A compra do botij��o de g��s na cidade de Petr��polis (RJ): uma tradi����o de fam��lia

O mercado de g��s liquefeito de petr��leo brasileiro passou por profundas mudan��as ap��s a desregulamenta����o governamental iniciada a partir da segunda metade da d��cada de 1990. Neste per��odo, a interven����o estatal foi substitu��da por um modelo de livre concorrência que impulsionou a expans��o das quatro principais empresas do setor para uma atua����o nacional. Estes movimentos criaram um novo cen��rio competitivo no mercado. Ap��s uma d��cada destas mudan��as, e apesar da forte competi����o entre as quatro grandes companhias que det��m 86 % do mercado, a lideran��a do segmento residencial em cada estado brasileiro continua sendo exercida pela mesma marca do passado (ou sua sucessora). Este fato indica a necessidade das companhias adotarem uma nova abordagem de marketing para alterar de maneira significativa a percep����o do consumidor em rela����o �� sua prefer��ncia de marca. Logo, o conhecimento dos fatores cr��ticos na escolha de botij��es de g��s para uso residencial �� fundamental para esta mudan��a. Este estudo prop��e uma nova abordagem das estrat��gias de mercado na ind��stria do GLP no Brasil, baseada numa perspectiva antropol��gica, que tenha como pilar o estudo do consumo dom��stico deste produto como um processo de natureza cultural e simb��lica, contradizendo a vis��o utilitarista que o estrutura como um simples reflexo de uma raz��o pr��tica, fundamentada em crit��rios econ��micos. Para atingir este objetivo, o pesquisador realizou uma an��lise do comportamento do consumidor de botij��es de g��s para uso dom��stico apoiado nos principais estudos sobre o consumo na base da pir��mide, abordando os aspectos culturais brasileiros que possuem influ��ncia relevante nesta decis��o de compra. Este estudo tamb��m contemplou os principais conceitos sobre a forma����o de h��bitos de compra bem como a teoria sobre a l��gica dominante em servi��os. Os dados prim��rios foram obtidos no munic��pio de Petr��polis/RJ, atrav��s de metodologia qualitativa, utilizando as entrevistas em profundidade como t��cnica de coleta de dados. Como resultado deste trabalho, foi proposto pelo autor um modelo te��rico para explicar o fen��meno de compra do botij��o de g��s para uso dom��stico no Brasil. Este modelo explica que a forma����o do h��bito de compra do botij��o de g��s tem in��cio na transmiss��o familiar da prefer��ncia por determinada marca para os membros mais novos da fam��lia, atrav��s do conv��vio e observa����o da rotina de escolha. Em seguida a nova consumidora experimenta o produto habitual da fam��lia e confirma as promessas de servi��o embutidas na prefer��ncia familiar. Ap��s esta fase, a consumidora consolida a prefer��ncia e coloca a recompra do botij��o de g��s no modo autom��tico, disparando o loop do h��bito de consumo deste produto. Segundo esta proposta, apenas uma disson��ncia cognitiva gerada pelo n��o cumprimento da promessa de servi��o prestado �� capaz de interromper o loop do h��bito de compra da marca preferida pela fam��lia.

A concretiza����o do princ��pio da igualdade em mat��ria tribut��ria por meio de senten��as aditivas

This work aims to study the additive decisions, a type of juridical interpretation developed in foreign legal systems and which are known in Italy as adittive sentences. Thefore, this dissertation is based on theorical studies developed around the subject in Italy and Brazil. Considering the fact that the fundamental rights face a problem of implementation, being decreased its normative force when there are legislative partial omissions lacking constitutional justification creating privileges to certain individuals or social/economical groups over others, the method of additive interpretation according to the Constitution can be used in order to realize the principle of equality. In tax matters the subject is even more relevant in the way that it represents an important role in the economy. Partial legislative omissions can generate inequalities, favoring certain taxpayers in relation to others in similar legal situation. In these cases the privilege may have a negative impact on economic order restricting values related to the basis of market competition. On those occasions, Brazilian Judges and Courts must exercise their constitutional jurisdiction in order to expand the effects of the legislative omissions, based on the principle of equality by extending the standard to equal tax situations in order to maintain neutrality in taxation

A revenda de combust��vel e os limites constitucionais para a sua regula����o: uma an��lise aplicada aos aspectos concorrênciais e ao controle de pre��os

The gas retail represents the end of a section of the oil and natural gas derivative chain, for it is at this stage where the commercialization of those merchandises takes place towards the costumers. This process involves an enormous amount of economic agents, which reflects on an activity of great influence on the citizen's everyday. By the time of the gas retail price liberalization, in 2002, there were great expectations towards that measure, for the insertion of that segment in a competitive market was likely to create a decrease in prices. As there was not a drastic drop off in cost, the question was no longer the price itself, but, predominantly, the conduct taken by the economic agents that operate the market. Not in vain, the segment introduces a greater number of different procedures combined with the organs that compose the Brazilian System of Competition Protection. What is understood, however, is that many of these complaints are made in a lightly way, without a proper analysis of the market and its practices, that being why, in this paper, evidences the causes of these complaints and explained what, in fact, occurs in this market. Also, the organs that protect the free initiative in the sector use different methods to assess anticompetitive practices, which are counterproductive on the combat of anticompetitive practice, that being why the present paper analyzes the used methods on a critic perspective, choosing one which is believed to be the most adequate. The present work also tries to present the gas retail prices on a constitutional, free competition, free initiative and consumers defense perspective, analyzing the competition s aspects on the gas market; the shaping of the gas prices; the market boundaries; the anti-competitive practices under the gas market; and analyze the possibility, according to the defined economic standards in the constitutional text of existing a greater control or gas price indexing and/or regulation which limits the distributors and resellers profit on gas. Still, in consequence of this analysis, a study on Natal s market behavior will be developed in its competitive feature. That being said, moreover being a theoretical-descriptive study, data and statistics gathered is used, which will lead, willing to grasp an experiential study on a few aspects of the Potiguar gas retail market

As san����es pol��ticas, mecanismo de interven����o do estado na ordem econ��mica e tribut��ria

This work pursues to analyze the sanctions of restrictive nature, which are characterized by impeding the business of the contributor in debt. Such sanctions known as political sanctions, are truly understood as an indirect way of tax enforcement, liable to cause problems to the private entity in curtailing, the initiative freedom, opposing the Article 5��, item XIII and Article 170, single paragraph of CF/88. As the State gets the several means to assure the economic order effective performance, it is up to the State to restrain the economic power abuse that objects to the marketing domination, to the ending of competition, and arbitrary increasing of profits (CF Article 173, �� 4��.) Therefore, it depends on the state, besides maintaining the economic order, to ensure a fair distribution of tax burden and act under the command of the Democratic State of Law principles. In order to make the tax collection effective, specific in some cases, the administrative fiscal agent uses coercive, excessive, and institutional, in imposing sanctions which causes constraint, maculating the contributor s essential rights, that matters of the necessity to force the tax credit ending. The principle of the free initiative and free competition, which are intended to be analyzed in this study, comes from a constitutional context and it will be reviewed in its systematic relations and with another rules, in order to evidence, at the end, the occurrence of an intervention towards the economic order when the State makes do of political sanctions as a tool for the tax credit effectiveness, infringing the Tax and Constitutional principles

Responsabilidade civil como fun����o social na distribui����o e revenda de combust��vel face ao direito do consumidor e ao meio ambiente

The civil liability of the distribution and retail fuel stems from the fact business activity developed to be high risk and can be said as risk inherent or latent danger that has predictability and normality characterized by placing the consumer in a position of vulnerability, such as the environment, both public policies defined and constitutional protection. Consumer protection as a fundamental right and the environment as the primacy of social order aims the welfare and social justice, as inserted right to the third dimension, are guarded by the State when it creates operational standards through public policies and indirectly intervenes in the economic order. This intervention is due to consumer protection and the environment are economic order principles, founded on free initiative and free competition, ensuring everyone a dignified existence which underlies the irradiation of fundamental rights in private initiative, before the commercial evaluation, mass consumption, the emergence of new technologies that link consumers to the environment before the protection of life, health and safety and ensuring a better quality of life for present and future generations. To repair this damage and the right to information are provided as fundamental rights that put the person at the epicenter of the relations and collective interest stands out against individual interests that to be done need public-private partnership. In such a way that the used methodology was an analysis of documents correlating them with bibliographic sources whose goals are to recognize the civil responsibility as limit to subjective right, having to develop a social function where guilt and risk grow distant and the damage is configured as a consequence of inherent risk, requiring the State interventional postures in fulfilling its public policy; prevailing in these risky activities the solidarity of those involved in the chain of production and socialization of damage forward those are provided directly of products of hazardous nature that put in a position of vulnerability the environment and the consumer

