Effect of restricted feed intake on early reproductive development in Large White gilts

Forty-five Large White gilts were used to study the effect of energy intake from 28 to 176 d of age on body composition and reproductive development. From 28 to 60 d, the gilts were fed ad libitum a 16.6 MJ DE/kg, 24% crude protein and 1.3% total lysine diet. From 61 d of age three dietary treatments were used; 1) ad libitum access to feed (15.6 MJ DE/kg, 21% crude protein and 1.07% total lysine) (H), 2) feed offered at 75% (M) of the previous days intake of H, and 3) feed offered at 60% (L) of the previous days intake of H. ADG from 61 to 176 d of age was (p <0.05) affected by treatment. Although live weight at 176 d of age did not differ (p >0.1) the H gilts had higher (p <0.08) carcass weights than the M or L gilts. Back fat depths were similar (p >0.1) for all treatments at 115 d of age, however by 176 d of age M and H gilts were fatter (p <0.1) than L gilts. The mean lipid deposition (LD) from 115 to 176 d of age for L gilts (78.9 g/d) was less (p <0.05) than for M gilts (143.6 g/d) and H gilts (135.6 g/d). There were no differences between treatments for protein deposition (PD) over the same period. More (p <0.05) H gilts (n=8) attained puberty (first observed estrus) than either M gilts or L gilts (n=4 for both). Follicle numbers were similar (p >0.1) across treatments. For gilts that attained puberty, H gilts had fewer (p <0.05) follicles (13.5) than M gilts (19.7) and L gilts (21.3). For gilts with follicular development, H gilts had the heaviest (458.7 g) reproductive tract weight (RTW). However, for those that attained puberty, L gilts had the heaviest RTW. RTW were lowest for those with no follicular development. Energy restriction had a negative impact on puberty attainment, i.e. it took longer to reach puberty. However, for gilts that attained puberty, the number of follicles was greater for those on lower feed intakes. It would appear that rate of fat deposition, but not necessarily the total amount of fat, plays an important role in puberty attainment.

Oral rapamycin attenuates atherosclerosis without affecting the arterial responsiveness of resistance vessels in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice

The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of the immunosuppressant rapamycin (Rapamune®, Sirolimus) on both resistance vessel responsiveness and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient 8-week-old male mice fed a normal rodent diet. Norepinephrine (NE)-induced vasoconstriction, acetylcholine (ACh)- and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced vasorelaxation of isolated mesenteric bed, and atherosclerotic lesions were evaluated. After 12 weeks of orally administered rapamycin (5 mg·kg-1·day-1, N = 9) and compared with untreated (control, N = 9) animals, rapamycin treatment did not modify either NE-induced vasoconstriction (maximal response: 114 ± 4 vs 124 ± 10 mmHg, respectively) or ACh- (maximal response: 51 ± 8 vs 53 ± 5%, respectively) and SNP-induced vasorelaxation (maximal response: 73 ± 6 vs 74 ± 6%, respectively) of the isolated vascular mesenteric bed. Despite increased total cholesterol in treated mice (982 ± 59 vs 722 ± 49 mg/dL, P < 0.01), lipid deposition on the aorta wall vessel was significantly less in rapamycin-treated animals (37 ± 12 vs 68 ± 8 µm2 x 103). These results indicate that orally administered rapamycin is effective in attenuating the progression of atherosclerotic plaque without affecting the responsiveness of resistance vessels, supporting the idea that this immunosuppressant agent might be of potential benefit against atherosclerosis in patients undergoing therapy.

Xanthine oxidase inhibition by febuxostat attenuates experimental atherosclerosis in mice.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease due to lipid deposition in the arterial wall. Multiple mechanisms participate in the inflammatory process, including oxidative stress. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and has been linked to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show enhanced XO expression in macrophages in the atherosclerotic plaque and in aortic endothelial cells in ApoE(-/-) mice, and that febuxostat, a highly potent XO inhibitor, suppressed plaque formation, reduced arterial ROS levels and improved endothelial dysfunction in ApoE(-/-) mice without affecting plasma cholesterol levels. In vitro, febuxostat inhibited cholesterol crystal-induced ROS formation and inflammatory cytokine release in murine macrophages. These results demonstrate that in the atherosclerotic plaque, XO-mediated ROS formation is pro-inflammatory and XO-inhibition by febuxostat is a potential therapy for atherosclerosis.

