Aquisição por Visão Artificial e Medição Automática de Micro Dureza Vickers

O ensaio de dureza, e mais concretamente o ensaio de micro dureza Vickers, é no universo dos ensaios mecânicos um dos mais utilizados quer seja na indústria, no ensino ou na investigação e desenvolvimento de produto no âmbito das ciências dos materiais. Na grande maioria dos casos, a utilização deste ensaio tem como principal aplicação a caracterização ou controlo da qualidade de fabrico de materiais metálicos. Sendo um ensaio de relativa simplicidade de execução, rapidez e com resultados comparáveis e relacionáveis a outras grandezas físicas das propriedades dos materiais. Contudo, e tratando-se de um método de ensaio cuja intervenção humana é importante, na medição da indentação gerada por penetração mecânica através de um sistema ótico, não deixa de exibir algumas debilidades que daí advêm, como sendo o treino dos técnicos e respetivas acuidades visuais, fenómenos de fadiga visual que afetam os resultados ao longo de um turno de trabalho; ora estes fenómenos afetam a repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade dos resultados obtidos no ensaio. O CINFU possui um micro durómetro Vickers, cuja realização dos ensaios depende de um técnico treinado para a execução do mesmo, apresentando todas as debilidades já mencionadas e que o tornou elegível para o estudo e aplicação de uma solução alternativa. Assim, esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma solução alternativa ao método ótico convencional na medição de micro dureza Vickers. Utilizando programação em LabVIEW da National Instruments, juntamente com as ferramentas de visão computacional (NI Vision), o programa começa por solicitar ao técnico a seleção da câmara para aquisição da imagem digital acoplada ao micro durómetro, seleção do método de ensaio (Força de ensaio); posteriormente o programa efetua o tratamento da imagem (aplicação de filtros para eliminação do ruído de fundo da imagem original), segue-se, por indicação do operador, a zona de interesse (ROI) e por sua vez são identificadas automaticamente os vértices da calote e respetivas distâncias das diagonais geradas concluindo, após aceitação das mesmas, com o respetivo cálculo de micro dureza resultante. Para validação dos resultados foram utilizados blocos-padrão de dureza certificada (CRM), cujos resultados foram satisfatórios, tendo-se obtido um elevado nível de exatidão nas medições efetuadas. Por fim, desenvolveu-se uma folha de cálculo em Excel com a determinação da incerteza associada às medições de micro dureza Vickers. Foram então comparados os resultados nas duas metodologias possíveis, pelo método ótico convencional e pela utilização das ferramentas de visão computacional, tendo-se obtido bons resultados com a solução proposta.

