Spatial Data Mining and Modeling for visualisation of Rapid Urbanisation

Rapid urbanisation in India has posed serious challenges to the decision makers in regional planning involving plethora of issues including provision of basic amenities (like electricity, water, sanitation, transport, etc.). Urban planning entails an understanding of landscape and urban dynamics with causal factors. Identifying, delineating and mapping landscapes on temporal scale provide an opportunity to monitor the changes, which is important for natural resource management and sustainable planning activities. Multi-source, multi-sensor, multi-temporal, multi-frequency or multi-polarization remote sensing data with efficient classification algorithms and pattern recognition techniques aid in capturing these dynamics. This paper analyses the landscape dynamics of Greater Bangalore by: (i) characterisation of direct impervious surface, (ii) computation of forest fragmentation indices and (iii) modeling to quantify and categorise urban changes. Linear unmixing is used for solving the mixed pixel problem of coarse resolution super spectral MODIS data for impervious surface characterisation. Fragmentation indices were used to classify forests – interior, perforated, edge, transitional, patch and undetermined. Based on this, urban growth model was developed to determine the type of urban growth – Infill, Expansion and Outlying growth. This helped in visualising urban growth poles and consequence of earlier policy decisions that can help in evolving strategies for effective land use policies.

辽宁中部城市群景观动态模拟与预测研究

辽宁中部城市群是我国城镇最密集的地区之一，经过几十年快速的城市发展和工业建设，造成了严重环境污染和生态破坏，区域的景观发生了巨大的变化。本文研究辽宁中部城市群城市空间增长和景观动态，为辽宁中部城市群的科学规划和管理提供决策支持，对辽宁省生态环境与社会经济的可持续发展具有重要的意义。 本文利用3S技术、转移矩阵和景观格局指数方法对辽宁中部城市群1988-- 2004 年的城市增长和景观变化进行了综合分析，采用历史数据对城市增长和景观变化模型SLEUTH进行校正，并对历史时期的城市增长和景观变化进行模拟重建；利用ROC曲线统计、Kappa指数系列和景观格局指数对SLEUTH的模拟结果进行精度评价；在五种不同的预案下对辽宁中部城市群未来（2005-2045年）城市增长和景观动态进行模拟预测。本文得到如下结论： 1. 1988-2004年间，辽宁中部城市群的城市面积持续增长，扩展强度不断增强，1997-2000年的城市扩展强度最大，增长速度最快。城市空间格局的变化表现出阶段性的特征，1988-1997年城市面积的增长速度较慢，结构紧凑，以边缘增长和填充增长为主；1997-2004年城市面积增长较快，城市向外蔓延，城市斑块形状变得复杂，以开发区的飞地式增长和扩散增长为主。 2. 1997-2004年间，辽宁中部城市群的景观变化明显，农村居民点的面积增长最大，其次为城市；林草地的面积减少最大，其次为耕地。各景观类型中城市的增长速度最快，林草地减少的速度最快。辽宁中部城市群的城市增长和景观变化主要集中在中部的城镇密集带。城镇密集带将是未来城市群规划和管理的关键区域。辽宁中部城市群景观格局受人类活动影响增强，景观破碎化程度加大。景观中林草地和耕地的优势地位有所减弱，破碎化程度增加，斑块形状日益复杂；在城镇密集带内，耕地面积流失较大，耕地占景观面积比例减少较快，破碎化程度较大。随着城市化进程的加快和人类活动的增强，辽宁中部城市群表现出复杂的格局变化特征。 3. 1988-2004年，辽宁中部城市群城市增长的主要驱动力是社会经济发展和政策因素，其中人口和经济的高速增长、国家及区域政策导致的城市开发、生 态环境保护政策、城市规划和基础设施建设等因素是城市群城市空间快速增长的主要因素。辽宁中部城市群的景观变化受到自然和人类两大类驱动因素的共同作用。气候、水文、矿产资源等自然驱动力对城市群景观变化的影响也较大。人口增长、城市和村镇聚落增长、农业开发、经济发展、政治政策和工业化等主要的人类驱动力对辽宁中部城市群景观变化影响较大。 4. 利用ROC 曲线统计、Kappa 指数系列和景观格局指数从城市增长总体预测能力、增长数量和空间格局上对SLEUTH 模型的城市增长模拟结果进行精度评估；利用Kappa 指数系列和景观格局指数对SLEUTH的景观变化预测结果进行评价。总体上讲，SLEUTH模型对辽宁中部城市群城市增长和景观动态模拟预测具有良好的可信精度，较好地模拟了1988-2004年的城市增长和1997-2004年城市群的景观动态。 5. SLEUTH 模型效力的主要影响因素包括模型结构、城市发展特征、模型应用的时空尺度和模型输入数据的获取与误差传递等。通过修改模型参数设置、开展模型敏感性与不确定性分析等可以提高SLEUTH 模型的模拟效力，并提出城市分类标准对SLEUTH准确性的影响，通过对部分研究区的检验研究，证明城市分类标准对SLEUTH模型的校正和模拟预测结果影响较大。 6. 基于SLEUTH模型，从城市群城市空间增长、景观要素和社会经济政策等方面设计了五种城市群发展和景观变化预案，即历史趋势预案（Historical Trend, HT），区域开发政策和城市规划预案（Regional development policy and Urban planning policy, RU），生态可持续发展预案（Ecological Sustainable development，ES），两个密集增长预案（Compact Growth，CG1和CG2）等。通过预案分析，考察不同的条件下未来城市群城市空间增长和景观动态特征，研究认为密集的城市增长预案是未来辽宁中部城市群发展的较好预案，为辽宁中部城市群的规划、管理和可持续发展提供决策支持。

