Estudo de sistemas não-lineares em mecânica quântica

The main goal of this work is to investigate the effects of a nonlinear cubic term inserted in the Schrödinger equation for one-dimensional potentials studied in Quantum Mechanics textbooks. Being the main tool the numerical analysis in a large number of works, the analysis of this effect by this term in the potential itself, in order to work with an analytical solution, can be considered something new. For the harmonic oscillator potential, the analysis was made from a numerical method, comparing the result with the known results in the literature. In the case of the infinite well potential and the step potential, hoping to work with an analytical solution, by construction we started with the known wavefunction for the linear case noting the effects in the other physical quantities. The coupling of the physical quantities involved in this work has yielded, besides many complications in the calculations, a series of conditions on the existence and validity of the solutions in regard to the system possible configurations

Estudo de sistemas não-lineares em mecânica quântica

The main goal of this work is to investigate the effects of a nonlinear cubic term inserted in the Schrödinger equation for one-dimensional potentials studied in Quantum Mechanics textbooks. Being the main tool the numerical analysis in a large number of works, the analysis of this effect by this term in the potential itself, in order to work with an analytical solution, can be considered something new. For the harmonic oscillator potential, the analysis was made from a numerical method, comparing the result with the known results in the literature. In the case of the infinite well potential and the step potential, hoping to work with an analytical solution, by construction we started with the known wavefunction for the linear case noting the effects in the other physical quantities. The coupling of the physical quantities involved in this work has yielded, besides many complications in the calculations, a series of conditions on the existence and validity of the solutions in regard to the system possible configurations

Caracterización mecánica de morteros de cemento Portland con breas de petróleo y de alquitrán de carbón

En este artículo se presentan datos experimentales de resistencia a flexión y a compresión de morteros de cemento Portland con adición y sustitución de breas de petróleo y de alquitrán de carbón, que son subproductos de la industria del carbón o del petróleo. Los materiales estudiados son breas de alquitrán de carbón A (BACA) y B (BACB), y dos breas de petróleo (BPP) y (BPT). Los datos demuestran la viabilidad del uso de estas breas en la fabricación de morteros con menores contenidos de cemento, permitiendo diseñar un nuevo material sostenible con el medio ambiente y que contribuya a reducir el impacto ambiental de los materiales de construcción, hecho que permite abrir una nueva vía de valorización de estos subproductos.

Propuesta didáctica para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del álgebra lineal y la geometría analítica de forma integrada

Este reporte trata sobre una investigación realizada en la Universidad de Camagüey que se planteó como objetivo la elaboración de un programa analítico de la asignatura álgebra lineal y geometría analítica para la carrera de Ingeniería Mecánica que permitiera elevar la eficiencia del mismo para la solución de problemas y tareas docentes por parte de los estudiantes. Los métodos empleados fueron tanto teóricos como empíricos, mediante ellos y a partir del problema considerado se constató que la concepción existente del Programa Analítico de la asignatura no es adecuado para asegurar el balance entre su nivel de generalización teórica y la solución de problemas con el consecuente desarrollo de habilidades prácticas profesionales e investigativas para garantizar el encargo social. En la investigación se demostró que la articulación teórica y práctica empleando el enfoque sistémico y la teoría de la actividad, permitió dar base teórica a la integración de los temas del álgebra lineal y geometría analítica. Además se rediseñó el programa de la asignatura y su aplicación contribuyó a elevar la eficiencia del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la misma.

Como hacer interesante la Química a los alumnos/as del Grado de Ingeniería Mecánica. Uso de las TIC para favorecer el aprendizaje de los conceptos más difíciles desde el punto de vista de los estudiantes.

Los profesores de Química en la Universidad se encuentran con el problema del escaso interés que, en general, tienen los alumnos/as por esta materia, y sobre todo, los de las titulaciones de Ingeniería que se manifiesta, entre otros aspectos, en un bajo rendimiento académico. Esta falta de interés dificulta su aprendizaje significativo, provocando una adquisición mecánica de conocimientos y escasa retención. Además la Química no es una disciplina fácil. La Química es una ciencia experimental que supone el manejo de conceptos y principios de alto nivel de abstracción cuya comprensión ofrece severas dificultades a muchos estudiantes. La Química va desde un nivel microscópico (concepto de átomos, teorías atómicas, etc.) hasta la perspectiva macroscópica y simbólica (soluciones, equilibrios, etc.). Por todo ello, son numerosos los intentos para motivar al alumnado haciendo atractiva la Química mediante su acercamiento a situaciones cotidianas mostrando la importancia de la Química en nuestra sociedad, o mediante el uso de simulaciones o aplicaciones informáticas, TICs (Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación). La eficacia de estas experiencias va a depender de la conexión entre el fenómeno considerado, el fundamento científico del mismo y el nivel del alumno/a. Por otro lado, un ambiente de aprendizaje enriquecido con TIC juega un papel muy importante en la enseñanza de la Química, permitiendo a los estudiantes acercarse a conceptos más complejos. En este trabajo se presenta una investigación sobre el uso de los simuladores y videos sobre procesos de la vida cotidiana o profesional en los que se llevan a cabo procesos redox para favorecer el aprendizaje de las reacciones de oxidación-reducción. La investigación se ha realizado con estudiantes de la Universidad de Málaga, durante el curso 2015/16. Para estudiar el efecto del uso de las TIC sobre el proceso de aprendizaje los estudiantes de la asignatura cumplimentaron un cuestionario que consta de 10 preguntas, 8 redactadas en forma positiva y 2 en forma negativa, para evitar tendencias al responder. De los resultados obtenidos, la población estudiada considera útil el uso de la aplicación multimedia, aunque no para involucrarse en su estudio, sino para comprender la naturaleza. En líneas generales la mayoría de los alumnos/as encuestados prefiere el uso de las TICs como recurso a la enseñanza en detrimento a la lectura u otros métodos convencionales. Por ello, considera acertado su uso y, además, se muestra a favor de hacer extensivo este método en la enseñanza en otras ramas.

Polímeros biomiméticos em química analítica. Parte 1: preparo e aplicações de MIP (Molecularly Imprinted Polymers) em técnicas de extração e separação

MIPs are synthetic polymers that are used as biomimetic materials simulating the mechanism verified in natural entities such as antibodies and enzymes. Although MIPs have been successfully used as an outstanding tool for enhancing the selectivity or different analytical approaches, such as separation science and electrochemical and optical sensors, several parameters must be optimized during their synthesis. Therefore, the state-of-the-art of MIP production as well as the different polymerization methods are discussed. The potential selectivity of MIPs in the extraction and separation techniques focusing mainly on environmental, clinical and pharmaceutical samples as applications for analytical purposes is presented.

Polímeros biomiméticos em química analítica. Parte 2: aplicações de MIP (Molecularly Imprinted Polymers) no desenvolvimento de sensores químicos

The aim of this paper is the description of the strategies and advances in the use of MIP in the development of chemical sensors. MIP has been considered an emerging technology, which allows the synthesis of materials that can mimic some highly specific natural receptors such as antibodies and enzymes. In recent years a great number of publications have demonstrated a growth in their use as sensing phases in the construction of sensors . Thus, the MIP technology became very attractive as a promising analytical tool for the development of sensors.

A importância da Química Analítica Qualitativa nos cursos de Química das instituições de ensino superior brasileiras

The results of a survey of institutions offering undergraduate studies, with the objective of evaluating the importance of Qualitative Analytical Chemistry for Chemistry courses in Brazil, are presented and discussed. Judging by the data, the content of the course of Qualitative Analytical Chemistry is considered by the Brazilian institutions offering undergraduate studies to be a body of knowledge essential for the formation of the chemist. This aspect is deemed valid for both baccalaureate and teaching license studies.

Metodologia analítica para determinação de folatos e ácido fólico em alimentos

The aim of this work was to develop and to validate a methodology using HPLC for the simultaneous determination of folates and folic acid in foods. The limits of detection and the recovery rates for the vitamins in the certified reference materials were respectively 5 pg/mL and 94-108% for 5-MTHF, 7 pg/mL and 97-102% for THF, 30 pg/mL and 97.9-104% for 5-FTHF, 30 pg/mL and 95-107 for 10-FFA, 5 ng/mL and 97-102% for FA and 5 ng/mL and 98-103% for 10-MFA. Repeatability showed a coefficient of variation below 3.9% for all the vitamins. The proposed methodology was shown to be efficient when applied to different certified reference materials, namely pig's liver (BCR487), powdered milk (BCR421) and a vegetable mixture (BCR485).

Química Analítica de Processos

Process Analytical Chemistry (PAC) is an important and growing area in analytical chemistry, that has received little attention in academic centers devoted to the gathering of knowledge and to optimization of chemical processes. PAC is an area devoted to optimization and knowledge acquisition of chemical processes, to reducing costs and wastes and to making an important contribution to sustainable development. The main aim of this review is to present to the Brazilian community the development and state of the art of PAC, discussing concepts, analytical techniques currently employed in the industry and some applications.

Resistência mecânica de hidrogéis termo-sensíveis constituídos de Alginato-Ca2+ / PNIPAAm, tipo Semi-IPN

Thermosensitive hydrogels were synthesized using alginate-Ca2+ in association with a thermosensitive polymer, such as PNIPAAm. The mechanical properties of the hydrogels were determined measuring the maximum tension of deformation. With the increase of the temperature by 25 to 40 ºC above the LCST the chains of PNIPAAm collapsed, dragging the alginate net and diminishing the size of the pores. The decrease in the size of the pores of the hydrogel was followed by an increase in the mechanicals resistance of the material.

Resistência à compressão e remoção de folhas da cana-de-açúcar visando à colheita mecânica

Sugarcane holds an important place in the Brazilian economy. Grate part of the sugarcane harvested still accomplished largely manually. Sugarcane harvesters available in Brazil use the technology to chop the cane into 200 to 300 mm billets to allow on the go cane transferring to transport, contradicting the traditional method of whole stalk sugarcane harvesting system. In order to make whole stalk mechanical harvesting system possible, one of the barriers to be expired is the mechanical removal of the straw. The design of a mechanism that accomplishes this operation depends directly on the knowledge of the mechanical properties of the sugarcane related to its resistance to compression and the forces necessary to remove the leaves from the stalk. Compression tests were conducted using the universal testing machine. For leaves removal test by friction, a special apparatus was designed to allow the registration of the normal and traction force. The sugarcane stalk can resist up to 4.9 MPa. With a normal pressure of 0.8 MPa, which correspond to a friction force of 315 N, it is possible to remove the leaves, independent of its location in the sugarcane stalk.

Caracterização física e mecânica de argamassas à base de cimento Portland e cinza de casca de arroz residual

Rice husk, employed as an energy source at milling industries in Brazil generates, after burning, a dark ash. This residue is not yet conveniently disposed, being currently dumped on large areas, causing environmental problems. This research intended to evaluate the applications of residual rice husk ashes (RHA) as a partial replacement of cement for mortar production. Rice husk ash was chemically characterized through X-ray fluorescence, determination of carbon content, X-ray diffraction, and laser granulometric analysis. Mortar specimens were submitted to two different exposure conditions: internal and external environments at a maximum period of five months. Physical-mechanical testing were compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). Although presenting good mechanical performance, the mortar based on ash (RHA) did not present pozolanicity but it can be employed in cement matrices as inert material (filler).

Avaliação do amaciamento de carne bovina de dianteiro (Triceps brachii) pelos métodos de maturação, estimulação elétrica, injeção de ácidos e tenderização mecânica

Twenty-two Triceps brachii muscle obtained from 11 cows aged 3 and 4 years , killed in an experimental slaughter plant, were submitted to mechanical tenderization, injection with acetic acid 0,1M and lactic acid 0,2M, ageing for 9 and 14 days and electrical stimulation (250v - 60Hz - 90s), some of them were reserved as a control group, without treatment. The 14 days ageing time presented 21% of increase in subjective tenderness and 12% of reduction in shear force, these values were similar to the electrical stimulated meat. However the injection with acids and the ageing time 9 days did not present significant effect in the texture. Although the shear force values of mechanical tenderized meat was the shortest among all treatments, suspect of superestimation because of the fractures plan created by this process. Another analyses were carried out: pH reduction curve, R value; colour analysis; weight losses by cooking and by treatment; and microbiological analysis.