine stickleback. Conversely, it appears that genetic correlations between the sexes have not imposed significant constraints on the evolution of sexual dimorphism in threespine stickleback body shape and armour. I have demonstrated that the patterns of evolution seen in the wild can be experimentally recreated to tease out the effects of different selection agents in detail. In addition, I have shown how important it is to take into account the correlative nature of traits, when making interpretations about the effects of natural selection on individual traits. Overall, this thesis provides a demonstration of how considering the relative roles of different mechanism of evolutionary change at different levels of organisation can aid in an emergence of a comprehensive picture of how adaptive divergence in wild populations occurs.

Spectral Tuning and Adaptation to Different Light Environments of Mysid Visual Pigments

In the present thesis, questions of spectral tuning, the relation of spectral and thermal properties of visual pigments, and evolutionary adaptation to different light environments were addressed using a group of small crustaceans of the genus Mysis as a model. The study was based on microspectrophotometric measurements of visual pigment absorbance spectra, electrophysiological measurements of spectral sensitivities of dark-adapted eyes, and sequencing of the opsin gene retrieved through PCR. The spectral properties were related to the spectral transmission of the respective light environments, as well as to the phylogentic histories of the species. The photoactivation energy (Ea) was estimated from temperature effects on spectral sensitivity in the long-wavelength range, and calculations were made for optimal quantum catch and optimal signal-to-noise ratio in the different light environments. The opsin amino acid sequences of spectrally characterized individuals were compared to find candidate residues for spectral tuning. The general purpose was to clarify to what extent and on what time scale adaptive evolution has driven the functional properties of (mysid) visual pigments towards optimal performance in different light environments. An ultimate goal was to find the molecular mechanisms underlying the spectral tuning and to understand the balance between evolutionary adaptation and molecular constraints. The totally consistent segregation of absorption maxima (λmax) into (shorter-wavelength) marine and (longer-wavelength) freshwater populations suggests that truly adaptive evolution is involved in tuning the visual pigment for optimal performance, driven by selection for high absolute visual sensitivity. On the other hand, the similarity in λmax and opsin sequence between several populations of freshwater M. relicta in spectrally different lakes highlights the limits to adaptation set by evolutionary history and time. A strong inverse correlation between Ea and λmax was found among all visual pigments studied in these respects, including those of M. relicta and 10 species of vertebrate pigments, and this was used to infer thermal noise. The conceptual signal-to-noise ratios thus calculated for pigments with different λmax in the Baltic Sea and Lake Pääjärvi light environments supported the notion that spectral adaptation works towards maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio rather than quantum catch as such. Judged by the shape of absorbance spectra, the visual pigments of all populations of M. relicta and M. salemaai used exclusively the A2 chromophore (3, 4-dehydroretinal). A comparison of amino acid substitutions between M. relicta and M. salemaai indicated that mysid shrimps have a small number of readily available tuning sites to shift between a shorter - and a longer -wavelength opsin. However, phylogenetic history seems to have prevented marine M. relicta from converting back to the (presumably) ancestral opsin form, and thus the more recent reinvention of marine spectral sensitivity has been accomplished by some other novel mechanism, yet to be found