L’asymétrie mammaire chez les adolescentes présentant une scoliose idiopathique

La scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescence (SIA) est une déformation tridimensionnelle complexe du rachis affectant majoritairement les filles. L’atteinte progressive est surtout esthétique avec, notamment, une déformation de la cage thoracique résultante. L’asymétrie mammaire est une préoccupation fréquente chez ces jeunes filles. Se définissant comme une différence de forme, de position ou de volume des seins ou des complexes aréolo-mamelonnaires, l’asymétrie mammaire est courante chez les femmes, mais habituellement mineure et non visible. Il demeure incertain dans la littérature si l’asymétrie mammaire est plus fréquente chez les scoliotiques. De plus, très peu d’études ont évalué la relation entre la scoliose et l’asymétrie mammaire. De façon instinctive, on serait porté à croire que ce ne sont pas les seins qui sont asymétriques, mais plutôt la déformation du thorax en rotation qui donne cette impression. Les seins représentent un des organes les plus difficiles à mesurer étant donné leur grande variabilité. Plusieurs méthodes de mesure ont été décrites. L’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) est considérée l’outil le plus précis pour définir la glande mammaire et plus particulièrement, sa délimitation sur la cage thoracique. Ce projet consiste à quantifier l’asymétrie mammaire, représentée par une différence de volume entre les deux seins, chez une cohorte de jeunes filles présentant une SIA significative, en utilisant l’IRM comme outil de mesure. Ensuite, une méthode de mesure automatisée, à partir de la topographie surfacique 3D, est proposée. Les résultats obtenus avec cette méthode sont confrontés à ceux de l’IRM. L’influence de la posture sur le volume mammaire est également étudiée à partir de ces deux modalités différentes. Pour réaliser ces objectifs, une cohorte de 30 patientes scoliotiques a été recrutée sur la base de leur courbure thoracique et de leur maturité osseuse et mammaire. Deux imageries de tronc ont été effectuées : la topographie surfacique 3D et la résonance magnétique. Dans un premier temps, la sommation des images segmentées acquises par IRM nous a permis de mesurer de façon très précise le volume mammaire. Notre cohorte présente une asymétrie mammaire moyenne statistiquement significative de 8.32%. 66.6% des patientes présentent une asymétrie ≥ 5%. Par ailleurs, le sein gauche est plus volumineux chez 65.5% des patientes. Une faible corrélation non-significative existe entre les volumes mammaires et l’angle de Cobb ainsi que la gibbosité thoracique. Par la suite, une méthode de mesure automatisée, développée à partir de l’environnement mathématique Matlab, est appliquée directement sur les reconstructions 3D. En bref, elle consiste à identifier les contours des seins pour les exciser afin d’exposer la cage thoracique puis, à soustraire le thorax complet du thorax sans seins pour déterminer les volumes mammaires. Les volumes mammaires acquis par la méthode automatisée sont, de manière attendue, de plus petites tailles que ceux obtenus à l’IRM. Une forte corrélation est établie entre les volumes mammaires obtenus par les deux différentes techniques de mesure. Bien que statistiquement significatives, les asymétries mammaires (r= 0.614, p< .001) ne sont pas aussi fortement corrélées entre elles que les volumes. Le sein droit (r=0.805) présente une corrélation plus élevée que le sein gauche (r=0.747). Finalement, l’influence de la posture est étudiée à partir des maillages 3D de l’IRM (décubitus ventral) et de la topographie surfacique 3D (position debout). D’excellentes corrélations sont confirmées entre les volumes mammaires ; r= 0.896 et r= 0.939, respectivement pour les volumes mammaires gauches et droits. Ce projet a permis de démontrer, pour la première fois, qu’il est possible de calculer le volume mammaire de façon objective et précise avec l’IRM, chez une cohorte scoliotique. Grâce à la précision des repères anatomiques, l’IRM nous a permis de revisiter une croyance populaire dans la communauté de la scoliose. Celle soutenant que l’asymétrie mammaire ressentie par les patientes n’est qu’une perception. Ces nouvelles données nous permettrons de conseiller les jeunes filles avec la SIA, concernant leurs préoccupations sur l’asymétrie de leurs seins. Nous avons confirmé que la méthode de mesure automatisée est réalisable cliniquement et pourrait être utilisée pour prédire les volumes obtenus à l’IRM. Par ailleurs, c’est le premier outil de mesure de volumétrie mammaire complètement automatisé à notre connaissance. Les volumes mammaires obtenus debout et en décubitus ventral sont comparables.

Antioxidant properties of brazilian tropical fruits by correlation between different assays

Four different assays (the Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH, enzymatic method, and inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation) based on radically different physicochemical principles and normally used to determine the antioxidant activity of food have been confronted and utilized to investigate the antioxidant activity of fruits originated from Brazil, with particular attention to more exotic and less-studied species (jurubeba, Solanum paniculatum; pequi, Caryocar brasiliense; pitaya, Hylocereus undatus; siriguela, Spondias purpurea; umbu, Spondias tuberosa) in order to (i) verify the correlations between results obtained by the different assays, with the final purpose to obtain more reliable results avoiding possible measuring-method linked mistakes and (ii) individuate the more active fruit species. As expected, the different methods give different responses, depending on the specific assay reaction. Anyhow all results indicate high antioxidant properties for siriguela and jurubeba and poor values for pitaya, umbu, and pequi. Considering that no marked difference of ascorbic acid content has been detected among the different fruits, experimental data suggest that antioxidant activities of the investigated Brazilian fruits are poorly correlated with this molecule, principally depending on their total polyphenolic content. © 2013 Elena Gregoris et al.

Hiato tecnológico e catching-up: uma abordagem a partir da inovação

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Entwicklung und Anwendung eines Beatmungssystems zur Untersuchung der Lungenfeinstruktur mittels He-3-Magnetresonanztomographie

Im Rahmen meiner Dissertation wurde ein 3He-Applikationssystem für die in-vivo 3He-Magnetresonanztomographie der Lunge von Ratten entwickelt. Im Gegensatz zu anderen bisher entwickelten MR-kompatiblen Beatmungsgeräten wurde in diesem Applikationssystem erstmals der polarisationserhaltende ³He-Langzeitspeicher im Streufeld des Tomographen integriert. Bei der 3He-Applikation wird das 3He-Gas automatisch aus dem Langzeitspeicher außerhalb des Magneten zum Tier in den Tomographen geleitet. Die Kernspin-Polarisationsverluste, die beim 3He-Transfer zum Tier in den Tomographen auftreten, betragen etwa 1% (rel.) und sind vernachlässigbar gering. Das Beatmungssystem wurde zusammen mit der MRT-Bildgebungssequenz COMSPIRA an mehr als 200 Tieren erfolgreich getestet. Die MRT-Aufnahmen fanden hauptsächlich an einem 0,47 T Niederfeldtomographen bei der Firma Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma in Biberach statt. Es wurden sowohl morphologische Aufnahmen der Rattenlunge gemacht als auch der „Apparent Diffusion Coefficient“ (ADC) gemessen. Die relative Streuung der ADC-Werte innerhalb einer Gruppe von Tieren ähnlichen Alters und Gewichts betrug dabei 5%. Bei Wiederholungsmessungen an ein und demselben Tier verringerte sich die relative Streuung auf 1%. Diese Werte unterstreichen die hohe Reproduzierbarkeit des Beatmungssystems sowie des gesamten Messverfahrens. Weiterhin wurde ein Verfahren vorgestellt, das den experimentell bestimmten ADC unabhängig von dem Mischungsverhältnis zwischen dem applizierten 3He und der Atemluft in der Lunge macht. Dies kann erreicht werden, indem das hp 3He mit dem chemisch inerten und ungiftigen Gas SF6 in einem definierten Verhältnis gemischt wird und anschließend dem Tier appliziert wird. Zuletzt wurde der ADC von emphysematischen Rattenlungen und von gesunden Rattenlungen gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten einen signifikant kleineren ADC innerhalb der Gruppe der erkrankten Tiere. Diese Dissertation wurde durch die Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG unterstützt.

La ciencia y la política : Dos aspectos intrínsecos del saber cartográfico argentino (1912-1941)

Un plan cartográfico es un proceso contradictorio en el cual intervienen decisiones técnicas y políticas que pueden cambiar e incluso modificar los objetivos iniciales del plan. Sin embardo, la historiografía clásica de la cartografía sostiene que la toma de tales decisiones es el resultado de medidas únicamente científicas y técnicas en las que no existen intereses ni contradicciones políticas. En este trabajo intentamos rastrear -en las etapas de la producción cartográfica argentina- los momentos en los que la ciencia y la política se entrelazan de tal manera que son constitutivas de la ciencia cartográfica. Para ello tomamos los proyectos cartográficos del IGM: el Plan de la Carta y la Carta Militar Provisional; y la determinación geodésica del DATUM altimétrico que se llevó a cabo en torno a la Comisión para la Medición del Arco de Meridiano

La ciencia y la política : Dos aspectos intrínsecos del saber cartográfico argentino (1912-1941)

Un plan cartográfico es un proceso contradictorio en el cual intervienen decisiones técnicas y políticas que pueden cambiar e incluso modificar los objetivos iniciales del plan. Sin embardo, la historiografía clásica de la cartografía sostiene que la toma de tales decisiones es el resultado de medidas únicamente científicas y técnicas en las que no existen intereses ni contradicciones políticas. En este trabajo intentamos rastrear -en las etapas de la producción cartográfica argentina- los momentos en los que la ciencia y la política se entrelazan de tal manera que son constitutivas de la ciencia cartográfica. Para ello tomamos los proyectos cartográficos del IGM: el Plan de la Carta y la Carta Militar Provisional; y la determinación geodésica del DATUM altimétrico que se llevó a cabo en torno a la Comisión para la Medición del Arco de Meridiano

La ciencia y la política : Dos aspectos intrínsecos del saber cartográfico argentino (1912-1941)

Un plan cartográfico es un proceso contradictorio en el cual intervienen decisiones técnicas y políticas que pueden cambiar e incluso modificar los objetivos iniciales del plan. Sin embardo, la historiografía clásica de la cartografía sostiene que la toma de tales decisiones es el resultado de medidas únicamente científicas y técnicas en las que no existen intereses ni contradicciones políticas. En este trabajo intentamos rastrear -en las etapas de la producción cartográfica argentina- los momentos en los que la ciencia y la política se entrelazan de tal manera que son constitutivas de la ciencia cartográfica. Para ello tomamos los proyectos cartográficos del IGM: el Plan de la Carta y la Carta Militar Provisional; y la determinación geodésica del DATUM altimétrico que se llevó a cabo en torno a la Comisión para la Medición del Arco de Meridiano

Dominance intensity measure within fuzzy weight oriented MAUT: an application

We introduce a dominance intensity measuring method to derive a ranking of alternatives to deal with incomplete information in multi-criteria decision-making problems on the basis of multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT) and fuzzy sets theory. We consider the situation where there is imprecision concerning decision-makers’ preferences, and imprecise weights are represented by trapezoidal fuzzy weights.The proposed method is based on the dominance values between pairs of alternatives. These values can be computed by linear programming, as an additive multi-attribute utility model is used to rate the alternatives. Dominance values are then transformed into dominance intensity measures, used to rank the alternatives under consideration. Distances between fuzzy numbers based on the generalization of the left and right fuzzy numbers are utilized to account for fuzzy weights. An example concerning the selection of intervention strategies to restore an aquatic ecosystem contaminated by radionuclides illustrates the approach. Monte Carlo simulation techniques have been used to show that the proposed method performs well for different imprecision levels in terms of a hit ratio and a rank-order correlation measure.

Analysis of minerals from Arctic Ocean sediments

The Arctic Ocean System is a key player regarding the climatic changes of Earth. Its highly sensitive ice Cover, the exchange of surface and deep water masses with the global ocean and the coupling with the atmosphere interact directly with global climatic changes. The output of cold, polar water and sea ice influences the production of deep water in the North Atlantic and controls the global ocean circulation ("the conveyor belt"). The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by the large Northern Hemisphere ice sheets which not only affect the sedimentation in the Arctic Ocean but also are supposed to induce the Course of glacials and interglacials. Terrigenous sediment delivered from the ice sheets by icebergs and meltwater as well as through sea ice are major components of Arctic Ocean sediments. Hence, the terrigenous content of Arctic Ocean sediments is an outstanding archive to investigate changes in the paleoenvironment. Glazigenic sediments of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and surface samples of the Arctic Ocean and the Siberian shelf regions were investigated by means of x-ray diffraction of the bulk fraction. The source regions of distinct mineral compositions were to be deciphered. Regarding the complex circumpolar geology stable christalline shield rocks, active and ancient fold belts including magmatic and metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks and wide periglacial lowlands with permafrost provide a complete range of possible mineral combinations. Non- glaciated shelf regions mix the local input from a possible point source of a particular mineral combination with the whole shelf material and function as a sampler of the entire region draining to the shelf. To take this into account, a literature research was performed. Descriptions of outcropping lithologies and Arctic Ocean sediments were scanned for their mineral association. The analyses of glazigenic and shelf sediments yielded a close relationship between their mineral composition and the adjacent source region. The most striking difference between the circumpolar source regions is the extensive outcrop of carbonate rocks in the vicinity of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and in N Greenland while siliciclastic sediments dominate the Siberian shelves. In the Siberian shelf region the eastern Kara Sea and the western Laptev Sea form a destinct region defined by high smectite, (clino-) pyroxene and plagioclase input. The source of this signal are the extensive outcrops of the Siberian trap basalt in the Putorana Plateau which is drained by the tributaries of the Yenissei and Khatanga. The eastern Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea can also be treated as one source region containing a feldspar, quartz, illite, mica, and chlorite asscciation combined with the trace minerals hornblende and epidote. Franz Josef Land provides a mineral composition rich in quartz and kaolinite. The diverse rock suite of the Svalbard archipelago distributes specific mineral compositions of highly metamorphic christalline rocks, dolomite-rich carbonate rocks and sedimentary rocks with a higher diagenetic potential manifested in stable newly built diagenetic minerals and high organic maturity. To reconstruct the last 30,000 years as an example of the transition between glacial and interglacial conditions a profile of sediment cores, recovered during the RV Polarstern" expedition ARK-VIIIl3 (ARCTIC '91), and additional sediment cores around Svalbard were investigated. Besides the mineralogy of different grain size fractions several additional sedimentological and organo-geochemical Parameterswere used. A detailed stratigraphic framework was achieved. By exploiting this data set changes in the mineral composition of the Eurasian Basin sediments can be related to climatic changes. Certain mineral compositions can even be associated with particular transport processes, e.g. the smectitel pyroxene association with sea ice transport from the eastern Kara Sea and the western Laptev Sea. Hence, it is possible to decipher the complex interplay between the influx of warm Atlantic waters into the Southwest of the Eurasian Basin, the waxing and waning of the Svalbard1Barents- Sea- and Kara-Sea-Ice-Sheets, the flooding of the Siberian shelf regions and the surface and deep water circulation. Until now the Arctic Ocean was assumed to be a rather stable System during the last 30,000 years which only switched from a completely ice covered situation during the glacial to seasonally Open waters during the interglacial. But this work using mineral assemblages of sediment cores in the vicinity of Svalbard revealed fast changes in the inflow of warm Atlantic water with the Westspitsbergen Current (< 1000 years), short periods of advances and retreats of the marine based Eurasian ice sheets (1000-3000 years), and short melting phases (400 years?). Deglaciation of the marine-based Eurasian and the land-based north American and Greenland ice sheets are not simultaneous. This thesis postulates that the Kara Sea Ice Sheet released an early meltwater signal prior to 15,000 14C years leading the Barents Sea Ice Sheet while the western land-based ice sheets are following later than 13,500 14C years. The northern Eurasian Basin records the shift between iceberg and sea-ice material derived from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and N-Greenland and material transported by sea-ice and surface currents from the Siberian shelf region. The phasing of the deglaciation becomes very obvious using the dolomite and quartd phyllosilicate record. It is also supposed that the flooding of the Laptev Sea during the Holocene is manifested in a stepwise increase of sediment input at the Lomonosov Ridge between the Eurasian and Amerasian Basin. Depending on the strength of meltwater pulses from the adjacent ice sheets the Transpolar Drift can probably be relocated. These movements are traceable by the distribution of indicator minerals. Based on the outcome of this work the feasibility of bulk mineral determination can be qualified as excellent tool for paleoenvironmental reconstructions in the Arctic Ocean. The easy preparation and objective determination of bulk mineralogy provided by the QUAX software bears the potential to use this analyses as basic measuring method preceding more time consuming and highly specialised mineralogical investigations (e.g. clay mineralogy, heavy mineral determination).

Indicador de inconformidades em instalações elétricas de baixa tensão

With the progress of devices technology, generation and use of energy ways, power quality parameters start to influence more significantly the various kinds of power consumers. Currently, there are many types of devices that analyze power quality. However, there is a need to create devices, and perform measurements and calculate parameters, find flaws, suggest changes, and to support the management of the installation. In addition, you must ensure that such devices are accessible. To maintain this balance, one magnitude measuring method should be used which does not require great resources processing or memory. The work shows that application of the Goertzel algorithm, compared with the commonly used FFT allows measurements to be made using much less hardware resources, available memory space to implement management functions. The first point of the work is the research of troubles that are more common for low voltage consumers. Then we propose the functional diagram indicate what will be measured, calculated, what problems will be detected and that solutions can be found. Through the Goertzel algorithm simulation using Scilab, is possible to calculate frequency components of a distorted signal with satisfactory results. Finally, the prototype is assembled and tests are carried out by adjusting the parameters necessary for one to maintain a reliable device without increasing its cost.

Social competence at the playground: Preschoolers during recess

Social interactions at the playground have been represented as a rich learning opportunity to hone and master social skills at pre- school years. Specifically, all forms of social play (fantasy, role, ex- ercise or rough-and-tumble) have been related to children’s social competence. The main goal of this study was to examine whether it is a certain kind of social play which facilitates the development of social competence, or if it is just the opportunity for interacting during recess that provides children with an optimal environment for social learning. A total of 73 preschoolers (4–6 years old) were videotaped at the school’s playground. Teachers provided assess- ments of children’s social competence. Children’s interactions at the playground were assessed through an innovative measuring method, based on radio-frequency identification devices. The results showed a positive association between exercise play and children’s social competence. In contrast with the literature, both forms of pretend play, fantasy and role play were unrelated to children’s social competence. Smaller peer groups and longer interactions also demonstrated a positive association with these preschoolers’ social competence. The study shows the importance of outdoor physical play for preschoolers’ social success. More- over, the study suggests that the environment in which children play has an important effect on the adaptive nature of their play.

Social competence at the playground: Preschoolers during recess

Social interactions at the playground have been represented as a rich learning opportunity to hone and master social skills at preschool years. Specifically, all forms of social play (fantasy, role, exercise or rough-and-tumble) have been related to children’s social competence. The main goal of this study was to examine whether it is a certain kind of social play which facilitates the development of social competence, or if it is just the opportunity for interacting during recess that provides children with an optimal environment for social learning. A total of 73 preschoolers (4–6 years old) were videotaped at the school’s playground. Teachers provided assessments of children’s social competence. Children’s interactions at the playground were assessed through an innovative measuring method, based on radio-frequency identification devices. The results showed a positive association between exercise play and children’s social competence. In contrast with the literature, both forms of pretend play, fantasy and role play were unrelated to children’s social competence. Smaller peer groups and longer interactions also demonstrated a positive association with these preschoolers’ social competence. The study shows the importance of outdoor physical play for preschoolers’ social success. Moreover, the study suggests that the environment in which children play has an important effect on the adaptive nature of their play.

Uncertainty evaluation of multivariate quantities: A case study on electrical impedance

The paper discusses the evaluation of the uncertainty of a multivariate quantity using the Law of Propagation of Uncertainty defined in the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and a Monte Carlo method according to the GUM’s Supplement 2. The quantity analysed is the electrical impedance, which is not a scalar but a complex quantity. The used measuring method allows the evaluation of the impedance and of its uncertainty in different ways and the corresponding results are presented, compared and discussed. For comparison purposes, results of the impedance uncertainty obtained using the NIST Uncertainty Machine are also presented.