Nuevo sistema de propulsión naval

143 p.

Nereidos (Polychaeta: Nereidae) de los litorales mexicanos: Sistemática, biogeografía y alimentación

Tesis (Doctorado en Ciencias con Especialidad en Ecología) UANL

En busca de El dorado.

Este proyecto de innovación educativa se presentó en el Congreso Internacional de Innovación en la Educación celebrado en Valladolid los dias 26, 27 y 28 de abril de 2005

El equívoco y su traducción al español en el sonnet XVII de William Shakespeare.

Se compara la diferencias que presenta el texto original del soneto XVII de Shakespeare y las diversas traducciones al español, señalando el escaso acierto a la hora de traducir la rica gama de significados y matices del poema original.

Control en modo corriente y tensión eficaz con lazo de offset para inversor monofásico embarcado en aviones adecuado para funcionamiento en paralelo y conexión trifásica

La incorporación de un lazo de tensión eficaz de (RMS) es una posibilidad atractiva para el control de inversores de potencia de una manera sencilla. Si se combina con un control en modo corriente usando una sonda de efecto Hall, el ruido de modo común de la etapa de potencia transmitido al control puede ser reducido, mejorando la distorsión armónica total (THD) y manteniendo la posibilidad de operación en paralelo. Además, al estar el control de tensión definido sobre baja frecuencia (DC), obtener una gran ganancia a la frecuencia de interés (0Hz) es sencilla con control basado en PI, lo cual garantiza una onda de tensión de salida a 400Hz sin error, a costa de un peor desempeño ante transitorios y ante cargas no lineales. Sin embargo, la implementación de una estrategia de control de esta naturaleza puede provocar la aparición de offset en la salida. Por otra parte, el esquema oculta la información de la fase de la onda de tensión de salida, necesaria para sincronizar tres módulos monofásicos en un montaje trifásico. En este artículo el diseño e implementación del sistema completo es abordado, resolviendo los inconvenientes mencionados mediante un tercer lazo analógico de control para el offset y un algoritmo de sincronización implementado en una FPGA.

Current Mode with RMS Voltage and Offset Control Loops for a Single-Phase Aircraft Inverter Suitable for Parallel and 3-Phase Operation Modes

Rms voltage regulation may be an attractive possibility for controlling power inverters. Combined with a Hall Effect sensor for current control, it keeps its parallel operation capability while increasing its noise immunity, which may lead to a reduction of the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Besides, as voltage regulation is designed in DC, a simple PI regulator can provide accurate voltage tracking. Nevertheless, this approach does not lack drawbacks. Its narrow voltage bandwidth makes transients last longer and it increases the voltage THD when feeding non-linear loads, such as rectifying stages. On the other hand, the implementation can fall into offset voltage error. Furthermore, the information of the output voltage phase is hidden for the control as well, making the synchronization of a 3-phase setup not trivial. This paper explains the concept, design and implementation of the whole control scheme, in an on board inverter able to run in parallel and within a 3-phase setup. Special attention is paid to solve the problems foreseen at implementation level: a third analog loop accounts for the offset level is added and a digital algorithm guarantees 3-phase voltage synchronization.

Design methodology in multiphase buck converter based on minimum time control for high efficiency RF amplifiers

This paper proposes an interleaved multiphase buck converter with minimum time control strategy for envelope amplifiers in high efficiency RF power amplifiers. The solution of the envelope amplifier is to combine the proposed converter with a linear regulator in series. High system efficiency can be obtained through modulating the supply voltage of the envelope amplifier with the fast output voltage variation of the converter working with several particular duty cycles that achieve total ripple cancellation. The transient model for minimum time control is explained, and the calculation of transient times that are pre-calculated and inserted into a look-up table is presented. The filter design trade-off that limits capability of envelope modulation is also discussed. The experimental results verify the fast voltage transient obtained with a 4-phase buck prototype.

Design of envelope amplifier based on interleaved multiphase buck converter with minimum time control for RF application

In this paper, an interleaved multiphase buck converter with minimum time control strategy for envelope amplifiers in high efficiency RF power amplifiers is proposed. The solution for the envelope amplifier is to combine the proposed converter with a linear regulator in series. High efficiency of envelope amplifier can be obtained through modulating the supply voltage of the linear regulator. Instead of tracking the envelope, the buck converter has discrete output voltage that corresponding to particular duty cycles which achieve total ripple cancellation. The transient model for minimum time control is explained, and the calculation of transient times that are pre-calculated and inserted into a lookup table is presented. The filter design trade-off that limits capability of envelope modulation is also discussed. The experimental results verify the fast voltage transient obtained with a 4-phase buck prototype.

Digital Control Implementation to Reduce the Cost and Improve the Performance of the Control Stage of an Industrial Switched-Mode Power Supply

The main objective of this work is the design and implementation of the digital control stage of a 280W AC/DC industrial power supply in a single low-cost microcontroller to replace the analog control stage. The switch-mode power supply (SMPS) consists of a PFC boost converter with fixed frequency operation and a variable frequency LLC series resonant DC/DC converter. Input voltage range is 85VRMS-550VRMS and the output voltage range is 24V-28V. A digital controller is especially suitable for this kind of SMPS to implement its multiple functionalities and to keep the efficiency and the performance high over the wide range of input voltages. Additional advantages of the digital control are reliability and size. The optimized design and implementation of the digital control stage it is presented. Experimental results show the stable operation of the controlled system and an estimation of the cost reduction achieved with the digital control stage.

EMI filter design of a three-phase buck-type rectifier for aircraft applications

An EMI filter for a three-phase buck-type medium power pulse-width modulation rectifier is designed. This filter considers differential mode noise and complies with MIL-STD- 461E for the frequency range of 10kHz to 10MHz. In industrial applications, the frequency range of the standard starts at 150kHz and the designer typically uses a switching frequency of 28kHz because the fifth harmonic is out of the range. This approach is not valid for aircraft applications. In order to design the switching frequency in aircraft applications, the power losses in the semiconductors and the weight of the reactive components should be considered. The proposed design is based on a harmonic analysis of the rectifier input current and an analytical study of the input filter. The classical industrial design does not consider the inductive effect in the filter design because the grid frequency is 50/60Hz. However, in the aircraft applications, the grid frequency is 400Hz and the inductance cannot be neglected. The proposed design considers the inductance and the capacitance effect of the filter in order to obtain unitary power factor at full power. In the optimization process, several filters are designed for different switching frequencies of the converter. In addition, designs from single to five stages are considered. The power losses of the converter plus the EMI filter are estimated at these switching frequencies. Considering overall losses and minimal filter volume, the optimal switching frequency is selected

High efficiency envelope tracking buck converter for RFPA using GaN HEMTs

—In this paper, application of a new technological solution for power switches based on Gallium Nitride and a filter design methodology for high efficiency Envelope Amplifier in RF transmitters are proposed. Comparing to Si MOSFETs, GaN HEMTs can provide higher efficiency of the Envelope Amplifier, due to better Figure Of Merit (lower product of on- resistance and gate charge). Benefits of their application were verified through the experimental results. The goal of the filter design is to generate the envelope reference with the minimum possible distortion and to improve the efficiency of the Amplifier, obtaining the optimum trade-off between conduction and switching losses.