Antarctic ice shelf melting and its impact on the global sea ice-ocean system

Earth s ice shelves are mainly located in Antarctica. They cover about 44% of the Antarctic coastline and are a salient feature of the continent. Antarctic ice shelf melting (AISM) removes heat from and inputs freshwater into the adjacent Southern Ocean. Although playing an important role in the global climate, AISM is one of the most important components currently absent in the IPCC climate model. In this study, AISM is introduced into a global sea ice-ocean climate model ORCA2-LIM, following the approach of Beckmann and Goosse (2003; BG03) for the thermodynamic interaction between the ice shelf and ocean. This forms the model ORCA2-LIM-ISP (ISP: ice shelf parameterization), in which not only all the major Antarctic ice shelves but also a number of minor ice shelves are included. Using these two models, ORCA2-LIM and ORCA2-LIM-ISP, the impact of addition of AISM and increasing AISM have been investigated. Using the ORCA2-LIM model, numerical experiments are performed to investigate the sensitivity of the polar sea ice cover and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) transport through Drake Passage (DP) to the variations of three sea ice parameters, namely the thickness of newly formed ice in leads (h0), the compressive strength of ice (P*), and the turning angle in the oceanic boundary layer beneath sea ice (θ). It is found that the magnitudes of h0 and P* have little impact on the seasonal sea ice extent, but lead to large changes in the seasonal sea ice volume. The variation in turning angle has little impact on the sea ice extent and volume in the Arctic but tends to reduce them in the Antarctica when ignored. The magnitude of P* has the least impact on the DP transport, while the other two parameters have much larger influences. Numerical results from ORCA2-LIM and ORCA2-LIM-ISP are analyzed to investigate how the inclusion of AISM affects the representation of the Southern Ocean hydrography. Comparisons with data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) show that the addition of AISM significantly improves the simulated hydrography. It not only warms and freshens the originally too cold and too saline bottom water (AABW), but also warms and enriches the salinity of the originally too cold and too fresh warm deep water (WDW). Addition of AISM also improves the simulated stratification. The close agreement between the simulation with AISM and the observations suggests that the applied parameterization is an adequate way to include the effect of AISM in a global sea ice-ocean climate model. We also investigate the models capability to represent the sea ice-ocean system in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic regions. Our study shows both models (with and without AISM) can successfully reproduce the main features of the sea ice-ocean system. However, both tend to overestimate the ice flux through the Nares Strait, produce a lower temperature and salinity in the Hudson Bay, Baffin Bay and Davis Strait, and miss the deep convection in the Labrador Sea. These deficiencies are mainly attributed to the artificial enlargement of the Nares Strait in the model. In this study, the impact of increasing AISM on the global sea ice-ocean system is thoroughly investigated. This provides a first idea regarding changes induced by increasing AISM. It is shown that the impact of increasing AISM is global and most significant in the Southern Ocean. There, increasing AISM tends to freshen the surface water, to warm the intermediate and deep waters, and to freshen and warm the bottom water. In addition, increasing AISM also leads to changes in the mixed layer depths (MLD) in the deep convection sites in the Southern Ocean, deepening in the Antarctic continental shelf while shoaling in the ACC region. Furthermore, increasing AISM influences the current system in the Southern Ocean. It tends to weaken the ACC, and strengthen the Antarctic coastal current (ACoC) as well as the Weddell Gyre and the Ross Gyre. In addition to the ocean system, increasing AISM also has a notable impact on the Antarctic sea ice cover. Due to the cooling of seawater, sea ice concentration and thickness generally become higher. In austral winter, noticeable increases in sea ice concentration mainly take place near the ice edge. In regards with sea ice thickness, large increases are mainly found along the coast of the Weddell Sea, the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas, and the Ross Sea. The overall thickening of sea ice leads to a larger volume of sea ice in Antarctica. In the North Atlantic, increasing AISM leads to remarkable changes in temperature, salinity and density. The water generally becomes warmer, more saline and denser. The most significant warming occurs in the subsurface layer. In contrast, the maximum salinity increase is found at the surface. In addition, the MLD becomes larger along the Greenland-Scotland-Iceland ridge. Global teleconnections due to AISM are studied. The AISM signal is transported with the surface current: the additional freshwater from AISM tends to enhance the northward spreading of the surface water. As a result, more warm and saline water is transported from the tropical region to the North Atlantic Ocean, resulting in warming and salt enrichment there. It would take about 30 40 years to establish a systematic noticeable change in temperature, salinity and MLD in the North Atlantic Ocean according to this study. The changes in hydrography due to increasing AISM are compared with observations. Consistency suggests that increasing AISM is highly likely a major contributor to the recent observed changes in the Southern Ocean. In addition, the AISM might contribute to the salinity contrast between the North Atlantic and North Pacific, which is important for the global thermohaline circulation.

The challenge of LC/MS/MS multi-mycotoxin analysis - Heracles battling the Hydra?

