37 resultados para Lorpetalum chinense


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以中国东北森林 - 草原样带(NECT)上的松嫩平原羊草草甸草原为研究对象,从影响羊草叶片光合作用的机理出发,基于羊草片光合生理生态特性、羊草群落小气候梯度以及羊草群落生物量等的野外动态观测,分析了羊草叶片的光合生理特性动态特征,建立了羊草叶片的光合作用机理模型,通过尺度化,发展了基于叶片生理特性的羊草群落生产力动态模型;并结合著名的草地生态系统模型—CENTURY模型探讨了人类活动和气候变化对羊草草地的影响。主要结果如下: (1) 晴朗天气下羊草叶片气孔导度和净光合速率日变化均呈双峰型曲线。 (2) 影响羊草叶片气孔导度的主要环境因子是光合有效辐射、叶片与空气间的水汽压亏损以及空气温度。 (3) 影响羊草叶片净光合速率的主要因子是胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度、空气CO2浓度及蒸腾速率。 (4) 对当前2类代表性气孔导度模型的验证表明,基于Jarvis模型所改建的气孔导度模型比依据Leuning改进的Ball模型所建立的气孔导度模型具有更好的模拟效果,并据此建立了适于羊草叶片的气孔导度模型: gs = PAR (-2.01Ta2 + 147.74Ta - 2321.11)/((444.62 + PAR) (-538.042 + VPD)) (5) 结合能量平衡方程和光合作用生化模型,建立了能够模拟羊草叶片CO2、水汽和热量交换的羊草叶片光合作用耦合模型。该模型有能力预测复杂的环境变化对羊草叶片净光合作用和气孔导度的影响。 (6) 通过尺度化(采用多层模式模拟冠层导度,大叶模式模拟光合作用),建立了羊草群落光合作用模型,结合植物群落的呼吸模型,估算了羊草群落的净第一性生产力,并与实测值及CENTURY模型模拟值进行了比较,结果表明,基于叶片光合机理的群落生产力模型较CENTURY模型能更好地反映羊草群落的生产力动态。 (7) 基于CENTURY模型对人类活动、气候变化对羊草草原可能影响的模拟表明,人类活动(割草和放牧)和气候变化都会明显影响羊草草原,但人类活动产生的影响更为显著,尤其是重牧将造成羊草草原土壤有机碳和群落生物量显著降低。因此,制定合理的放牧和割草措施对于维持草场的可持续发展具有重要意义。

