Recent investigations on zooplankton in the Limnological Institute of the University of Freiburg, in Falkau (Germany). [Translation from: Acta cient.Venezolana 18, 94-97, 1967. ]

Histochemical experiments are conducted in order to study the interrenal cells of European brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri).

Food habits of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) off Oregon and northern California, 1986–2007

We described the diet of the eastern stock of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) from 1416 scat samples collected from five sites in Oregon and northern California from 1986 through 2007. A total of 47 prey types from 30 families were identified. The most common prey was Pacific hake (Merluccius productus), followed by salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.), skates (Rajidae), Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata), herrings (Clupeidae), rockfish (Sebastes spp.), and northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax). Steller sea lion diet composition varied seasonally, annually, and spatially. Hake and salmonids were the most commonly identified prey in scats collected during the summer (breeding season), whereas hake and skate were most common in the nonbreeding season. Continued research on Steller sea lion diet and foraging behavior in the southern extent of their range is necessary to address issues such as climate change, interaction with competing California sea lions, and predation impacts on valuable or sensitive fish stocks.

Gunnislake Fish Counter Annual Report 2002

This is the Gunnislake Fish Counter Annual Report 2002 from the Environment Agency South West Region, which was held on March 2002. It presents the daily upstream counts of migratory salmonids recorded on the River Tamar at Gunnislake Weir fish counting station in 2002. The data within this report covers the period of the commercial migratory salmonid net buy-back scheme and the National Spring Salmon Bylaws. The report contains section on Net Buy-Back; Species Apportionment; Validation of counter efficiency; results as total number of migratory salmonid (salmon and Sea Trout) counted moving upstream in 2002 at Gunnislake; video validation and Counter Efficiency; and Discussion. The section Discussion includes Salmon and Sea Trout counts recorded on the River Tamar 1995-2002, other fish species observed as sea lamprey and Environmental Factors (river flows, water temperature, and barometric pressure).

Species management in aquatic habitats WRc RD Interim 1997

This is the Species management in aquatic Habitats WRc Interim 1997 document produced by the Environment Agency in 1997. This document reports progress on R&D Project 640, which aims to provide information on species of conservation value of particular relevance to the Environment Agency, in relation to its activities affecting aquatic environments. A range of stand-alone outputs is being produced, comprising Species Action Plans, practical management guidelines for Agency staff and third parties, and various research outputs to improve the knowledge base on the status and ecological requirements of priority species. The species of conservation values are: water shrew, daubenton’s bat, Kingfisher, yellow wagtail, Grey wagtail, sand martin, reed bunting, dipper, marsh warbler, great crested new, spined loach, brook lamprey, river lamprey, sea lamprey, shining rams-horn snail, little whirlpool rams-horn snail, depressed river mussel, a freshwater pea mussel, native crayfish, and triangular club-rush. The process of species selection was altered during the course of the project by the report on biodiversity by the UK Biodiversity Steering Group (1995). Whilst still including species that were not particularly endangered but were greatly influenced by the activities of the Agency, the project addressed species on the ‘short’ and ‘middle’ priority lists of the Biodiversity report, particularly those for which the Agency had specific responsibilities.

River Avon (including Glazebrook) fisheries survey 1978

This is the River Avon (including Glazebrook) fisheries survey 1978 report produced by South West Water Authority in 1978. This report aims to determine the penetration of Salmon into the River Avon system and to a lesser degree estimate the population of resident salmonids and other indigenous species. Six sections were electro fished at accessible points as detailed below. All fish were identified and measured. Each section was fished through three times to take the majority of the resident species. Small specimens of salmonid fry, eels and lamprey were common in almost all River Avon sections with the exception of Shipley bridge and Avon Dam but due to the mesh size of the standard dip nets used, many slipped through making accurate number estimation impossible.

Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of a putative C-type lectin (Fclectin) gene in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis

Lectin is regarded as a potential molecule involved in immune recognition and phagocytosis through opsonization in crustacean. Knowledge on lectin at molecular level would help us to understand its regulation mechanism in crustacean immune system. A novel C-type lectin gene (Fclectin) was cloned from hemocytes of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis by 3' and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR. The full-length cDNA consists of 1482 bp with an 861 bp open reading frame, encoding 287 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contains a putative signal peptide of 19 amino acids. It also contains two carbohydrate recognition domains/C-type lectin-like domains (CRD1 and CRD2), which share 78% identity with each other. CRD1 and CRD2 showed 34% and 30% identity with that of mannose-binding lectin from Japanese lamprey (Lethenteron japonicum), respectively. Both CRD1 and CRD2 of Fclectin have I I amino acids residues, which are relatively invariant in animals' C-type lectin CRDs. Five residues at Ca2+ binding site I are conserved in Fclectin. The potential Ca2+/carbohydrate-binding (site 2) motif QPD, E, NP (Gln-Pro-Asp, Glu, Asn-Pro) presented in the two CRDs of Fclectin may support its ability to bind galactose-type sugars. It could be deduced that Fclectin is a member of C-type lectin superfamily. Transcripts of Fclectin were found only in hemocytes by Northern blotting and RNA in situ hybridization. The variation of mRNA transcription level in hemocytes during artificial infection with bacteria and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was quantitated by capillary electrophoresis after RT-PCR. An exploration of mRNA expression variation after LPS stimulation was carried out in primarily cultured hemocytes in vitro. Expression profiles of Fclectin gene were greatly modified after bacteria, LPS or WSSV challenge. The above-stated data can provide us clues to understand the probable role of C-type lectin in innate immunity of shrimp and would be helpful to shrimp disease control. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bioaccumulation Trends of Ten Metals in a Pelagic Food Web of Lake Champlain

Many metals have serious toxic effects when ingested by aquatic organisms, and the process of bioaccumulation intensifies this problem. A better understanding of bioaccumulation trends of anthropogenically introduced metals in freshwater food webs is necessary for the development of effective management strategies to protect aquatic organisms, as well as organisms (including humans) that consume top-predator fish in these food webs. Various fish species representing different trophic levels of a pelagic food chain were sampled from Lake Champlain (VT/NY). Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to determine levels of chromium, copper, cobalt, cadmium, lead, zinc, nickel, rubidium, cesium and potassium in the fish samples. Metal concentrations for chromium, cobalt, nickel, cesium, cadmium (<5.0 ppm) and lead (<10.0 ppm) were found to be all below detection limits. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios were analyzed to determine the trophic relationship of each fish species. Stable isotope and AAS metal data were used in tandem to produce linear regressions for each metal against trophic level to assess biomagnification. Both potassium and zinc showed no biomagnification because they are homeostatically regulated essential trace metals. Copper was under the detection limits for all fish species with the exception of the sea lamprey; but showed a significant biodiminution among the invertebrates and lamprey. Rubidium, a rarely studied metal, was shown to increase with trophic level in a marginally significant linear relationship suggesting biomagnification is possible where more trophic levels are sampled.

A freshwater-feeding Lampetra fluviatilis L. Population in Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland

Pollan Coregonus autumnalis, caught in the fresh waters of Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland, were scarred by river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis and adult river lamprey were found for much of the year with full guts, indicating a freshwater-feeding population.

Extensive genome duplications in sturgeons:New evidence from microsatellite data

Summary: Genome duplications and polyploidization events are thought to have played relevant roles in the early stages of vertebrate evolution, in particular near the time of divergence of the lamprey lineage. Additional genome duplications, specifically in ray-finned fish, may have occurred before the divergence of the teleosts. The role of polyploidization in vertebrate genome evolution is a thriving area of research. Sturgeons (order Acipenseriformes) provide a unique model for the investigation of genome duplication, with existing species possessing 120, 250 or 360 chromosomes. In the present study, data from 240 sturgeon specimens representing 11 species were used for analysis of ploidy levels. Allele numbers were assessed at eleven microsatellite loci. The results provide further evidence for functional diploidy, tetraploidy and hexaploidy in species possessing 120, 250 and 360 chromosomes, respectively. The analysis also uncovered novel evidence for functional hexaploidy in the shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum). In conclusion, the process of functional genome reduction is demonstrated to be an on-going process in this fish lineage. © 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

An endophilin-dynamin complex promotes budding of clathrin-coated vesicles during synaptic vesicle recycling

Clathrin-mediated vesicle recycling in synapses is maintained by a unique set of endocytic proteins and interactions. We show that endophilin localizes in the vesicle pool at rest and in spirals at the necks of clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) during activity in lamprey synapses. Endophilin and dynamin colocalize at the base of the clathrin coat. Protein spirals composed of these proteins on lipid tubes in vitro have a pitch similar to the one observed at necks of CCPs in living synapses, and lipid tubules are thinner than those formed by dynamin alone. Tubulation efficiency and the amount of dynamin recruited to lipid tubes are dramatically increased in the presence of endophilin. Blocking the interactions of the endophilin SH3 domain in situ reduces dynamin accumulation at the neck and prevents the formation of elongated necks observed in the presence of GTPγS. Therefore, endophilin recruits dynamin to a restricted part of the CCP neck, forming a complex, which promotes budding of new synaptic vesicles.

Differential efficiency of the endocytic machinery in tonic and phasic synapses

Efficient synaptic vesicle membrane recycling is one of the key factors required to sustain neurotransmission. We investigated potential differences in the compensatory endocytic machineries in two glutamatergic synapses with phasic and tonic patterns of activity in the lamprey spinal cord. Post-embedding immunocytochemistry demonstrated that proteins involved in synaptic vesicle recycling, including dynamin, intersectin, and synapsin, occur at higher levels (labeling per vesicle) in tonic dorsal column synapses than in phasic reticulospinal synapses. Synaptic vesicle protein 2 occurred at similar levels in the two types of synapse. After challenging the synapses with high potassium stimulation for 30 min the vesicle pool in the tonic synapse was maintained at a normal level, while that in the phasic synapse was partly depleted along with expansion of the plasma membrane and accumulation of clathrin-coated intermediates at the periactive zone. Thus, our results indicate that an increased efficiency of the endocytic machinery in a synapse may be one of the factors underlying the ability to sustain neurotransmission at high rates.

A pre-embedding immunogold approach for detection of synaptic endocytic proteins in situ

During the past decade, many molecular components of clathrin-mediated endocytosis have been identified and proposed to play various hypothetical roles in the process [Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 1 (2000) 161; Nature 422 (2003) 37]. One limitation to the evaluation of these hypotheses is the efficiency and resolution of immunolocalization protocols currently in use. In order to facilitate the evaluation of these hypotheses and to understand more fully the molecular mechanisms of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, we have developed a protocol allowing enhanced and reliable subcellular immunolocalization of proteins in synaptic endocytic zones in situ. Synapses established by giant reticulospinal axons in lamprey are used as a model system for these experiments. These axons are unbranched and reach up to 80-100 microm in diameter. Synaptic active zones and surrounding endocytic zones are established on the surface of the axonal cylinder. To provide access for antibodies to the sites of synaptic vesicle recycling, axons are lightly fixed and cut along their longitudinal axis. To preserve the ultrastructure of the synaptic endocytic zone, antibodies are applied without the addition of detergents. Opened axons are incubated with primary antibodies, which are detected with secondary antibodies conjugated to gold particles. Specimens are then post-fixed and processed for electron microscopy. This approach allows preservation of the ultrastructure of the endocytic sites during immunolabeling procedures, while simultaneously achieving reliable immunogold detection of proteins on endocytic intermediates. To explore the utility of this approach, we have investigated the localization of a GTPase, dynamin, on clathrin-coated intermediates in the endocytic zone of the lamprey giant synapse. Using the present immunogold protocol, we confirm the presence of dynamin on late stage coated pits [Nature 422 (2003) 37] and also demonstrate that dynamin is recruited to the coat of endocytic intermediates from the very early stages of the clathrin coat formation. Thus, our experiments show that the current pre-embedding immunogold method is a useful experimental tool to study the molecular mechanisms of synaptic vesicle recycling.

Colocalization of synapsin and actin during synaptic vesicle recycling

It has been hypothesized that in the mature nerve terminal, interactions between synapsin and actin regulate the clustering of synaptic vesicles and the availability of vesicles for release during synaptic activity. Here, we have used immunogold electron microscopy to examine the subcellular localization of actin and synapsin in the giant synapse in lamprey at different states of synaptic activity. In agreement with earlier observations, in synapses at rest, synapsin immunoreactivity was preferentially localized to a portion of the vesicle cluster distal to the active zone. During synaptic activity, however, synapsin was detected in the pool of vesicles proximal to the active zone. In addition, actin and synapsin were found colocalized in a dynamic filamentous cytomatrix at the sites of synaptic vesicle recycling, endocytic zones. Synapsin immunolabeling was not associated with clathrin-coated intermediates but was found on vesicles that appeared to be recycling back to the cluster. Disruption of synapsin function by microinjection of antisynapsin antibodies resulted in a prominent reduction of the cytomatrix at endocytic zones of active synapses. Our data suggest that in addition to its known function in clustering of vesicles in the reserve pool, synapsin migrates from the synaptic vesicle cluster and participates in the organization of the actin-rich cytomatrix in the endocytic zone during synaptic activity.

An eDNA assay for Irish Petromyzon marinus and Salmo trutta and field validation in running water.

This pilot study presents an environmental DNA (eDNA) assay for sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus and brown trout Salmo trutta, two species of economic and conservation importance in the Republic of Ireland. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of eDNA for assessing presence of low-abundance taxa (here, P. marinus) for environmental managers, and they highlight the potential for assessing relative abundance of rare or invasive freshwater species.

Les mécanismes synaptiques et intrinsèques qui sous-tendent l’activité des cellules réticulospinales (RS) en réponse à une stimulation sensorielle de type cutané chez la lamproie

Chez diverses espèces animales, les informations sensorielles peuvent déclencher la locomotion. Ceci nécessite l’intégration des informations sensorielles par le système nerveux central. Chez la lamproie, les réseaux locomoteurs spinaux sont activés et contrôlés par les cellules réticulospinales (RS), système descendant le plus important. Ces cellules reçoivent des informations variées provenant notamment de la périphérie. Une fois activées par une brève stimulation cutanée d’intensité suffisante, les cellules RS produisent des dépolarisations soutenues de durées variées impliquant des propriétés intrinsèques calcium-dépendantes et associées à l’induction de la nage de fuite. Au cours de ce doctorat, nous avons voulu savoir si les afférences synaptiques ont une influence sur la durée des dépolarisations soutenues et si l’ensemble des cellules RS partagent des propriétés d’intégration similaires, impliquant possiblement les réserves de calcium internes. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons pour la première fois qu’en plus de dépendre des propriétés intrinsèques des cellules réticulospinales, les dépolarisations soutenues dépendent des afférences excitatrices glutamatergiques, incluant les afférences spinales, pour perdurer pendant de longues périodes de temps. Les afférences cutanées ne participent pas au maintien des dépolarisations soutenues et les afférences inhibitrices glycinergique et GABAergiques ne sont pas suffisantes pour les arrêter. Dans un deuxième temps, nous montrons que suite à une stimulation cutanée, l’ensemble des cellules RS localisées dans les quatre noyaux réticulés possèdent un patron d’activation similaire et elles peuvent toutes produire des dépolarisations soutenues dont le maintien ne dépend pas des réserves de calcium internes. Enfin, les résultats obtenus durant ce doctorat ont permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes cellulaires par lesquels l’ensemble des cellules RS intègrent une brève information sensorielle et la transforment en une réponse soutenue associée à une commande motrice.