Agricultura urbana, condición para el desarrollo sostenible y la mejora del paisaje

Este artículo resulta de investigaciones en torno al “enverdecimiento” de las ciudades y las oportunidades de la agricultura urbana para la alimentación de una población en constante aumento que no trabaja la tierra. También es fruto de actividades de mejora de ambientes urbanos realizadas con la Escuela de Ingenieros Agrónomos de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. A través de casos de agricultura urbana, entendiendo por ella el conjunto de prácticas para la producción de alimentos y plantas ornamentales dentro de las ciudades y en sus entornos, se analizan alternativas para la recuperación de espacios construidos e incremento de la calidad de vida de la población. Todo ello se traduce, además, en creación de riqueza y mejora del paisaje urbano, siempre desde criterios de sostenibilidad que favorecen el desarrollo local desde la Cumbre de la Tierra de Río de 1992 y la Conferencia sobre Desarrollo Sostenible Río+20 de 2013.

Evolução da paisagem do baixo curso do rio de Piranhas-Assu (1988-2024): uso de autômatos celulares em modelo dinâmico espacial para simulação de cenários futuros

The lower course of Piranhas-Assu river, located in the north coast of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, arouses a keen interest as a study field, once it concentrates, besides petroleum and gas exploration, activities related to shrimp culture, salt and horticulture, factors that also deserve special attention. Thus, the awareness of the study field environmental stage demands studies from researchers and discernment from society, as a way of understanding the inter-relation between environment and men. Therefore, this work attempts at understanding and studying the dynamics of land use in the lower course of Piranhas-Assu river, through a multitemporal analysis of present and past, accomplishing future projections through simulation models. The work is divided in stages that include the research, analysis, interpretation of results, and the generation of simulation models, to analyze the landscape tendencies, making possible to identify indicators which cause such changes in the lower course of the river. From Geographical Database, the necessary exploratory analyses were accomplished to the following items: land use evolution, natural and environmental vulnerability, multiple geodiversity indexes, and preparation of the data to be used in the simulation model. Later, the construction of the landscape simulation model was conducted. Sequentially, simulations of future sceneries were accomplished through the execution of the model in a specific software environment. Last, the analyses of landscape tendencies in the study field were carried out. The lower course of Piranhas-Assu River didn't show any intense dynamics in landscape changing, once in the period taken into account (from 1988 to 2004) class stability proved to be superior to its transformations. Activities related to agriculture and livestock are the ones that influence, mostly, the landscape dynamics. The production of sea shrimp and petroleum also infers in the landscape, although in smaller proportion. INCRA s public policies excessively determined the dynamics of the landscape in the lower course of Piranhas-Assu River, RN. In respect to its natural vulnerability, the lower course of Piranhas-Assu River, RN, features more vulnerable than stable areas. The landscape simulation, in the first taken period (2004-2009), indicated considerable increases and decreases of antropic activities, if compared to its sequent periods (2009-2014, 2014-2019 and 2019-2024). The simulation, in a wider analysis, showed that the determining factors for the space mobility of antropic activities, in the focused area, are related to the pre-existence of communities with agricultural capability and to the existence of access routes and drainage. Considering the area that features fixed and mobile dunes, located in Porto do Mangue district, we recommend its conversion into a conservation area