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松嫩平原盐碱化草地是我国著名的天然草场,又是东北西部绿色生态屏障,具有较高的经济价值和重要的生态意义。但是由于各种自然因素和人为因素,致使草地出现退化、沙化和盐渍化,尤其是草地盐渍化加重,生态环境日趋恶化。当地地形条件和气候要素是导致草地原生盐碱化的主要原因。而人类对草地的过度使用,如过度放牧和割草等则是导致草地快速次生盐碱化的主要原因,不仅导致土壤的退化,而且引起草地群落发生次生演替过程。在典型的次生演替过程中,常常可以出现羊革(Aneurolepidium chinense)群落、羊草和一虎尾草(Aneurotepidium chinense&Chloris virgata)群落、虎尾草(Chloris virgata)群落、碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)群落等演替阶段。 本文试图建立一个过程模型,来模拟草地的生态学过程机理以及人类过度放牧对草地生态系统的影响。本模型包括5个部分:1)主要气候因子的模拟,2)土壤水分动态的模拟,3)土壤盐碱化动态的模拟,4)草地群落生长的模拟,5)不同放牧强度对草地生态系统的影响评价。以下将对各个部分分别描述a 在气候因子模拟子模型中,给出了影响草地生态系统主要气候园子的种类,并重点介绍了如何利用解析法计算太阳辐射,包括平地和坡地的理论可照时间,天文辐射日总量以及总辐射量。利用改进后的Penman式,模拟了全国的潜在蒸散量,与900多个气象站点的水面蒸发观测资料进行了验证,模拟结果很好。 利用面向对象技术,将土壤水分动力学模型与水分平衡模型相结合,建立了土壤水分动态的物理过程模型。模型以ld为步长,可以模拟多种土壤质地的水分动态。利用松嫩平原4中典型土壤(碳酸盐草甸黑钙土、栗钙土、碱化盐土、草甸碱土)1997年土壤湿度观测资料对模型进行了验证,效果根理想。 在水盐平衡模型和动力学模型基础上建立了物理过程模型,来模拟土壤盐碱化动态。模型以ld为步长,适合于模拟异质性强的多层土壤水盐动态。模拟了1997年羊草及碱蓬群落下的土壤盐分、碱化度、pH值动态,并与实验资料进行了比较,模拟结果可以反映土壤盐分和碱化的季节变化规律。 模型将气候要素、土壤湿度、土壤盐分浓度、碱化度和pH值作为影响草地群落生长最重要的环境因子,在土壤水分动态和盐碱化动态模型基础上,建立了过程模型来模拟以羊草(A.chinense)、虎尾草(C.virgata)、星星草(Puccinellialenuiflora)和碱蓬(S. glauca)为建群种的4种植物群落的地上生物量、地下生物量以及枯死生物量变化动态。利用吉林省长岭的气候资料和实验资料,模拟了1991年土壤湿度动态,1991年4种群落土壤盐分、碱化度和pH值变化动态,以及1991年4种群落生长动态,并分另fj利用实验资料进行了验证,模拟效果非常理想。 在此基础上,利用模型对不同放牧强度对土壤水分动态、盐碱化动态的影响进行了评价,并探讨了对群落演替和生长的可能影响。模型选择不放牧、轻牧、重牧、过牧、极牧5种放牧强度,利用模型每15天将地上生物量分别去除0%. 25%、50%、75%和90%,并且相应改变了土壤导水特性来模拟不同的放牧强度。模拟结果表明,重牧、过牧、极牧下土壤湿度显著降低,但在轻牧下土壤温度略有上升。在不放牧时,土壤以脱盐、脱碱过程为主,而轻牧下脱盐、脱碱过程则会变缓:重牧、过牧、极牧下则以盐碱化为主。.不放牧时羊草群落一直占优势,而轻牧下则被羊草一虎尾草群落替代:虎尾草可以忍受轻的盐碱,因此在重牧F取代羊草群落成为优势种;在过牧和极牧下,土壤盐碱化非常迅速,最终只有碱蓬可以忍受强度的盐碱,这时草地变为碱蓬群落或光碱斑。不放牧下草地群落生长良好,生物量最大;轻牧下,草地群落生物量保持在中等水平;而重牧、过牧、极牧下草地生物量迅速减少。通过将每年收割的生物量进行累加,可以发现轻牧下收获的生物量总量是最大的,随着放牧强度的增加,收获的生物量迅速减少,如果同时考虑到适口性的问题,则可以发现轻牧下可 以收获最多的生物量,而过牧和极牧下只能收获极少的适口性非常差的碱蓬。 模拟结果表明,过牧是导致松嫩草地次生盐碱化最重要的原因,它不仅造成草地土壤的退化,而且加速了草地群落的次生演替。适宜的放牧强度对于保护草地免受退化,保持较高的草地生产力水平至关重要。而过牧不仅降低了草地的生产力,而且严重破坏了草地环境,引起草地的迅速退化。