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi. They pose a health risk to humans and animals due to their harmful biological properties and common occurrence in food and feed. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has gained popularity in the trace analysis of food contaminants. In this study, the applicability of the technique was evaluated in multi-residue methods of mycotoxins aiming at simultaneous detection of chemically diverse compounds. Methods were developed for rapid determination of toxins produced by fungal genera of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Claviceps from cheese, cereal based agar matrices and grains. Analytes were extracted from these matrices with organic solvents. Minimal sample clean-up was carried out before the analysis of the mycotoxins with reversed phase LC coupled to tandem MS (MS/MS). The methods were validated and applied for investigating mycotoxins in cheese and ergot alkaloid occurrence in Finnish grains. Additionally, the toxin production of two Fusarium species predominant in northern Europe was studied. Nine mycotoxins could be determined from cheese with the method developed. The limits of quantification (LOQ) allowed the quantification at concentrations varying from 0.6 to 5.0 µg/kg. The recoveries ranged between 96 and 143 %, and the within-day repeatability (as relative standard deviation, RSDr) between 2.3 and 12.1 %. Roquefortine C and mycophenolic acid could be detected at levels of 300 up to 12000 µg/kg in the mould cheese samples analysed. A total of 29 or 31 toxins could be analysed with the method developed for agar matrices and grains, with the LOQs ranging overall from 0.1 to 1250 µg/kg. The recoveries ranged generally between 44 and 139 %, and the RSDr between 2.0 and 38 %. Type-A trichothecenes and beauvericin were determined from the cereal based agar and grain cultures of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae. T-2 toxin was the main metabolite, the average levels reaching 22000 µg/kg in the grain cultures after 28 days of incubation. The method developed for ten ergot alkaloids from grains allowed their quantification at levels varying from 0.01 to 10 µg/kg. The recoveries ranged from 51 to 139 %, and the RSDr from 0.6 to 13.9 %. Ergot alkaloids were measured in barley and rye at average levels of 59 and 720 µg/kg, respectively. The two most prevalent alkaloids were ergocornine and ergocristine. The LC/MS methods developed enabled rapid detection of mycotoxins in such applications where several toxins co-occurred. Generally, the performance of the methods was good, allowing reliable analysis of the mycotoxins of interest with sufficiently low quantification limits. However, the variation in validation results highlighted the challenges related to optimising this type of multi-residue methods. New data was obtained about the occurrence of mycotoxins in mould cheeses and of ergot alkaloids in Finnish grains. In addition, the study revealed the high mycotoxin-producing potential of two common fungi in Finnish crops. The information can be useful when risks related to fungal and mycotoxin contamination will be assessed.

Visuaalisen työmuistin vapaasti jaettavat resurssit : muistiedustusten lukumäärä ja tarkkuus ääriviivakuvioilla

According to the most prevalent view, there are 3-4 fixed "slots" in visual working memory for temporary storage. Recently this view has been challenged with a theory of dynamic resources which are restricted in their totality but can be freely allocated. The aim of this study is to clarify which one of the theories better describes the performance in visual working memory tasks with contour shapes. Thus in this study, the interest is in both the number of recalled stimuli and the precision of the memory representations. Stimuli in the experiments were radial frequency patterns, which were constructed by sinusoidally modulating the radius of a circle. Five observers participated in the experiment and it consisted of two different tasks. In the delayed discrimination task the number of recalled stimuli was measured with 2-interval forced choice task. Observer was shown serially two displays with 1, 5 s ISI (inter stimulus interval). Displays contained 1-6 patterns and they differed from each other with changed amplitude in one pattern. The participant s task was to report whether the changed pattern had higher amplitude in the first or in the second interval. The amount of amplitude change was defined with QUEST-procedure and the 75 % discrimination threshold was measured in the task. In the recall task the precision of the memory representations was measured with subjective adjustment method. First, observer was shown 1-6 patterns and after 1, 5 s ISI one location of the previously shown pattern was cued. Observer s task was to adjust amplitude of a probe pattern to match the amplitude of the pattern in working memory. In the delayed discrimination task the performance of all observes declined smoothly when the number of presented patterns was increased. The result supports the resource theory of working memory as there was no sudden fall in the performance. The amplitude threshold for one item was 0.01 0.05 and as the number of items increased from 1 to 6 there was a 4 15 -fold linear increase in the amplitude threshold (0.14 0.29). In the recall adjustment task the precision of four observers performance declined smoothly as the number of presented patterns was increased. The result also supports the resource theory. The standard deviation for one item was 0.03 0.05 and as the number of items increased from 1 to 6 there was a 2 3 -fold linear increase in the amplitude threshold (0.06 0.11). These findings show that the performance in a visual working memory task is described better according to the theory of freely allocated resources and not to the traditional slot-model. In addition, the allocation of the resources depends on the properties of the individual observer and the visual working memory task.

"Los otros sabores de Fresa y Chocolate". (Análisis del proceso de adaptación del texto de Senel Paz)

Eterio Pajares, Raquel Merino y José Miguel Santamaría (eds.)

Gorputza eta generoa. Euskal kulturan eta literaturan

I. Hitzaurrea. II. Marko teoriko kontzeptuala: Gorputzaren (hitz) gakoa(n). Ekintza eta pentsamendurako paradigma bat: Meri Torras (UAB). III. Kulturari SO: Generoa, gorputza eta kultur identitate bizituaren analisia, euskaltasuna berrirakurtzeko ahaleginean: Mari Luz Esteban (EHU). IV. Bertsolaritzan: Emakume bertsolariak: bertsotik bertsora, hanka puntetan: J. Miren Hernández (EHU). V. Poesian: Emakume gorputzak eta gorputz emakumetuak: Leire Bilbao eta Miren Agur Meaberen gorputz poetikoen arteko elkarrizketa bat: Kattalin Miner (EHU). VI. Narrazioan: - Lau katu dira? Gorputza eta desira euskal emakume idazle garaikideen lanetako ahots subalternoetan eta bitarteko espazio identitarioetan: Amaia Álvarez Uria (EHU). - Gorputz jipoituak, genero indarkeriaren sinekdokea literaturan: Gema Lasarte (EHU). VII. Bi proposamen didaktiko: - Deseraiki dezagun generoa harremanak eraldatzeko. Genero performatibitatea eta botere harremanak euskal narratiba garaikidean: Amaia Alvarez Uria (EHU). - Begiradak literatura gorpuzten: Iholdi eta Xola: Gema Lasarte (EHU). VIII. Egileen inguruan.

Two-dimensional Banach spaces with polynomial numerical index zero

We study two-dimensional Banach spaces with polynomial numerical indices equal to zero.

A narrow-band ultraviolet B course improves vitamin D balance and alters cutaneous CYP27A1 and CYP27B1 mRNA expression levels in haemodialysis patients supplemented with oral vitamin D

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients on dialysis are prone to vitamin D insufficiency despite oral vitamin D supplementation. Here, we studied whether narrow-band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) exposures improve vitamin D balance.

Methods: 14 haemodialysis patients and 15 healthy subjects receiving oral cholecalciferol 20 µg daily got nine NB-UVB exposures on the entire body. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured by radioimmunoassay. Cutaneous mRNA expression levels of CYP27A1 and CYP27B1, two enzymes required for hydroxylation of vitamin D into its active metabolite, were also measured.

Results: The baseline serum 25(OH)D concentration was 57.6 ± 18.2 nmol/l in the CKD patients and 74.3 ± 14.8 nmol/l in the healthy subjects. The NB-UVB course increased serum 25(OH)D by 14.0 nmol/l (95% CI 8.7-19.5) and 17.0 nmol/l (CI 13.7-20.2), respectively. At baseline the CKD patients showed significantly increased CYP27B1 levels compared to the healthy subjects.

Conclusions: A short NB-UVB course is an efficient way to improve vitamin D balance in CKD patients on dialysis who are receiving oral vitamin D supplementation. The increased cutaneous CYP27B1 levels in the CKD patients suggest that the loss of renal activity of this enzyme is at least partially compensated for by the skin.