A altera����o do tipo penal de adultera����o de combust��veis: reflexo da constitucionaliza����o do direito penal no mercado de combust��veis

The neoconstitutionalism led to a process of ethical revaluation of the normative systems and the process of constitutionalization of the many fields of law. This study examines the consequences of this process in criminal law, so important a Law field for the protection of the most valuable assets by the society, including the fundamental guarantees, thus emphasizing the necessity of protection of the collective and individual rights, which are guided by the observance of the defendants individual rights in the course of criminal proceedings and the search for the best efficiency of penal protection, according to the corollaries of defense against the state (prohibition of the excess or ��bermassverbot) and the provision of rights by the state (prohibition of insufficient protection or Untermassverbot). The offense of fuel adulteration is taken as an object of study, since it is a vital market to a nation dependent of people and good s movement for their living, driven by fossil and biofuels. Such a crime affects essential legal interests to the development of society, interests such as the environment, consumer relations and economic order, particularly the principle of free competition. This paper seeks to analyze the need of a greater efficiency of this particular criminal protection, once concluded the conduct harm and social fear as a consequence by it as growing, and therefore having its former crime type, engraved in Article 1 of Law No. 8.176/1991, rewritten in compliance with the criminal law s principle of legality. Thus, the reformation proposals and legislative creation involving this crime were observed, with emphasis on the bill No. 2498/2003, which keeps it as blank heterogeneous criminal norm, kind of penal normative whose constitutionality is raised, including the forethought of criminal responsibility in the perpetrating of the offense as culpable and subsequently increasing the applicable minimum penalty, as well as the inclusion of new activities in the typical nucleus

Contribui����o ao estudo da isonomia na tributa����o sob a perspectiva da ordem econ��mica

The study aims to investigate the limits of state intervention via induction on Economic Order, especially in cases regarding tax equality, through the analysis of their effects on economic development and on free competition from the perspective of economic efficiency and the Constitution. Thus, the work seeks to demonstrate that the achievement of equality in taxation is important in that it strengthens the economic relations in terms of efficiency, protects competition and fosters economic development to reduce regional and social inequalities and other constitutional desiderata. A dissertation is characterized by interdisciplinarity and was divided into two parts. The first is to discuss the legal meaning of equality from the doctrinal analysis of the principle and the relationship between equality and justice in the economic sense without rejecting its philosophical content. It is noteworthy that hermeneutics and the philosophy of language are useful tools for achieving equality in presenting the pragmatic methodologies applicable to the subject in terms of corrective justice. Based on these general assumptions, is going to study the tax equality and their characteristics, the corollary of the ability to pay and its relation to the economic capacity and the issue of progressivity in taxation as an ideal of distributive justice. The second part concerns the legal foundations of Economic Order and its relation to extrafiscality as a means of economic regulation in order to investigate the efficiency of this induction in order to promote economic development, free competition and tax equality itself to reduce inequalities and distributing wealth. Within this context, we investigated the scope of the constitutional principles of economic order, free enterprise and free competition, and favored differential treatment for small and medium enterprises, the issue of regional development for the reduction of regional and social inequalities, the problem the "fiscal war" and finally the efficiency from the perspective of Economic Analysis of Law

O controle concorrencial dos atos de concentra����o como instrumento de implementa����o de pol��tica p��blica estatal

P��s-gradua����o em Direito - FCHS

Prote����o jur��dica da inova����o tecnol��gica no com��rcio internacional e no direito comparado: internaliza����o destes institutos jur��dicos pelo direito brasileiro

P��s-gradua����o em Direito - FCHS

A ordem econ��mico-constitucional e o mercado de etanol: diretivas de um marco regulat��rio para o estado democr��tico de direito

P��s-gradua����o em Direito - FCHS

Atratividade de projetos de software livre: import��ncia te��rica e estrat��gias para administra����o

Milhares de Projetos de Software Livre (PSL) foram e continuam sendo criados na Internet. Esse cen��rio aumenta as oportunidades de colabora����o tanto quanto acirra a concorrência por usu��rios e contribuidores, que elevariam esses projetos a n��veis superiores aos que seriam alcan��ados por seus fundadores sozinhos. E dado que o aprimoramento por meio de colabora����o �� o principal objetivo dos fundadores de PSL, a import��ncia de entender e administrar a capacidade de atrair usu��rios e contribuidores fica estabelecida. Para auxiliar pesquisadores e fundadores nesse desafio, o conceito de atratividade �� introduzido neste artigo, que desenvolve um ferramental te��rico-gerencial sobre as causas, indicadores e consequ��ncias da atratividade, viabilizando sua administra����o estrat��gica.

O rumo das exporta����es brasileiras de produtos de base agr��cola a partir das negocia����es da ��rea de Livre Com��rcio das Am��ricas (ALCA)

O estudo analisa a orienta����o das exporta����es brasileiras de seis produtos de base agr��cola (a����car, caf��, frango, fumo, soja e o suco de laranja), procurando observar se ela vem ocorrendo em dire����o da futura ��rea de Livre Com��rcio das Am��ricas (ALCA), valendo-se do ��ndice de Orienta����o Regional. Busca tamb��m avaliar a import��ncia destes produtos na pauta de exporta����es brasileiras, atrav��s do ��ndice de Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas (VCR). Descreve as tarifas de importa����o de alguns pa��ses que ir��o compor a ALCA juntamente com o Brasil, no intuito de concluir o benef��cio da elimina����o das mesmas para cada um dos produtos. Constata-se que os produtos brasileiros dever��o beneficiar-se da abertura comercial promovida atrav��s da ALCA, salvo no caso da carne de frango que deve ser considerado como um produto sens��vel para que n��o sofra concorrência dos EUA num primeiro momento.

Defesa da concorrência e a ind��stria de cinema no Brasil

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de realizar uma avalia����o preliminar da ind��stria do cinema no Brasil, em particular nos segmentos de distribui����o e exibi����o de filmes, sob a perspectiva do direito da concorrência. Trata-se, portanto, de uma an��lise antitruste dos mercados relevantes associados �� cadeia vertical da ind��stria cinematogr��fica nacional, a partir das informa����es publicamente dispon��veis. Devido �� car��ncia dessas informa����es, bem como o car��ter privado das atividades comerciais das distribuidoras, este artigo n��o busca elaborar um diagn��stico antitruste da ind��stria em tela, mas sim identificar um conjunto de quest��es relevantes para o aprofundamento do conhecimento da sociedade a respeito dessa ind��stria no Brasil, sob o enfoque da defesa da concorrência.

Aspectos concorrenciais da privatiza����o em setores regulados: diretrizes para a defesa da concorrência

O programa de privatiza����o constitui prioridade na a����o econ��mica do governo. Este estudo pretende analisar os aspectos concorrenciais da desestatiza����o em duas dimens��es: o grau em que o ambiente concorrencial condiciona o desempenho das empresas privatizadas e a forma em que a condu����o da privatiza����o afeta a estrutura dos mercados. O trabalho est�� dividido em duas partes: i) an��lise do desempenho do Programa Nacional de Privatiza����o (PND) �� luz de indicadores econ��micos e avalia����o do programa dos pontos de vista da teoria econ��mica e da experi��ncia internacional; ii) defini����o de diretrizes para que os setores analisados apresentem uma estrutura adequada do ponto de vista concorrencial.

Regula����o do livre acesso no transporte de g��s natural �� luz da ordem econ��mica da Constitui����o de 1988

In the middle of modern social changes produced by globalization and capitalism, several markets have changed. States have left the direct coordination of these markets (chiefly public utility sector in the form of monopolies), introducing regulation in order to promote competition. These changes have affected natural gas industry by promoting competition as a key factor to the development and the increase of firms in this market. The regulatory reform of natural gas industry ocurred in EUA and Europe Union and it has produced its first results. In Brazilian context, Constitutional Amendment nbr. 09 and Federal Law nbr. 9.478/97 ( Petroleum Law ) opened the natural gas market to a broad range of private economic agents and they finished the monopoly over the industry before managed by Petrobras. The new regulatory framework of Brazilian natural gas industry has designed competition as a central element to the new form of managment of business and contractual relationships of this industry. Among the regulatory instruments, open access regulation in natural gas pipelines is directed to promote competition. The questions arised about its implementation in Brazilian context are studied in the present work, in which it is discussed the constitutional rules and principles are to be applied to the open access regulation within the theme of statal regulation of economy present in constitutional economic order