Dinâmica da paisagem na microbacia hidrográfica do rio Mojuí, oeste do estado do Pará

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Irrigação e Drenagem) - FCA

A concepção geossistêmica aplicada ao estudo da dinâmica da paisagem na bacia hidrográfica do rio Lourenço Velho, sul do estado de Minas Gerais - Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Santa Virginia: uma análise paisagística comparativa do período de 1989 até o presente

The Atlantic Forest is considered the fifth most important hotspot of the world, for its high endemism and biodiversity. The Serra do Mar State Park (SMSP) is the biggest area of integral protection in Brazilian coast, having the largest continuous remnant area of Atlantic Forest. Its creation aims to protect the Atlantic Forest remnants and regeneration of degraded areas. The present work develops in the administrative center Núcleo Santa Virgínia, created on May 2, 1989 and aims a comparative analysis and environmental interpretation regarding the evolution of the landscape its creation until the present days, using geoprocessing techniques. For a better understanding of some definitions, a literature review is presented about the current scenario of conservation units, concepts of landscape, landscape ecology, landscape dynamics and the importance of the geoprocessing for landscape analysis. It was elaborated two thematic charts of use and occupation land of Núcleo Santa Virgínia (1989 and 2014) and quantified for each type of use for later comparison

Land-use and land-cover change in Atlantic Forest landscapes

The Atlantic Forest is one of the most threatened tropical biomes, with much of the standing forest in small (less than 50 ha), disturbed and isolated patches. The pattern of land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) which has resulted in this critical scenario has not yet been fully investigated. Here, we describe the LULCC in three Atlantic Forest fragmented landscapes (Sao Paulo, Brazil) between 1960-1980s and 1980-2000s. The three studied landscapes differ in the current proportion of forest cover, having 10%, 30% and 50% respectively. Between the 1960s and 1980s. forest cover of two landscapes was reduced while the forest cover in the third landscape increased slightly. The opposite trend was observed between the 1980s and 2000s: forest regeneration was greater than deforestation at the landscapes with 10% and 50% of forest cover and, as a consequence, forest cover increased. By contrast, the percentage of forest cover at the landscape with 30% of forest cover was drastically reduced between the 1980s and 2000s. LULCC deviated from a random trajectory, were not constant through time in two study landscapes and were not constant across space in a given time period. This landscape dynamism in single locations over small temporal scales is a key factor to be considered in models of LULCC to accurately simulate future changes for the Atlantic Forest. In general, forest patches became more isolated when deforestation was greater than forest regeneration and became more connected when forest regeneration was greater than deforestation. As a result of the dynamic experienced by the study landscapes, individual forest patches currently consist of a mosaic of different forest age classes which is likely to impact bio-diversity. Furthermore, landscape dynamics suggests the beginning of a forest transition in some Atlantic Forest regions, what could be of great importance for biodiversity conservation due to the potential effects of young secondary forests in reducing forest isolation and maintaining a significant amount of the original biodiversity. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Methodologische Untersuchungen zur Veränderung sahelischer Überschwemmungsgebiete mittels Fernerkundung - Fallbeispiel Nigerbinnendelta (Mali) -

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Langzeitbeobachtungsstudien zur Landschaftsdynamik inSahelländern stehen generell einem defizitären Angebot anquantitativen Rauminformationen gegenüber. Der in Malivorgefundene lokal- bis regionalräumliche Datenmangelführte zu einer methodologischen Studie, die die Entwicklungvon Verfahren zur multi-temporalen Erfassung und Analyse vonLandschaftsveränderungsdaten beinhaltet. Für den RaumWestafrika existiert in großer Flächenüberdeckunghistorisches Fernerkundungsmaterial in Form hochauflösenderLuftbilder ab den 50er Jahren und erste erdbeobachtendeSatellitendaten von Landsat-MSS ab den 70er Jahren.Multitemporale Langzeitanalysen verlangen zur digitalenReproduzierbarkeit, zur Datenvergleich- undObjekterfaßbarkeit die a priori-Betrachtung derDatenbeschaffenheit und -qualität. Zwei, ohne verfügbare, noch rekonstruierbareBodenkontrolldaten entwickelte Methodenansätze zeigen nichtnur die Möglichkeiten, sondern auch die Grenzen eindeutigerradiometrischer und morphometrischerBildinformationsgewinnung. Innerhalb desÜberschwemmungsgunstraums des Nigerbinnendeltas im ZentrumMalis stellen sich zwei Teilstudien zur Extraktion vonquantitativen Sahelvegetationsdaten den radiometrischen undatmosphärischen Problemen:1. Präprozessierende Homogenisierung von multitemporalenMSS-Archivdaten mit Simulationen zur Wirksamkeitatmosphärischer und sensorbedingter Effekte2. Entwicklung einer Methode zur semi-automatischenErfassung und Quantifizierung der Dynamik derGehölzbedeckungsdichte auf panchromatischenArchiv-Luftbildern Die erste Teilstudie stellt historischeLandsat-MSS-Satellitenbilddaten für multi-temporale Analysender Landschaftsdynamik als unbrauchbar heraus. In derzweiten Teilstudie wird der eigens, mittelsmorphomathematischer Filteroperationen für die automatischeMusterkennung und Quantifizierung von Sahelgehölzobjektenentwickelte Methodenansatz präsentiert. Abschließend wird die Forderung nach kosten- undzeiteffizienten Methodenstandards hinsichtlich ihrerRepräsentativität für die Langzeitbeobachtung desRessourceninventars semi-arider Räume sowie deroperationellen Transferierbarkeit auf Datenmaterial modernerFernerkundungssensoren diskutiert.

Ecosystem service trade-offs and stakeholder claims - a meso-scale study from a Madagascar biodiversity hotspot

The north-eastern escarpment of Madagascar has been labelled a global biodiversity hotspot due to its extremely high rates of endemic species which are heavily threatened by accelerated deforestation rates and landscape change. The traditional practice of shifting cultivation or "tavy" used by the majority of land users in this area to produce subsistence rice is commonly blamed for these threats. A wide range of stakeholders ranging from conservation to development agencies, and from the private to the public sector has therefore been involved in trying to find solutions to protect the remaining forest fragments and to increase agricultural production. Consequently, provisioning, regulating and socio-cultural services of this forest-mosaic landscape are fundamentally altered leading to trade-offs between them and consequently new winners and losers amongst the stakeholders at different scales. However, despite a growing amount of evidence from case studies analysing local changes, the regional dynamics of the landscape and their contribution to such trade-offs remain poorely understood. This study therefore aims at using generalised landscape units as a base for the assessment of multi-level stakeholder claims on ecosystem services to inform negotiation, planning and decision making at a meso-scale. The presented study applies a mixed-method approach combining remote sensing, GIS and socio-economic methods to reveal current landscape dynamics, their change over time and the corresponding ecosystem service trade-offs induced by diverse stakeholder claims on the regional level. In a first step a new regional land cover classification for three points in time (1995, 2005 and 2011) was conducted including agricultural classes characteristic for shifting cultivation systems. Secondly, a novel GIS approach, termed “landscape mosaics approach” originally developed to assess dynamics of shifting cultivation landscapes in Laos was applied. Through this approach generalised landscape mosaics were generated allowing for a better understanding of changes in land use intensities instead of land cover. As a next step we will try to use these landscape units as proxies to map provisioning and regulating ecosystem services throughout the region. Through the overlay with other regional background data such as accessibility and population density and information from a region-wide stakeholder analysis, multiscale trade-offs between different services will be highlighted. The trade-offs observed on the regional scale will then be validated through a socio-economic ground-truthing within selected sites at the local scale. We propose that such meso-scale knowledge is required by all stakeholders involved in decision making towards sustainable development of north-eastern Madagascar.

Analyses of lake La Thuile sediment core

Lake La Thuile, in the Northern French Prealps (874 m a.s.l.), provides an 18 m long sedimentary sequence spanning the entire Lateglacial/Holocene period. The high resolution multi-proxy (sedimentological, palynological, geochemical) analysis of the uppermost 6.2 meters reveals the Holocene dynamics of erosion in the catchment in response to landscape modifications. The mountain belt is at relevant altitude to study past human activities and the watershed is sufficiently disconnected from large valleys to capture a local sedimentary signal. From 12,000 to 10,000 cal. BP (10 to 8 ka cal. BC), the onset of hardwood species triggered a drop in erosion following the Lateglacial/Holocene transition. From 10,000 to 4500 cal. BP (8 to 2.5 ka cal. BC), the forest became denser and favored slope stabilization while erosion processes were very weak. A first erosive phase was initiated at ca . 4500 cal. BP without evidence of human presence in the catchment. Then, the forest declined at approximately 3000 cal. BP, suggesting the first human influence on the landscape. Two other erosive phases are related to anthropic activities: approximately 2500 cal. BP (550 cal. BC) during the Roman period and after 1600 cal. BP (350 cal. AD) with a substantial accentuation in the Middle Ages. In contrast, the lower erosion produced during the Little Ice Age, when climate deteriorations are generally considered to result in an increased erosion signal in this region, suggests that anthropic activities dominated the erosive processes and completely masked the natural effects of climate on erosion in the late Holocene.

Barrio Nirvana : Tensiones entre lo público y lo privado

Abordamos como objeto de estudio el Barrio Nirvana (City Bell, partido de La Plata) con el objetivo de describir las huellas de la dinámica del paisaje como indicadores de sus diferentes etapas históricas, relacionando el concepto de paisaje con la actual configuración territorial del Barrio. Enmarcados en la geografía cultural, recuperamos las perspectivas de Milton Santos, Paul Claval y Mario Margulis, desde la categoría de paisaje. La metodología empleada fue cualitativa e incluyó la observación y registro fotográfico de la zona, conversaciones informales con vecinos residentes del Barrio Nirvana, recopilación de documentos y material periodístico sobre el área. Todo ello nos permitió indagar qué es "público" y qué es "privado" en el barrio, dónde y cómo se establece el "afuera" y el "adentro", y dirimir si su finalidad es ser un paisaje integrador y abierto o si en realidad lo que pretende es alejar a los extraños a través de barreras invisibles

Pollen record of sediment profile NERO from Russia

(of book) Problems of origin of the hydrosphere, history of formation and development of underground water, of the World Ocean, lakes, rivers, surface and subsurface ice are under consideration in the book. An attempt of the complete reconstruction of the continental hydrosphere in the Eastern Europe in Late Pleistocene is made. Methods of paleohydrologic studies are described. Some papers are devoted to paleoclimatic problems of river runoff formation and paleotermic evolution of continental glaciers.

Barrio Nirvana : Tensiones entre lo público y lo privado

Abordamos como objeto de estudio el Barrio Nirvana (City Bell, partido de La Plata) con el objetivo de describir las huellas de la dinámica del paisaje como indicadores de sus diferentes etapas históricas, relacionando el concepto de paisaje con la actual configuración territorial del Barrio. Enmarcados en la geografía cultural, recuperamos las perspectivas de Milton Santos, Paul Claval y Mario Margulis, desde la categoría de paisaje. La metodología empleada fue cualitativa e incluyó la observación y registro fotográfico de la zona, conversaciones informales con vecinos residentes del Barrio Nirvana, recopilación de documentos y material periodístico sobre el área. Todo ello nos permitió indagar qué es "público" y qué es "privado" en el barrio, dónde y cómo se establece el "afuera" y el "adentro", y dirimir si su finalidad es ser un paisaje integrador y abierto o si en realidad lo que pretende es alejar a los extraños a través de barreras invisibles