Narrow-band ultraviolet B treatment boosts serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with psoriasis on oral vitamin D supplementation

A course of treatment with narrow-band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) improves psoriasis and increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). In this study 12 patients with psoriasis who were supplemented with oral cholecalciferol, 20 µg daily, were given a course of NB-UVB and their response measured. At baseline, serum 25(OH)D was 74.14 ± 22.9 nmol/l. At the 9th exposure to NB-UVB 25(OH)D had increased by 13.2 nmol/l (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 7.2–18.4) and at the 18th exposure by 49.4 nmol/l (95% CI 35.9–64.6) above baseline. Psoriasis Area Severity Index score improved from 8.7 ± 3.5 to 4.5 ± 2.0 (p < 0.001). At baseline, psoriasis lesions showed low vitamin D metabolizing enzyme (CYP27A1, CYP27B1) and high human β-defensin-2 mRNA expression levels compared with those of the healthy subjects. In conclusion, NB-UVB treatment significantly increases serum 25(OH)D in patients with psoriasis who are taking oral vitamin D supplementation, and the concentrations remain far from the toxicity level. Healing psoriasis lesions show similar mRNA expression of vitamin D metabolizing enzymes, but higher antimicrobial peptide levels than NB-UVB-treated skin in healthy subjects.

Narrow-band ultraviolet B exposure increases serum vitamin D levels in haemodialysis patients

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are especially prone to vitamin D insufficiency. Narrow-band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) treatment increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in dermatological patients, and we studied whether it also improves vitamin D balance in CKD patients on haemodialysis.

Helsingin ja Espoon rannikkoalueen tulvariskien hallintasuunnitelma vuosille 2016 - 2021

Suomen vesistöjen varsilla ja merenrannikolla on 21 tunnistettua merkittävää tulvariskialuetta. Kullekin merkittävälle alueelle on laadittu tulvariskien hallintasuunnitelmat. Tämä Helsingin ja Espoon rannikkoalueen tulvariskien hallintasuunnitelma sisältää tavoitteet ja toimenpiteet pääkaupunkiseudun ranta-alueiden sekä lähisaariston tulvariskien minimoimiseksi. Suunnitelman laatimista varten nimetyssä ryhmässä ovat olleet edustettuna Uudenmaan liitto, Helsingin ja Espoon kaupungit, Helsingin ja Länsi-Uudenmaan pelastuslaitokset sekä Uudenmaan ELY-keskus. Lisäksi työssä on ollut mukana asiantuntijaroolissa Helsingin Seudun Ympäristöpalvelut –kuntayhtymä HSY. Keskeisiä sidosryhmiä on kuultu tarpeen mukaan. Helsingin ja Espoon ranta-alueet ovat monimuotoisia vaihdellen jyrkistä kalliorannoista aina ruovikkoisiin ja mataliin merenlahtiin. Osa alavista mereen laskevista puroista ulottuu pitkälle sisämaahan laajentaen meritulvan vaikutusaluetta jopa useita kilometrejä rannikosta. Pääkaupunkiseudulle tyypillisesti ranta-alueita peittää yhä tihenevä asutus. Rannikon läheisyydessä sijaitsee asutuksen lisäksi mm. useita teollisuuden ja yhdyskuntatekniikan kohteita, alavia teitä sekä satamia. Helsingin erityispiirteenä ovat lisäksi maanalaiset tilat ja tunnelit. Tulvariskien hallinnan tavoitteena on mm. asuinrakennusten, vaikeasti evakuoitavien kohteiden, yhdyskuntatekniikan rakenteiden, merkittävien liikenneyhteyksien, satamien, ympäristölle vahingollisten kohteiden, kulttuuriperintökohteiden sekä muun rakennuskannan turvaaminen merenpinnan noustessa. Lisäksi tavoitteena ovat mm. omaisuusvahinkojen minimoiminen sekä ilmastonmuutoksen huomioon ottaminen tulvaturvallisessa rakentamisessa. Tavoitteisiin pyritään varautumisen lisäksi sekä tulvan aikana että tulvan jälkeen tehtävillä toimenpiteillä. Toimenpiteet eivät ole ristiriidassa vesienhoidon tavoitteiden kanssa. Helsingin ja Espoon rannikkoalueella eräs keskeisimmistä tulvariskiä vähentävistä toimenpiteistä on tulva-alueiden ja ilmastonmuutoksen huomioiminen maankäytön suunnittelussa. Tulvavaara-alueille rakentamista tulee lähtökohtaisesti välttää, ja toimintojen sijoittamisessa tulee ottaa huomioon suositukset alimmista rakentamiskorkeuksista. Olemassa olevien riskikohteiden osalta tulee varmistua ajantasaisista ja toimivista varautumissuunnitelmista. Asukkaiden omatoimisen varautumisen edellytyksiä tulee parantaa mm. tulvatietoisuutta lisäämällä. Suunnitelmassa on tunnistettu myös useita alueellisia ja paikallisia suojaustarpeita.