Effects of four-week high-fructose diet on gene expression in skeletal muscle of healthy men.

AIMS: A high-fructose diet (HFrD) may play a role in the obesity and metabolic disorders epidemic. In rodents, HFrD leads to insulin resistance and ectopic lipid deposition. In healthy humans, a four-week HFrD alters lipid homoeostasis, but does not affect insulin sensitivity or intramyocellular lipids (IMCL). The aim of this study was to investigate whether fructose may induce early molecular changes in skeletal muscle prior to the development of whole-body insulin resistance. METHODS: Muscle biopsies were taken from five healthy men who had participated in a previous four-week HFrD study, during which insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp), and intrahepatocellular lipids and IMCL were assessed before and after HFrD. The mRNA concentrations of 16 genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were quantified before and after HFrD by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS: HFrD significantly (P<0.05) increased stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) (+50%). Glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) decreased by 27% and acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2 decreased by 48%. A trend toward decreased peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) was observed (-26%, P=0.06). All other genes showed no significant changes. CONCLUSION: HFrD led to alterations of SCD-1, GLUT-4 and PGC-1alpha, which may be early markers of insulin resistance.

Severe hyperlipidemia causes impaired renin-angiotensin system function in apolipoprotein E deficient mice.

Dyslipidemia is a known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and may associate with renal injury. Using mouse models with various degrees of hypercholesterolemia and hypertryliceridemia, we investigated the effects of lipids on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). ApoE-/- mice were fed either a high fat diet (HF-ApoE-/-; mice developed hypertriglyceridemia and severe hypercholesterolemia) or regular chow (R-ApoE(-/-); mice developed less severe hypercholesterolemia only). Renal histopathology in the HF-ApoE-/- revealed massive lipid accumulation especially at the glomerular vascular pole. In these mice plasma renin concentration was significantly reduced (489+/-111 ng/(ml h) versus 1023+/-90 ng/(ml h) in R-ApoE-/- mice) and blood pressure was consequently significantly lower than in R-ApoE-/- (104+/-2 mmHg versus 115+/-2 mmHg, respectively). A model of renin-dependent renovascular hypertension (two-kidney, one clip) was generated and HF-ApoE-/- mice proved unable to increase renin secretion, and blood pressure, in response to diminished renal perfusion as compared to regular chow fed mice (665+/-90 ng/(ml h) versus 2393+/-372 ng/(ml h), respectively and 106+/-3 mmHg versus 140+/-2 mmHg, respectively). Hypertriglyceridemia and severe hypercholesterolemia are associated with renal lipid deposition and impaired renin secretion in ApoE-/- mice exposed to high fat diet. These observations further characterize the phenotype of this widely used mouse model and provide a rationale for the use of these mice to study lipid induced organ damage.

Does fructose consumption contribute to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

Fructose is mainly consumed with added sugars (sucrose and high fructose corn syrup), and represents up to 10% of total energy intake in the US and in several European countries. This hexose is essentially metabolized in splanchnic tissues, where it is converted into glucose, glycogen, lactate, and, to a minor extent, fatty acids. In animal models, high fructose diets cause the development of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. Ectopic lipid deposition in the liver is an early occurrence upon fructose exposure, and is tightly linked to hepatic insulin resistance. In humans, there is strong evidence, based on several intervention trials, that fructose overfeeding increases fasting and postprandial plasma triglyceride concentrations, which are related to stimulation of hepatic de novo lipogenesis and VLDL-TG secretion, together with decreased VLDL-TG clearance. However, in contrast to animal models, fructose intakes as high as 200 g/day in humans only modestly decreases hepatic insulin sensitivity, and has no effect on no whole body (muscle) insulin sensitivity. A possible explanation may be that insulin resistance and dysglycemia develop mostly in presence of sustained fructose exposures associated with changes in body composition. Such effects are observed with high daily fructose intakes, and there is no solid evidence that fructose, when consumed in moderate amounts, has deleterious effects. There is only limited information regarding the effects of fructose on intrahepatic lipid concentrations. In animal models, high fructose diets clearly stimulate hepatic de novo lipogenesis and cause hepatic steatosis. In addition, some observations suggest that fructose may trigger hepatic inflammation and stimulate the development of hepatic fibrosis. This raises the possibility that fructose may promote the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to its more severe forms, i.e. non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. In humans, a short-term fructose overfeeding stimulates de novo lipogenesis and significantly increases intrahepatic fat concentration, without however reaching the proportion encountered in non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Whether consumption of lower amounts of fructose over prolonged periods may contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD has not been convincingly documented in epidemiological studies and remains to be further assessed.

Scoring system for renal pathology in Fabry disease: report of the international study group of fabry nephropathy (ISGFN).

BACKGROUND: In Fabry nephropathy, alpha-galactosidase deficiency leads to accumulation of glycosphingolipids in all kidney cell types, proteinuria and progressive loss of kidney function. METHODS: An international working group of nephrologists from 11 Fabry centres identified adult Fabry patients, and pathologists scored histologic changes on renal biopsies. A standardized scoring system was developed with a modified Delphi technique assessing 59 Fabry nephropathy cases. Each case was scored independently of clinical information by at least three pathologists with an average final score reported. RESULTS: We assessed 35 males (mean age 36.4 years) and 24 females (43.9 years) who mostly had clinically mild Fabry nephropathy. The average serum creatinine was 1.3 mg/dl (114.9 micromol/l); estimated glomerular filtration rate was 81.7 ml/min/1.73 m(2) and urine protein to creatinine ratio was 1.08 g/g (122.0 mg/mmol). Males had greater podocyte vacuolization on light microscopy (mean score) and glycosphingolipid inclusions on semi-thin sections than females. Males also had significantly more proximal tubule, peritubular capillary and vascular intimal inclusions. Arteriolar hyalinosis was similar, but females had significantly more arterial hyalinosis. Chronic kidney disease stage correlated with arterial and glomerular sclerosis scores. Significant changes, including segmental and global sclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis were seen even in patients with stage 1-2 chronic kidney disease with minimal proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS: The development of a standardized scoring system of both disease-specific lesions, i.e. lipid deposition related, and general lesions of progression, i.e. fibrosis and sclerosis, showed a spectrum of histologic appearances even in early clinical stage of Fabry nephropathy. These findings support the role of kidney biopsy in the baseline evaluation of Fabry nephropathy, even with mild clinical disease. The scoring system will be useful for longitudinal assessment of prognosis and responses to therapy for Fabry nephropathy.

Muscle transcriptomic profiles in pigs with divergent phenotypes for fatness traits

BACKGROUND: Selection for increasing intramuscular fat content would definitively improve the palatability and juiciness of pig meat as well as the sensorial and organoleptic properties of cured products. However, evidences obtained in human and model organisms suggest that high levels of intramuscular fat might alter muscle lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. We have analysed this issue by determining the transcriptomic profiles of Duroc pigs with divergent phenotypes for 13 fatness traits. The strong aptitude of Duroc pigs to have high levels of intramuscular fat makes them a valuable model to analyse the mechanisms that regulate muscle lipid metabolism, an issue with evident implications in the elucidation of the genetic basis of human metabolic diseases such as obesity and insulin resistance. RESULTS: Muscle gene expression profiles of 68 Duroc pigs belonging to two groups (HIGH and LOW) with extreme phenotypes for lipid deposition and composition traits have been analysed. Microarray and quantitative PCR analysis showed that genes related to fatty acid uptake, lipogenesis and triacylglycerol synthesis were upregulated in the muscle tissue of HIGH pigs, which are fatter and have higher amounts of intramuscular fat than their LOW counterparts. Paradoxically, lipolytic genes also showed increased mRNA levels in the HIGH group suggesting the existence of a cycle where triacylglycerols are continuously synthesized and degraded. Several genes related to the insulin-signalling pathway, that is usually impaired in obese humans, were also upregulated. Finally, genes related to antigen-processing and presentation were downregulated in the HIGH group. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that selection for increasing intramuscular fat content in pigs would lead to a shift but not a disruption of the metabolic homeostasis of muscle cells. Future studies on the post-translational changes affecting protein activity or expression as well as information about protein location within the cell would be needed to to elucidate the effects of lipid deposition on muscle metabolism in pigs.

Segregation of regulatory polymorphisms with effects on the gluteus medius transcriptome in a purebred pig population

Background: The main goal of the present study was to analyse the genetic architecture of mRNA expression in muscle, a tissue with an outmost economic importance for pig breeders. Previous studies have used F2 crosses to detect porcine expression QTL (eQTL), so they contributed with data that mostly represents the between-breed component of eQTL variation. Herewith, we have analysed eQTL segregation in an outbred Duroc population using two groups of animals with divergent fatness profiles. This approach is particularly suitable to analyse the within-breed component of eQTL variation, with a special emphasis on loci involved in lipid metabolism. Methodology/Principal Findings: GeneChip Porcine Genome arrays (Affymetrix) were used to determine the mRNA expression levels of gluteus medius samples from 105 Duroc barrows. A whole-genome eQTL scan was carried out with a panel of 116 microsatellites. Results allowed us to detect 613 genome-wide significant eQTL unevenly distributed across the pig genome. A clear predominance of trans- over cis-eQTL, was observed. Moreover, 11 trans-regulatory hotspots affecting the expression levels of four to 16 genes were identified. A Gene Ontology study showed that regulatory polymorphisms affected the expression of muscle development and lipid metabolism genes. A number of positional concordances between eQTL and lipid trait QTL were also found, whereas limited evidence of a linear relationship between muscle fat deposition and mRNA levels of eQTL regulated genes was obtained. Conclusions/Significance: Our data provide substantial evidence that there is a remarkable amount of within-breed genetic variation affecting muscle mRNA expression. Most of this variation acts in trans and influences biological processes related with muscle development, lipid deposition and energy balance. The identification of the underlying causal mutations and the ascertainment of their effects on phenotypes would allow gaining a fundamental perspective about how complex traits are built at the molecular level.

Oral rapamycin attenuates atherosclerosis without affecting the arterial responsiveness of resistance vessels in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice

The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of the immunosuppressant rapamycin (Rapamune®, Sirolimus) on both resistance vessel responsiveness and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient 8-week-old male mice fed a normal rodent diet. Norepinephrine (NE)-induced vasoconstriction, acetylcholine (ACh)- and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced vasorelaxation of isolated mesenteric bed, and atherosclerotic lesions were evaluated. After 12 weeks of orally administered rapamycin (5 mg·kg-1·day-1, N = 9) and compared with untreated (control, N = 9) animals, rapamycin treatment did not modify either NE-induced vasoconstriction (maximal response: 114 ± 4 vs 124 ± 10 mmHg, respectively) or ACh- (maximal response: 51 ± 8 vs 53 ± 5%, respectively) and SNP-induced vasorelaxation (maximal response: 73 ± 6 vs 74 ± 6%, respectively) of the isolated vascular mesenteric bed. Despite increased total cholesterol in treated mice (982 ± 59 vs 722 ± 49 mg/dL, P < 0.01), lipid deposition on the aorta wall vessel was significantly less in rapamycin-treated animals (37 ± 12 vs 68 ± 8 µm² x 10³). These results indicate that orally administered rapamycin is effective in attenuating the progression of atherosclerotic plaque without affecting the responsiveness of resistance vessels, supporting the idea that this immunosuppressant agent might be of potential benefit against atherosclerosis in patients undergoing therapy.

Dégradation des membres de la famille du LDLR par la convertase PCSK9 : troisième locus de l'hypercholestérolémie familiale

Les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) sont les principales causes de mortalité et de morbidité à travers le monde. En Amérique du Nord, on estime à 90 millions le nombre d’individus ayant une ou plusieurs MCV, à près de 1 million le nombre de décès reliés par année et à 525 milliards de dollars les coûts directs et indirects en 2010. En collaboration avec l’équipe du Dre. Boileau, notre laboratoire a récemment identifié, le troisième locus impliqué dans l’hypercholestérolémie familiale. Une étude publiée dans le New Engl J Med a révélé que l’absence de la convertase PCSK9 réduit de 88% le risque de MCV, corrélé à une forte réduction du taux de cholestérol plasmatique (LDL-C). Il fut démontré que PCSK9 lie directement le récepteur aux lipoprotéines de faible densité (LDLR) et, par un mécanisme méconnu, favorise sa dégradation dans les endosomes/lysosomes provoquant ainsi une accumulation des particules LDL-C dans le plasma. Dans cet ouvrage, nous nous sommes intéressés à trois aspects bien distincts : [1] Quels sont les cibles de PCSK9 ? [2] Quelle voie du trafic cellulaire est impliquée dans la dégradation du LDLR par PCSK9 ? [3] Comment peut-on inhiber la fonction de PCSK9 ? [1] Nous avons démontré que PCSK9 induit la dégradation du LDLR de même que les récepteurs ApoER2 et VLDLR. Ces deux membres de la famille du LDLR (fortes homologies) sont impliqués notamment dans le métabolisme des lipides et de la mise en place de structures neuronales. De plus, nous avons remarqué que la présence de ces récepteurs favorise l’attachement cellulaire de PCSK9 et ce, indépendamment de la présence du LDLR. Cette étude a ouvert pour la première fois le spectre d’action de PCSK9 sur d’autres protéines membranaires. [2] PCSK9 étant une protéine de la voie sécrétoire, nous avons ensuite évalué l’apport des différentes voies du trafic cellulaire, soit extra- ou intracellulaire, impliquées dans la dégradation du LDLR. À l’aide de milieux conditionnées dérivés d’hépatocytes primaires, nous avons d’abord démontré que le niveau extracellulaire de PCSK9 endogène n’a pas une grande influence sur la dégradation intracellulaire du LDLR, lorsqu’incubés sur des hépatocytes provenant de souris déficientes en PCSK9 (Pcsk9-/-). Par analyses de tri cellulaire (FACS), nous avons ensuite remarqué que la surexpression de PCSK9 diminue localement les niveaux de LDLR avec peu d’effet sur les cellules voisines. Lorsque nous avons bloqué l’endocytose du LDLR dans les cellules HepG2 (lignée de cellules hépatiques pour l’étude endogène de PCSK9), nous n’avons dénoté aucun changement des niveaux protéiques du récepteur. Par contre, nous avons pu démontrer que PCSK9 favorise la dégradation du LDLR par l’intermédiaire d’une voie intracellulaire. En effet l’interruption du trafic vésiculaire entre le réseau trans-Golgien (RTG) et les endosomes (interférence à l’ARN contre les chaînes légères de clathrine ; siCLCs) prévient la dégradation du LDLR de manière PCSK9-dépendante. [3] Par immunobuvardage d’affinité, nous avons identifié que la protéine Annexine A2 (AnxA2) interagit spécifiquement avec le domaine C-terminal de PCSK9, important pour son action sur le LDLR. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons cartographié le domaine R1 (acides aminés 34 à 108) comme étant responsable de l’interaction PCSK9AnxA2 qui, jusqu’à présent, n’avait aucune fonction propre. Finalement, nous avons démontré que l’ajout d’AnxA2 prévient la dégradation du LDLR induite par PCSK9. En somme, nos travaux ont pu identifier que d’autres membres de la famille du LDLR, soit ApoER2 et VLDLR, sont sensibles à la présence de PCSK9. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence que l’intégrité du trafic intracellulaire est critique à l’action de PCSK9 sur le LDLR et ce, de manière endogène. Finalement, nous avons identifié l’Annexine A2 comme unique inhibiteur naturel pouvant interférer avec la dégradation du LDLR par PCSK9. Il est indéniable que PCSK9 soit une cible de premier choix pour contrer l’hypercholestérolémie afin de prévenir le développement de MCV. Cet ouvrage apporte donc des apports considérables dans notre compréhension des voies cellulaires impliquées, des cibles affectées et ouvre directement la porte à une approche thérapeutique à fort potentiel.

Sélection in vivo par phage display dans un modèle de sténose valvulaire aortique chez la souris pour la découverte de nouveaux peptides ciblant la valve aortique

La sténose valvulaire aortique (SVA) est la maladie des valves cardiaques la plus répandue dans les pays développés qui touche les personnes âgées. La SVA est un processus actif caractérisé par des dépôts de lipides, de l’inflammation, de la fibrose et une calcification active des feuillets qui progresse vers un épaississement et durcissement de la valve aortique et une diminution de l’aire de la valve aortique. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la pathogénèse de la SVA modifie progressivement l’endothélium de la valve aortique, ce qui engendre l’expression de biomarqueurs spécifiques aux tissus et à la maladie. On rapporte dans cet étude, l’utilisation de la technique de sélection in vivo par phage display d’une librairie de peptides aléatoires afin de trouver de nouveaux peptides candidats qui se lieraient à des biomarqueurs spécifiques à la valve aortique malade d’une souris. Des souris ATX (LDLr-/-;Tg(hApoB+/+)) âgées atteintes de la SVA ont été utilisées pour la sélection in vivo d’une librairie de peptides aléatoires de 7 acides aminés contraints ou linéaires. Après 4 tours de criblage, on a caractérisé 14 phages différents qui ont été séparés en 5 motifs consensus pour la librairie linéaire et 11 phages différents qui représentent 5 différents motifs consensus pour la libraire de peptides contraints. La spécificité de 4 phages candidats de la librairie linéaire et de 5 phages de la librairie contrainte a été étudiée par l’immunomarquage des peptides d’intérêt exprimés par les phages sur les coupes de tissus de la valve aortique malade par rapport aux tissus contrôles du foie, du rein, de la rate, du ventricule et du poumon. Parmi eux, 6 phages représentent des peptides candidats intéressants qui ont besoin d’être testés davantage pour évaluer leur spécificité in vivo à la valve. Bien qu’il reste encore de la validation à effectuer, les peptides candidats spécifiques trouvés peuvent représenter des agents moléculaires d’imagerie utiles ou des transporteurs dans la livraison de drogue qui ciblent la valve aortique malade.

Búsqueda de selección en el polimorfismo 677C>T (c.665C>T) del gen de la metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa (MTHFR) en una población Colombiana

Se realizó un estudio genético – poblacional en dos grupos etarios de población colombiana con la finalidad de evaluar las diferencias genéticas relacionadas con el polimorfismo MTHFR 677CT en busca de eventos genéticos que soporten la persistencia de este polimorfismo en la especie humana debido que este ha sido asociado con múltiples enfermedades. De esta manera se genotipificaron los individuos, se analizaron los genotipos, frecuencias alélicas y se realizaron diferentes pruebas genéticas-poblacionales. Contrario a lo observado en poblaciones Colombianas revisadas se identificó la ausencia del Equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg en el grupo de los niños y estructuras poblacionales entre los adultos lo que sugiere diferentes historias demográficas y culturales entre estos dos grupos poblacionales al tiempo, lo que soporta la hipótesis de un evento de selección sobre el polimorfismo en nuestra población. De igual manera nuestros datos fueron analizados junto con estudios previos a nivel nacional y mundial lo cual sustenta que el posible evento selectivo es debido a que el aporte de ácido fólico se ha incrementado durante las últimas dos décadas como consecuencia de las campañas de fortificación de las harinas y suplementación a las embarazadas con ácido fólico, por lo tanto aquí se propone un modelo de selección que se ajusta a los datos encontrados en este trabajo se establece una relación entre los patrones nutricionales de la especie humana a través de la historia que explica las diferencias en frecuencias de este polimorfismo a nivel espacial y temporal.  

Níveis de lisina para leitões na fase inicial-1 do crescimento pós-desmame: composição corporal aos 11,9 e 19,0 kg

Quarenta e oito leitões híbridos comerciais, machos castrados e fêmeas, com 5,5 ± 0,21 kg foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, para determinar a melhor concentração de lisina até os 11,9 ± 0,35 kg (fase inicial-1) e os efeitos subseqüentes até os 19,0 kg (fase inicial-2). A composição química das frações corporais e a deposição de tecido muscular na carcaça e no corpo vazio foram determinadas. As concentrações de lisina total utilizadas na primeira fase pós-desmame foram 1,16 a 1,46%. Não foi observado efeito na composição química do sangue e das vísceras, caracterizando a independência das concentrações de lisina. As respostas para acúmulo protéico e água da carcaça e do corpo vazio foram ascendentes com o aumento de lisina, caracterizando a maior eficiência na utilização e direcionamento do nutriente para a síntese protéica da musculatura esquelética. Na segunda fase, não foram observados efeitos, mas os animais que, anteriormente, receberam menores níveis de lisina tenderam acumular mais proteína e água na carcaça e no corpo vazio. Possivelmente, encontrando-se em déficit de lisina, fisiologicamente tolerável, a nova dieta supriu parte da demanda anterior, porém pode não ter atendido à demanda para síntese protéica dos animais que se encontravam em maior ascensão de síntese e acúmulo protéico na fase inicial-1. As respostas favoráveis ao aumento da concentração de lisina na dieta de leitões entre 5,5 e 11,9 kg de peso vivo recomendam novos estudos utilizando níveis de lisina superiores aos empregados, combinados com maiores níveis de energia metabolizável, a fim de estabelecer a eficiência máxima de deposição protéica. Estudos nas fases subseqüentes devem complementar informações de melhor aporte nutricional para o suíno.

Desempenho e composição corporal de novilhas alimentadas com dois níveis de concentrado e bagaço de cana submetidos a diferentes processos de hidrólise

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar duas formas de hidrólise do bagaço de cana (com [17kgf/cm²]e sem [4kgf/cm²] rápida descompressão pós-hidrólise) e dois níveis de concentrado (25 e 45% MS) no desempenho e na composição corporal de novilhas em crescimento sob regime confinado durante 112 dias. Vinte e quatro novilhas Nelore e 12 Canchim foram distribuídas em delineamento de blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 2x2. Os resultados demonstraram que a omissão da explosão pós-hidrólise e o uso de níveis mais elevados de concentrado aumentaram o ganho de peso e o consumo de alimentos. Os resultados para ganho de peso e consumo de matéria seca, respectivamente, para tratamento sem vs com descompressão e 45 vs 25% de concentrado, foram 0,76 vs 0,67 e 0,76 vs 0,66 kg/d e 6,7 vs 5,8 e 6,8 vs 5,7 kg/dia. Entretanto, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para conversão alimentar. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos quanto à composição corporal determinada por meio do espaço de deutério ao final do período de confinamento, embora a taxa estimada de deposição de lipídios tenha sido maior para o tratamento sem explosão (216 vs 175 g/d) e o tratamento com 45% de concentrado (225 vs 166 g/d). Não foram observadas vantagens na descompressão rápida pós-hidrólise em alta pressão na eficiência de conversão de alimentos. Os resultados demonstram que animais alimentados com bagaço hidrolisado em níveis altos de ingestão (2,9% PV) e proporções baixas de concentrado apresentaram eficiência de utilização da dieta semelhante a dietas com níveis mais altos de concentrado.