Elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskusten palvelutyytyväisyystutkimus 2015 : Yhteenvetoraportti

Asiakkaat ovat pääosin tyytyväisiä ELY-keskusten tarjoamaan palveluun ja annettuja arvosanoja voidaan pitää erittäin hyvinä. ELY-keskusten valtakunnalliset keskimääräiset tyytyväisyysarvosanat ovat pysyneet käytännössä ennallaan edellisvuoden tutkimukseen nähden. Tätä voidaan pitää erittäin positiivisena huomioiden ELY-keskuksiin kohdistuneet sopeuttamistoimet ja niiden toimintaympä-ristössä tapahtuneet muutokset vuoden 2015 Vuoden 2015 palvelutyytyväisyystutkimuksessa oli mukana ELY-keskusten rahoitus-, maksatus-, lupa- ja valvontapalvelut. Lisäksi erillisenä tutkimuskohteena mukana oli ensimmäistä kertaa yritysten kehittämispalvelut (analyysi-, konsultointi- sekä koulutuspalvelut). Tutkimukseen osallistui kaikki ELY-keskukset lukuun ottamatta Lapin ja Pohjois-Pohjanmaan ELY-keskuksia, joiden osalta palvelutyy-tyväisyyskyselyitä ei tehty vuoden 2015 aikana. Vastauksia tutkimukseen saatiin yhteensä lähes 3500 kappaletta. ELY-keskusten asiakkailta saamien ”palvelu kokonaisuudessaan” tyytyväisyysarvosanojen valtakunnallinen keskiarvo on kaikkien pal-veluiden osalta yli neljä (4,10) eli tyytyväisyys oli laskenut hienoisesti vuoden 2014 tuloksista (4,13). Asiakkaat ovat antaneet korkeim-mat tyytyväisyysarvosanat ”asiantuntemuksesta” sekä ”ystävällisyydestä”. Muita tekijöitä alhaisemmat arvosanat on annettu ”asian käsittelynopeudelle”. Rahoituspalveluiden osalta kokonaisarvosana (3,98) on laskenut hivenen. Koettu palvelun ystävällisyys on pysynyt korkealla tasolla, mutta tyytyväisyys käsittelynopeuteen on laskenut. Maksatuspalveluiden osalta kokonaisarvosana (4,16) on pysynyt ennallaan ja tyyty-väisyys käsittelynopeuteen on parantunut. Lupapalveluiden osalta kokonaisarvosana (4,17) on pysynyt ennallaan. Sen sijaan asiakkai-den tyytyväisyys asiantuntemukseen, ystävällisyyteen ja päätösten perusteluihin on laskenut selvästi. Lupapalveluiden muutokset nä-kyvät kaikkien vastaajien kokonaistuloksessa. Valvontapalveluiden osalta kokonaisarvosana (3,99) on laskenut hivenen. Yrityspalvelujen analyysi- ja konsultointipalveluissa parhaaksi koettiin mm. palvelun nopea ja vaivaton saatavuus sekä suora hyöty liiketoimintaan. Koulutuspalvelut taas saivat kiitosta sisällöistä ja koulutusten läpiviennistä. Sekä konsultointipalvelut että avainhenki-löille suunnatut koulutusohjelmat koettiin tehokkaaksi tavaksi kehittää yrityksen toimintaa. Asiakkaat odottavat sujuvaa asiointia ELY-keskuksen kanssa. Yhä useammalle asiakkaalle tämä tarkoittaa hyvin toimivia sähköisiä palveluita. Keskeiset asiakkaiden esille nostamat kehityskohteet liittyivät asioinnin koettuun työläyteen, prosessin monimutkaisuuteen tai vaikeuteen. Lisäksi hitaaksi koettu asian käsittelynopeus sai osakseen kritiikkiä. Nopeasti kasvava sähköinen asiointi tarvitsee tuek-seen hyvin saavutettavan monikanavaisen asiakaspalvelun, jonka edelleen kehittämiseen tulee panostaa. Lisätietoja tutkimuksen koordinointiin liittyvissä asioista saa Teija Junttilalta KEHA-keskuksesta.

New Genotype of Dengue Type 3 Virus Circulating in Brazil and Colombia Showed a Close Relationship to Old Asian Viruses

Dengue type 3 genotype V viruses have been recently detected in Brazil and Colombia. In this study, we described another Brazilian isolate belonging to this genotype. Phylogenetic analysis including dengue type 3 viruses isolated worldwide showed that Brazilian and Colombian viruses were closely related to viruses isolated in Asia more than two decades ago. The characteristic evolutionary pattern of dengue type 3 virus cannot explain the close similarity of new circulating viruses with old viruses. Further studies are needed to confirm the origin of the new dengue type III genotype circulating in Brazil and Colombia.

Characterization of electrical penetration graphs of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, in sweet orange seedlings

Detailed information on probing behavior of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is critical for understanding the transmission process of phloem-limited bacteria (Candidatus Liberibacter spp.) associated with citrus `huanglongbing` by this vector. In this study, we investigated stylet penetration activities of D. citri on seedlings of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Pera (Rutaceae) by using the electrical penetration graph (EPG-DC system) technique. EPG waveforms were described based on amplitude, frequency, voltage level, and electrical origin of the observed traces during stylet penetration into plant tissues. The main waveforms were correlated with histological observations of salivary sheath termini in plant tissues, to determine the putative location of stylet tips. The behavioral activities were also inferred based on waveform similarities in relation to other Sternorrhyncha, particularly aphids and whiteflies. In addition, we correlated the occurrence of specific waveforms with the acquisition of the phloem-limited bacterium Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus by D. citri. The occurrence of a G-like xylem sap ingestion waveform in starved and unstarved psyllids was also compared. By analyzing 8-h EPGs of adult females, five waveforms were described: (C) salivary sheath secretion and other stylet pathway activities; (D) first contact with phloem (distinct from other waveforms reported for Sternorrhyncha); (E1) putative salivation in phloem sieve tubes; (E2) phloem sap ingestion; and (G) probably xylem sap ingestion. Diaphorina citri initiates a probe with stylet pathway through epidermis and parenchyma (C). Interestingly, no potential drops were observed during the stylet pathway phase, as are usually recorded in aphids and other Sternorrhyncha. Once in C, D. citri shows a higher propensity to return to non-probing than to start a phloem or xylem phase. Several probes are usually observed before the phloem phase; waveform D is observed upon phloem contact, always immediately followed by E1. After E1, D. citri either returns to pathway activity (C) or starts phloem sap ingestion, which was the longest activity observed.

Molecular phylogeny of Wolbachia endosymbionts in southeast asian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) based on wsp gene sequences

Wolbachia are maternally inherited intracellular bacteria that infect a wide range of arthropods and nematodes and are associated with various reproductive abnormalities in their hosts. Insect-associated Wolbachia form a monophyletic clade in the α-Proteobacteria and recently have been separated into two supergroups (A and B) and 19 groups. Our recent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) survey using wsp specific primers indicated that various strains of Wolbachia were present in mosquitoes collected from Southeast Asia. Here, we report the phylogenetic relationship of the Wolbachia strains found in these mosquitoes using wsp gene sequences. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed eight new Wolbachia strains, five in the A supergroup and three in the B supergroup. Most of the Wolbachia strains present in Southeast Asian mosquitoes belong to the established Mors, Con, and Pip groups.

Leadership in the Asian Century: Lessons from GLOBE

In this paper, based on the results of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) 61-nation study of culture and leadership, we present findings related to three ‘clusters’ of countries. These clusters are: (1) the ‘Anglo culture’ cluster (Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, white South Africa, UK, and USA), the ‘Southern Asia’ cluster (Iran, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines), and the ‘Confucian Asia’ cluster (China, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan). Data from the GLOBE study, reporting middle managers’ perceptions of societal practices and values, and of the factors that facilitate and inhibit effective leadership will be compared across the three clusters. Results demonstrate that, despite differences in cultures, especially cultural values, perceptions of effective leadership vary substantially only in respect of the extent that participation is seen to facilitate leadership. In the Anglo cluster, participative leadership is seen as much more facilitative of leadership, than in either of the Asian clusters. Results are discussed in terms of effective leadership styles suitable for management in the twenty-first century, where Asian economies are likely to play a more dominant role than they have in recent history.

History of vegetation and habitat change in the Austral-Asian region

Over 1000 marine and terrestrial pollen diagrams and Some hundreds of vertebrate faunal sequences have been studied in the Austral-Asian region bisected by the PEPII transect, from the Russian arctic extending south through east Asia, Indochina, southern Asia, insular Southeast Asia (Sunda), Melanesia, Australasia (Sahul) and the western south Pacific. The majority of these records are Holocene but sufficient data exist to allow the reconstruction of the changing biomes over at least the past 200,000 years. The PEPII transect is free of the effects of large northern ice caps yet exhibits vegetational change in glacial cycles of a similar scale to North America. Major processes that can be discerned are the response of tropical forests in both lowlands and uplands to glacial cycles, the expansion of humid vegetation at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition and the change in faunal and vegetational controls as humans occupy the region. There is evidence for major changes in the intensity of monsoon and El Nino-Southern oscillation variability both on glacial-interglacial and longer time scales with much of the region experiencing a long-term trend towards more variable and/or drier climatic conditions. Temperature variation is most marked in high latitudes and high altitudes with precipitation providing the major climate control in lower latitude, lowland areas. At least some boundary shifts may be the response of vegetation to changing CO2 levels in the atmosphere. Numerous questions of detail remain, however, and current resolution is too coarse to examine the degree of synchroneity of millennial scale change along the transect. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

The Asian fish tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, in Australian freshwater fishes

Bothriocephalus acheilognathi was collected from 13 of 38 carp (Cyprinus carpio), 2 of 4 mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki), and 2 of 12 western carp gudgeon (Hypseleotris klunzingeri) in waterways of the Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales. This is the first record of this parasite in Australia, and its presence in H. klunzingeri is a new host record. B. acheilognathi presumably arrived in Australia with its introduced fish hosts and has since crossed into native fishes, This cestode may infect other native fish species, a potential that is significant given the high pathogenicity associated with infection in other known hosts.

A phylogenetic study of hepatitis B virus in chronically infected Brazilian patients of Western and Asian descent

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes one of the most important chronic viral infections worldwide. HBV is classified into eight genotypes whose epidemiology varies geographically. In Brazil, genotypes A, D, and F are more frequent, while in East Asia, genotypes B and C predominate. Several studies showed that immigrants retain the HBV infection pattern of their ancestral country. To identify HBV genotypes infecting chronic carriers in Brazilian families of Western and Asian descent by Hepatitis B surface antigen gene sequencing and analyze the route of viral transmission by phylogenetic analysis of viral sequences. Eighty-seven people chronically infected with HBV were separated into two groups: Western descent (27) and Asian descent (60). Surface and pre-core/core genes were amplified from serum HBV-DNA and sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis. HBV genotype A was found in 74% of Western subjects, while genotype C was found in 94% of Asian patients. Thirty-eight percent of Western families were infected with HBV with similar pre-core/core sequences, while only 25% of Asian families showed similarity in these sequences. Phylogenetical analysis of pre-core/core HBV gene suggested intra-familial transmission of HBV in 38% of Western families and 25% of Asian families. Analysis of HBsAg gene sequences helped to define the HBV genotype but did not allow inferring route of transmission as its sequences showed a smaller phylogenetic signal than pre-core/core sequences. Chronic HBV carriers of Asian descent born in or living in Brazil were infected with the same HBV genotype predominant in their ancestral country.