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三峡库区一些污染严重的工业企业是当地主要的点源污染源,对周围植物群落产生了巨大危害,而植物是生态系统赖以存在的基础,它的生长发育直接影响到生态系统的结构及其正常功能的实现。本研究按照与点源污染源的距离为梯度,通过在三峡库区兴山县白沙河磷化工厂周围布设了32个植物群落固定样地,并以点源污染无法影响到的植物群落为对照,进行样地的野外群落学调查;在每个样地取不同种植物叶片100克左右和样地0~20cm土壤500克,以石灰滤纸法同步进行大气氟化物的取样。样品带回室内应用氟离子选择电极法,测定大气氟化物含量、植物叶片氟的累积量和土壤水溶性氟的含量。同时在野外调查时使用PAM2100叶绿素荧光仪测定植物最大光化学效率即Fv/Fm的值。通过野外调查试验和相关的室内分析,研究了(1):点源污染对三峡库区陆生植物群落组成和物种多样性的影响;(2):点源污染中的主要污染物对植物及土壤环境的影响;(3):不同物种叶片最大光化学效率Fv/Fm对污染胁迫响应的差异。结果如下: 点源污染对植物群落物种丰富度以及Pielou均匀度指数均有不同程度的影响,对于群落结构相对简单的马尾松林和柏木林的不利影响更为显著。相对于污染区来说,对照区中物种重要值的集中程度有所下降。许多物种的重要值在污染区与对照区有明显的变化。马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、檵木(Loropetalum chinense )、铁仔(Myrsine africana)、卷柏(Selaginella tamariscina )等对照区重要值较污染区为高,黄檀(Dalbergia hupeana )、菱叶海桐(Pittosporum truncatum)、君迁子(Diospyros lotus)等污染区的重要值较对照区为高。群落中有些物种比如柏木(Cupressus funebris)的天然更新也受到污染的影响。 污染区土壤pH值大多低于对照区,但是与离污染源距离的相关性不强。污染区有些物种比如马尾松、柏木等叶片中的全氟含量与大气中氟化物的含量和土壤水溶性氟含量明显正相关。但是另外有些物种氟的累积量受点源污染的影响不显著,比如菱叶海桐、翅柃(Eurya alata)等在污染严重的样地内生存状况仍然很好。 在距离点源污染近的样地内,大多数物种的最大光化学效率Fv/Fm的值显著下降。栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、马尾松和柏木等的Fv/Fm值与距污染源的距离呈明显的正相关,都是随着离污染源越来越近而逐渐降低。根据污染区相对对照区Fv/Fm值下降幅度的不同,把植物划分为三种类型:对污染敏感型如柏木、铁仔、檵木等,中等敏感型如油桐(Vernicia fordii)、香叶树(Lindera communis)和不敏感型如山胡椒(Lindera glauca)和 蝴蝶花(Iris japonica)等。

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Qianyanzhou(QYZ) Ecological Station established in 1983 with an area of 204 hm~2 is affiliated to the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network.Before 1982,herbs had been dominant,sparsely dotted with shrubs.After 20-year restoration of the vegetation,the vegetation showed significant changes in both forest coverage and species diversity.Forest coverage had increased to 93.3% in 1999 from 0.4% in 1982.The vegetation could be broadly classified into two groups: artificial forest,accounting for the most percent,and natural secondary forest.These two groups could be subdivided into 12 types.Based on the 2003 field work,The authors studied plant community composition and vertical structure.The results were as follows: 1) On the study plots were there about 150 species,of which 100,49,and 47 grew in arbor layer and shrub layer and herb layer,respectively.Of 12 community types,the amount of species in shrub layer was larger than that of other two layers.As to the species richness in the different community types,Liquidambar formosana community showed the highest and Imperata cylindrical var.major community the least.The amount of species in arbor layer of artificial forest was smaller than those of natural Pinus massoniana forest,but no difference in understory.2) Loropetalum chinense,Quercus fabric and Vaccinium bracteatum were dominant shrub species with a wide distribution.Three ferns Woodwardia japonica、Dryopteris atrata and Dicrannepteris dichotoma were dominant herb species.Lianas were sparse,but Milletlia reticulata were found in all forest types.3) Up to now some natural regeneration species,such as Eurya muricata、Quercus fabri、Vaccinium bracteatum、Rhus chinensis、Adinandra bockiana,had grown in the arbor layer of artificial forests.Some herb species,such as Arundinella setosa、Miscanthus floridulus、Isachne globosa、Scirpus triqueter,which were dominant ones in the herb layer before the restoration of vegetation,disappeared now.4) The vertical structure of natural Pinus massoniana community and Liquidambar formosana community showed more complex comparing with artificial forests.For the artificial forests,the conifer and broad-leaves mixed forest had a more complex structure.In both natural Pinus(massoniana) community and Liquidambar formosana community,it was dominated by individuals with height of 3~4 m,while 10~12 m in the artificial forests.

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Soil net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) of four grasslands across the elevation and precipitation gradients was studied in situ in the upper 0-10 cm soil layer using the resin-core technique in Xilin River basin, Inner Mongolia, China during the growing season of 2006. The primary objectives were to examine variations of NNM among grassland types and the main influencing factors. These grasslands included Stipa baicalensis (SB), Aneulolepidum Chinense (AC), Stipa grandis (SG), and Stipa krylovii (SK) grassland. The results showed that the seasonal variation patterns of NNM were similar among the four grasslands, the rates of NNM and nitrification were highest from June to August, and lowest in September and October during the growing season. The rates of NNM and nitrification were affected significantly by the incubation time, and they were positively correlated with soil organic carbon content, total soil nitrogen (TN) content, soil temperature, and soil water content, but the rates of NNM and nitrification were negatively correlated with available N, and weakly correlated with soil pH and C:N ratio. The sequences of the daily mean rates of NNM and nitrification in the four grasslands during the growing season were AC > SG > SB > SK, and TN content maybe the main affecting factors which can be attributed to the land use type.

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在扫描电镜下观察了龙胆科双蝴蝶属8个种和蔓龙胆属6个种的种子表面纹饰。观察结果表明,2属的种子表面特征均为网状纹饰类型。其中Tripterospermum cordatum, T. volubile, T. chinense, T. discoideum, T. japonicum, T. filicaule, Crawfurdia delavayi和C. pricei的种子表面为细网状;T. hirticalyx, T. pingbianense, C. puberula, C. tibetica, C. campanulacea和C. crawfordioides的种子表面为粗网状。在龙胆属Gentiana的不同组中均在网状纹饰。因此,从种子表面特征可看出,龙胆属、双蝴蝶和蔓龙胆属3属间具较近的亲缘关系。同时,在双蝴蝶属中,种之间在种子表面特征上有分化,在表面纹饰的具体特征上存在较大差别。而在蔓龙胆属中种间差别很小,仅在一些种子表面有无附属物上存在差异。

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通过对贵州花江峡谷喀斯特石漠化区4种典型石漠化植物群落中11种常见植物种叶片的δ^13C值测定,研究了各植物种对影响植物碳同位素分馏的主要环境因子(土壤储水量、大气相对湿度、光照强度、土壤厚度)的响应,分析了石漠化梯度中不同土层土壤储水量、大气相对湿度、土壤有机质、年均气温、光照强度等环境因子梯度变化与植物叶片δ^13C值的关系。结果表明,大部分物种的δ^13C值对环境因子的变化趋势表现为随环境水分好转呈下降趋势,即水分利用效率下降;也有部分物种呈稳定不变或逆势上升趋势。相关性分析表明,清香木(Pistacia weinmannifolia)、石岩枫(Mallotus repandus)、红背山麻杆(Alchornea trewioides)的主导因子是土层储水量;肾蕨(Nephrolepis cordifolia)、野桐(Mallotus japonicus var。floccosus)的主导因子是土壤厚度;肾蕨、八角枫(Alangium chinense)、构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)的主导因子是光照强度;而广西密花树(Rapanea kwangsiensis)、圆叶乌桕(Sapium rot undifolium)和灰毛浆果楝(Cipadessa cinerascens)则分辨不出主导因子,即环境影响因素更为综合。总体而言,叶片高δ^13C值是对低水分、高光、低资源环境的适应.

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2007

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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A ferrugem de espécies de Capsicum spp. (pimenta e pimentão), é causada pelo fungo Puccinia pampeana, pode causar perdas totais em plantios de diversas espécies de Capsicum, onde preodminam temperaturas ao redor de 21ºC. Esta ferrugem, mesmo sendo específica do gênero Capsicum, e mesmo muitas espécies dentro deste gênero sendo suscetíveis, algumas apresentam reação de hipersensibilidade. Foi o caso de Capsicum annuum (pimenta cv. Cayenne) e C. chinense (pimenta cv. Habañero), que após a formação dos espermogônios (11 dias), apresentou manchas necróticas na região periférica aos espermogônios, aos 15 dias após a inoculação, não havendo evolução da infecção. Também foi observada reação de hipersensibilidade, de forma mais moderada em folhas C. annuum (pimenta serrano) e C. baccatum (chapéu-de-frade). Com relação às outras solanáceas inoculadas (jiló e berinjela) não foram observados os sintomas e sinais da infecção.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA