La salud de las culturas.

Resumen tomado de la revista

La paz comienza por uno mismo.

Resumen tomado de la publicación. Monográfico titulado: educación para la paz

La enseñanza de la Filosofía en la enseñanza media.

Realizar una comparativa de la evolución histórica de la enseñanza de la asignatura de Filosofía en la Bachillerato en España durante los siglos XIX y XX y también observar una amplia muestra de los sistemas educativos del mundo en los mismos siglos. La muestra de la investigación se compone de los planes de estudio de la asignatura de Filosofía en Bachillerato en España y las principales naciones de Europa y América en los siglos XX y XIX. Se han utilizado tres métodos de estudio: 1) el método histórico, que incluye la definición y delimitación del problema y una síntesis histórica; 2) la metodología comparada que incluye la teoría de las corrientes educativas; 3) las técnicas de triangulación, que consisten en la tipología de Denzin que considera el tiempo, el espacio, los niveles combinados, la triangulación de teorías, de la investigación y la metodología. Las hipótesis principales de estudio son: 1) constatar la existencia de la asignatura de Filosofía, en el marco de la Segunda Enseñanza, en España a lo largo de los siglos XIX y XX. 2) Constatar la existencia de la asignatura de Filosofía, en el marco de la Segunda Enseñanza de ámbito mundial hasta el año 2000. Se realiza un análisis histórico de la Filosofía en el Bachillerato en España desde 1845 al 1990, que incluye: la década moderada 1843-1854; la Reforma de la enseñaza, el Plan 'PIDAL' de 1845; la etapa del 1845 a 1864 con el predominio de las Corrientes Filosóficas; el proyecto educativo del Sexenio Revolucionario; la Filosofía en la Restauración, en la República y la Guerra civil, en la época de Franco; la Reforma educativa de 1990 con la Ley Orgánica General del Sistema Educativo por Comunidades Autónomas. Para realizar el estudio se ha utilizado la triangulación de las siguientes fuentes: planes de estudio, los libros de texto de Filosofía y la bibliografía sobre esta temática. La segunda parte de la investigación se centra en la enseñanza de la filosofía en la segunda enseñanza de 49 países del mundo. Se estudian los planes de estudio de la asignatura de filosofía de finales de los siglos XIX y XX de los países principales de Europa, países Árabes, los países Americanos, países de Asia y África. Se han utilizado los datos del cuestionario de la encuesta internacional de la UNESCO sobre 'Filosofía y Democracia en el mundo' de 1995. Se ha utilizado la técnica de triangulación aplicada a una amplia muestra a escala mundial que demuestra que la Filosofía es una asignatura de Educación Secundaria integrada en la gran mayoría de los sistemas educativos del mundo. Se concluye que en España la asignatura de Filosofía en los planes de estudio del Bachillerato ha sido una constante a lo largo de los siglos XIX y XX. Por otra parte, a finales del siglo XX la Filosofía es una asignatura en la Enseñanza Secundaria en un elevado número de países. Se llega a la conclusión que la asignatura de Filosofía, en los sistemas educativos, es un valor en alza a nivel mundial. Resumen basado en el de la publicación. p. 1106-1145 .

Mus Hs 1538 - Premier livre d'orgue : contenant une messe et des hymnes des principalles festes de l'année ; MDCC

composé par N. de Grigny. J. S. Bach

Zooplankton biovolume time series at station STARESO (Bay of Calvi, Corsica)

A long-term time series of subsurface zooplankton is performed in the oligotrophic Bay of Calvi (Corsica, Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean) from 2003 onwards. It is carried out from the marine station STARESO and is based on weekly measurement of zooplankton biovolumes. The main objectives are (i) to determine the seasonal cycle and inter-annual variability of the organisms, (ii) to study the dynamics of the populations, and (iii) to understand zooplankton interactions with other co-sampled hydrographic, meteorological and phytoplankton variables at the site.

Surface time series of nitrate, silicate and chlorophyll a (1999-2011) and CTD profiles (1999) at the PhytoCly station, Bay of Calvi, Corsica, Mediterranean Sea

This work is based on a long time series of data collected in the well-preserved Bay of Calvi (Corsica island, Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean) between 1979 and 2011, which include physical characteristics (31 years), chlorophyll a (chl a, 15 years), and inorganic nutrients (13 years). Because samples were collected at relatively high frequencies, which ranged from daily to biweekly during the winter-spring period, it was possible to (1) evidence the key role of two interacting physical variables, i.e. water temperature and wind intensity, on nutrient replenishment and phytoplankton dynamics during the winter-spring period, (2) determine critical values of physical factors that explained interannual variability in the replenishment of surface nutrients and the winter-spring phytoplankton bloom, and (3) identify previously unrecognized characteristics of the planktonic ecosystem. Over the >30 year observation period, the main driver of nutrient replenishment and phytoplankton (chl a) development was the number of wind events (mean daily wind speed >5 m s-1) during the cold-water period (subsurface water <13.5°C). According to winter intensity, there were strong differences in both the duration and intensity of nutrient fertilization and phytoplankton blooms (chl a). The trophic character of the Bay of Calvi changed according to years, and ranged from very oligotrophic (i.e. subtropical regime, characterized by low seasonal variability) to mesotrophic (i.e. temperate regime, with a well-marked increase in nutrient concentrations and chl a during the winter-spring period) during mild and moderate winters, respectively. A third regime occurred during severe winters characterized by specific wind conditions (i.e. high frequency of northeasterly winds), when Mediterranean "high nutrient - low chlorophyll" conditions occurred as a result of enhanced crossshore exchanges and associated offshore export of the nutrient-rich water. There was no long-term trend (e.g. climatic) in either nutrient replenishment or the winter-spring phytoplankton bloom between 1979 and 2011, but both nutrients and chl a reflected interannual and decadal changes in winter intensity.

Subsurface time series of chlorophyll a at the PhytoCly station, Bay of Calvi, Corsica, Mediterranean Sea

The development of the winter-spring phytoplankton bloom was investigated in the Bay of Calvi (Corsica, Ligurian Sea, northwestern Mediterranean) in 1979, 1986, 1988, 1997 and 1998. A drastic reduction of phytoplankton biomass was evidenced over the last 2 decades, in relation to long-term changes in climatic and environmental conditions. Between 1979 and 1998, the monthly averaged chlorophyll a concentrations at 1 m decreased by about 80% during February, March and April. Simultaneously, major changes to hydrodynamic conditions include warmer water, overall decrease of salinity at 10 m depth, longer periods of bright sunshine and lower wind stress. The changes in environmental conditions were large enough to affect the vertical stability of the water column during the winter-spring period and to reduce nutrient replenishment of the surface layer prior to the usual period of phytoplankton growth. Until 1986, the main factor driving nutrient replenishment was the winter upward mixing of nutrient-rich deep waters, while the progressive reduction of mixing from 1988 induced nutrient limitation of surface waters in the last decade. The following hypotheses on changes in the development of the winter-spring phytoplankton bloom are made: (1) Until 1986, phytoplankton peaks took place in relatively high-nutrient waters and were diatom-dominated. (2) Between 1986 and 1988, decreasing Si availability led to Si limitation which caused a reduction in diatom abundance. This resulted in the disappearance of the diatom-dominated pulses and in lower phytoplankton biomass and was accompanied by a shift toward non-siliceous phytoplankton. (3) In 1988, 1997 and 1998, decreasing nitrate availability led to nitrate limitation, thus explaining the progressive reduction in non-siliceous phytoplankton biomass. Other, associated changes in benthos assemblages and ichthyofauna are documented. The conclusions from the Bay of Calvi are extended to the whole western Corsican coast. This confirms that the Mediterranean reacts rapidly to external perturbations, which are driven by climate change in that particular area.