Loviisan rannikkoalueen tulvariskien hallintasuunnitelma vuosille 2016 - 2021

Suomen vesistöjen varsilla ja merenrannikolla on 21 tunnistettua merkittävää tulvariskialuetta. Kullekin merkittävälle alueelle on laadittu tulvariskien hallintasuunnitelmat. Tämä Loviisan rannikkoalueen tulvariskien hallintasuunnitelma sisältää tavoitteet ja toimenpiteet Loviisan keskustan, Loviisanlahden ranta-alueiden sekä lähisaarten tulvariskien minimoimiseksi. Suunnitelman laatimista varten nimetyssä ryhmässä ovat olleet edustettuna Uudenmaan liitto, Loviisan kaupunki, Itä-Uudenmaan pelastuslaitos sekä Uudenmaan ELY-keskus. Lisäksi työssä ovat olleet mukana asiantuntijaroolissa Fortum Power and Heat Oy:n Loviisan voimalaitos ja Säteilyturvakeskus STUK. Keskeisiä sidosryhmiä on kuultu tarpeen mukaan. Loviisa on Uudenmaan alueen itäisin kunta ja eräs alueen keskeisimmistä asutuskeskuksista. Keskusta-alue sijoittuu Loviisanlahden pohjukkaan ja sen länsireunalle. Lisäksi tiivistä rakentamista on Valkon ja Vårdön alueella keskustan eteläpuolella. Loviisanlahden itäpuolisko on pääasiassa kallioista ja metsäistä, ja alueen rakennuskanta muodostuu pääasiassa harvassa sijaitsevista vapaa-ajan asunnoista. Hästholmenin saarella sijaitsee Loviisan ydinvoimalaitos. Tulvariskien hallinnan tavoitteena on mm. asuinrakennusten, vaikeasti evakuoitavien kohteiden, ydinvoimalaitoksen, yhdyskuntatekniikan rakenteiden, merkittävien liikenneyhteyksien, sataman, ympäristölle vahingollisten kohteiden, kulttuuriperintökohteiden sekä muun rakennuskannan turvaaminen merenpinnan noustessa. Lisäksi tavoitteena ovat mm. omaisuusvahinkojen minimoiminen sekä ilmastonmuutoksen huomioon ottaminen tulvaturvallisessa rakentamisessa. Tavoitteisiin pyritään varautumisen lisäksi sekä tulvan aikana että tulvan jälkeen tehtävillä toimenpiteillä. Toimenpiteet eivät ole ristiriidassa vesienhoidon tavoitteiden kanssa. Loviisan rannikkoalueella eräs keskeisimmistä tulvariskiä vähentävistä toimenpiteistä on asukkaiden tietoisuuden lisääminen mm. talouksiin jaettavan tulvaohjeen avulla. Loviisan keskustan tulvapenkereen tausta-alueen tulvariskien pienentämiseksi pengertä on tarpeen korottaa nykyisestä. Tulva-alueet ja ilmastonmuutos tulee ottaa huomioon maankäytön suunnittelussa. Tulvavaara-alueille rakentamista tulee lähtökohtaisesti välttää, ja toimintojen sijoittamisessa tulee huomioida suositukset alimmista rakentamiskorkeuksista. Olemassa olevien riskikohteiden osalta tulee varmistua ajantasaisista ja toimivista varautumissuunnitelmista. Svartholman ja Loviisan maalinnoituksen tulvaherkkyydet tulee selvittää. Loviisan ydinvoimalaitoksella varaudutaan jo nykyisellään tässä suunnitelmassa esitettyjä tulvia huomattavasti harvinaisempiin tulvatilanteisiin. Mahdolliset harvinaisista tulvista voimalaitokselle aiheutuvat häiriötilanteet voivat johtaa lähinnä sähköntuotannon leikkaantumiseen.

Tiempos, espacios y grupos : el análisis y la evaluación de la organización en la escuela infantil : DAVOPSI.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación