聚合物共混物的相容性及热力学研究

近二十年来，共混已经成为简便而有效地制备新的具有各种附加性能的高分子材料的一种重要方法。共混物间的相容性及相容的程度往往决定其最终性质，因此，高聚物共混物的相容性和相行为成为高聚物共混热力学研究的热点。我们选取了二乙酸纤维素(CDA)／聚乙烯基砒烙烷酮(PVP)、聚氧化乙烯(PEO)／聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc)和聚氧化乙烯(PEO)／聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)三个共混体系作为研究对象，用溶液法、量热法和红外光谱等实验手段研究了三个体系的相容性及相容程度，用现代热力学理论预测了它们的相容性及相行为。CDA/PVP共混体系 1．用DSC和DMA测定了不同组成的CDA/PVP共混物的玻璃化转变温度，所有组成的共混物均只有一个介于两个纯组分玻璃化转变温度之间的T_g，且不同组成共混物的玻璃化转变温度高于用Fox方程计算得到的玻璃化转变温度，说明该体系是相容性共混体系，且两组分间存在特殊相互作用。2．用奥氏粘度计和乌氏粘度计分别测定的不同组成共混物的绝对粘度和稀溶液特性粘数，都远远大于按相应比例的CDA和PVP计算的相关粘度和特性粘数的数学平均值，这应该归结为两组分间的特殊相互作用使共混溶液中线团的尺寸变大，导致粘度增大。3．共混物的红外光谱谱图显示PVP的加入使CDA的羟基吸收峰向低频率方向移动，同时，随CDA含量的增加，PVP的羰基吸收峰也向低频率方向移动，说明CDA与PVP分子间形成了氢键，使官能团的电子云密度降低，吸收峰频率降低。4．溶液量热法得到的不同组成共混物的混合热焓均为负值，直接证明该共混体系是热力学相容体系，而且随CDA含量的增加，混合热焓的绝对值也增大，表明体系的相容程度与共混组成有关。PEO/PVAc共混体系 1．用乌氏粘度计测定了不同组成不同分子量的PEO/PVAc共混物的稀溶液特性粘数，计算出表征分子间相互作用的参数，△b。发现随PVAc分子量的增加，体系的相容性降低，体系的相容程度还与共混组成及溶液浓度有关。2．用DSC方法首次得到不同分子量的PEO/PVAc共混体系的“云点”和混合热焓。随着PVAc分子量的增加，“云点”曲线向低温方向移动。不同组成共混物的混合热焓值都小于零，直接证明该体系是热力学相容体系。溶液量热法得到的混合热焓值也都为负，与DSC方法得到的结果一致。3．PEO与PVAc间只存在弱相互作用，所以，选择Hamada等人改进的Flory状态方程理论对PEO/PVAc共混体系的相容性和相行为进行预测。利用溶液量热法的混合热焓值，得到该体系的Flory相互作用参数与温度和共混组成的关系，结果表明该体系是相容性共混体系，而且应该存在LCST相行为，体系的相容程度随PEO含量的增加而降低。4．Sanchez-Lacombe(SL)格子流体理论也适用于PEO/PVAc共混体系，通过PVAc分子量与相互作用能的定量关系建立了该共混物的热力学参数的预测体系。将SL理论拟合出的spinodal曲线和binodal曲线组成的相图与DSC法得到的相图（用“云点”表示）对比，发现二者完全相符。随PVAc分子量的增加，binodal曲线向低温方向移动，临界点向富含PEO的方向移动。混合热焓的实验值也与理论值相符。Flory相互作用参数随温度和共混组成的变化与Hamada等人改进的Flory状态方程理论预测的结果一致。PEO/PMMA共混体系 1．用乌氏粘度计测定了不同组成、不同分子量的PEO/PMMA共混物的稀溶液特性粘数，计算出表征分子间相互作用的参数，Δb。发现PEO与分子量最小的PMMA共混的体系是相容性共混体系，与分子量最大的PMMA共混的是不相容性共混体系，说明随PMMA分子量的增加，体系的相容性降低。2．溶液量热法得到PEO/PMMA = 50/50（重量比）的共混物的混合热焓为负值，表明该体系是热力学相容体系。DSC法得到的不同组成共混物的混合热焓值也都为负，与溶液量热法结论一致。3．Hamada等人改进的Flory状态方程理论也适用于PEO/PMMA体系，因为PEO与PMMA之间不存在特殊相互作用。用溶液量热法得到的混合热焓值，计算出该体系的Flory相互作用参数与温度的关系，结果表明该体系是相容性共混体系，而且应该存在LCST相行为。

温度敏感性PNIPAM-b-PZLL-b-mPEG三嵌段共聚物的合成与自组装研究

通过大分子引发剂引发ε-苄氧羰基-L-赖氨酸-N-羧酸酐(Lys-NCA)开环聚合和大分子缩合的方法合成了聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)-b-聚(ε-苄氧羰基-L-赖氨酸)-b-聚乙二醇单甲醚三嵌段共聚物(PNIPAM-b-PZLL-b-mPEG).用GPC和1H-NMR对其结构进行了表征.用芘荧光探针法证明了该三嵌段聚合物形成胶束的性质并测定了临界胶束浓度(CMC).动态光散射(DLS)研究表明,在固定PNIPAM-b-PZLL链段长度的情况下,mPEG分子量为2000时,胶束在温度高于临界溶解温度(LCST)时发生聚集,mPEG分子量为5000时,胶束在LCST以上没有发生聚集.

Preparation and characterization of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)/polyvinylamine core-shell microgels

In this paper, well-defined temperature- and pH-sensitive core-shell microgels were synthesized by graft copolymerization in the absence of surfactant and stabilizer. The microgel particles consisted of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm)) core crosslinked with N, N'-methylene-bisacrylamide (MBA) and polyvinylamine (PVAm) shell. The effect of MBA content and NIPAm/PVAm ratio on microgel size was investigated. SEM showed that the microgels were spherical and had narrow particle-size distribution. TEM images of the microgels clearly displayed well-defined core-shell morphologies. Zeta-potential measurement further elucidated that the microgels possessed positively charged PVAm molecules on the microgel surface. Turbidity measurement and H-1-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments indicated that the VPTT of microgels was the same as the LCST of PNIPAm.

Synthesis of biodegradable thermo- and pH-responsive hydrogels for controlled drug release

Novel intelligent hydrogels composed of biodegradable and pH-sensitive poly(L-glutamic acid) (PGA) and temperature sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PNH) were synthesized and characterized for controlled release of hydrophilic drug. The influence of pH on the equilibrium swelling ratios of the hydrogels was investigated. A higher PNH content resulted in lower equilibrium swelling ratios. Although temperature had little influence on the swelling behaviors of the hydrogels, the changes of optical transmittance of hydrogels as a function of temperature were marked, which showed that the PNH part of hydrogel exhibited hydrophobic property at temperature above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The biodegradation rate of the stimuli-sensitive hydrogels in the presence of enzyme was directly proportional to the PGA content. Lysozyme was chosen as a model drug and loaded into the hydrogels.

Synthesis and Characterization of Hyperbranched Poly(ether amide)s with Thermoresponsive Property and Unexpected Strong Blue Photoluminescence

A facile and efficient strategy for the syntheses of novel hyperbranched poly(ether amide)s (HPEA) from multihydroxyl primary amines and (meth)acryloyl chloride has been developed. The chemical structures of the HPEAs were confirmed by IR and NMR spectra. Analyses of SEC (size exclusion chromatography) and viscosity characterizations revealed the highly branched structures of the polymers obtained. The resultant hyperbranched polymers contain abundant hydroxyl groups. The thermoresponsive property was obtained from in situ surface modification of abundant OH end groups with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm). The study oil temperature-dependent characteristics has revealed that NIPAAm-g-HPEA exhibits an adjustable lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of about 34-42 degrees C depending on the grafting degree. More interestingly, the work provided an interesting phenomenon where the HPEA backbones exhibited strong blue photoluminescence.

Phase separation of PS/PVME blend films induced by capillary force

The phase behavior of a miscible PS/PVME (80/20, w/w) blend film in a confined geometry has been investigated at the annealing temperature much lower than the low critical solution temperature (LCST) of the blend. When the annealing temperature (52degreesC) is near the glass transition temperature of the blend (51.2degreesC), PVME-rich phase at the air-film surface under a microchannel forms smaller protrusion. When the annealing temperature is increased to 70degreesC, the protruding stripes, which are almost developed, are mainly composed of the mobile PVME-rich phase. These results reveal that the capillary force lead to the enrichment of PVME-rich phase at the air-polymer interface of a PDMS microchannel, that is, the capillary force lithography (CFL) can induce the phase separation of PS/PVME blend films.

Phase behavior of polymer blends

The present report deals with some results on phase behavior, miscibility and phase separation for several polymer blends casting from solutions. These blends are grouped as the amorphous polymer blends, blends containing a crystalline polymer or two crystalline polymers. The blends of PMMA/PVAc were miscible and underwent phase separation at elevated temperature, exhibited LCST behavior. The benzoylated PPO has both UCST and LCST nature. For the systems composed of crystalline polymer poly(ethylene oxide) and amorphous polyurethane, of two crystalline polymers poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and poly[3,3,-bis-(chloromethyl) oxetane], appear a single T-g, indicating these blends are miscible. The interaction parameter B's were determined to be -14 J cm(-3), -15 J cm(-3) respectively. Phase separation of phenolphthalein poly(ether ether sulfone)/PEO blends were discussed in terms of thermal properties, such as their melting and crystallization behavior.

Phase behavior in mixtures of a homopolymer and a block copolymer .4. SALS and SAXS studies

Phase behavior of blends of poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) with four styrene-butadienestyrene (SBS) triblock copolymers, being of various molecular weights, architecture, and compositions, was investigated by small-angle light scattering. Small-angle X-ray scattering investigation was accomplished for one blend. Low critical solution temperature (LCST) and a unique phase behavior, resembling upper critical solution temperature (UCST), were observed. It was found that the architecture of the copolymer greatly influenced the phase behavior of the blends. Random phase approximation theory was used to calculate the spinodal phase transition curves of the ABA/C and BAB/C systems; LCST and resembling UCST phase behavior were observed as the parameters of the system changed. Qualitatively, the experimental and the theoretical results are consistent with each other. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

MISCIBILITY OF POLY(EPICHLOROHYDRIN) WITH POLY(VINYL ACETATE) AND POLY(STYRENE-CO-ACRYLONITRILE)

The phase behaviours of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)s (SAN) with poly(epichlorohydrin) (PECH) were examined using differential scanning calorimetry and an optical method using a hot plate. The PECH/PVAc blends showed LCST behaviour. The observed miscibility is thought to be a result of hydrogen-bonding interactions between the alpha-hydrogen atoms of PECH and the carbonyl groups of PVAc. Two SAN copolymers with an acrylonitrile (AN) content of 18 wt% (SAN18) and 25 wt% (SAN25), respectively, were also found to exhibit miscibility with PECH. No phase separation occurred by heating up to about 280-degrees-C, and the individual blend has a single, composition-dependent glass transition temperature. The formation of miscible PECH/SAN blends can be considered as a result of the intramolecular repulsion between styrene and AN units in SAN.

含氯聚合物和乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物共混体系的红外光谱研究

关于氯化聚乙烯(CPE)或聚氯乙烯(PVC)与乙烯—醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)共混体系相容性的研究,已有不少报道,其中Coleman等人运用FTIR方法研究了含VA45％的EVA与CPE、PVC的共混体系,测定了该体系的低临界共溶温度(LCST)。一般认为,如果VA含量更低,由于EVA本身的结晶,共混体系将变得难以

THERMODYNMICS AND STRUCTURE OF POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) IN MIXTURES OF WATER AND ETHANOL

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is one of the most researched synthetic polymers due to the complex behavior which arises from the interplay of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic sites on the polymer chain. PEO in ethanol forms an opaque gel-like mixture with a partially crystalline structure. Addition of a small amount of water disrupts the gel: 5 wt % PEO in ethanol becomes a transparent solution with the addition of 4 vol % water. The phase behavior of PEO in mixed solvents have been studied using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). PEO solutions (5 wt % PEO) which contain 4 vol % - 10 vol % (and higher) water behave as an athermal polymer solution and the phase behavior changes from UCST to LCST rapidly as the fraction of water is increased. 2 wt % PEO in water and 10 wt % PEO in ethanol/ water mixtures are examined to assess the role of hydration. The observed phase behavior is consistent with a hydration layer forming upon the addition of water as the system shifts from UCST to LCST behavior. At the molecular level, two or three water molecules can hydrate one PEO monomer (water molecules form a sheath around the PEO macromolecule) which is consistent with the suppression of crystallization and change in the mentioned phase behavior as observed by SANS. The clustering effect of aqueous PEO solution (M.W of PEO = 90,000 g/mol) is monitored as an excess scattering intensity at low-Q. Clustering intensity at Q = 0.004 Å^-1 is used for evaluating the clustering effect. The clustering intensity is proportional to the inverse temperature and levels off when the temperature is less than 50 ˚C. When the temperature is increased over 50 ˚C, the clustering intensity starts decreasing. The clustering of PEO is monitored in ethanol/ water mixtures. The clustering intensity increases as the fraction of water is increased. Based on the solvation intensity behavior, we confirmed that the ethanol/ water mixtures obey a random solvent mixing rule, whereby solvent mixtures are better at solvating the polymer that any of the two solvents. The solution behavior of PEO in ethanol was investigated in the presence of salt (CaCl2) using SANS. Binding of Ca2+ ions to the PEO oxygens transforms the neutral polymer to a weakly charged polyelectrolyte. We observed that the PEO/ethanol solution is better solvated at higher salt concentration due to the electrostatic repulsion of weakly charged monomers. The association of the Ca2+ ions with the PEO oxygen atoms transforms the neutral polymer to a weakly charged polyelectrolyte and gives rise to repulsive interactions between the PEO/Ca2+ complexes. Addition of salt disrupts the gel, which is consistent with better solvation as the salt concentration is increased. Moreover, SANS shows that the phase behavior of PEO/ethanol changes from UCST to LCST as the salt concentration is increased.

Characterization of the physicochemical, antimicrobial, and drug release properties of thermoresponsive hydrogel copolymers designed for medical device applications

In this study, a series of hydrogels was synthesized by free radical polymerization, namely poly(2-(hydroxyethyl) methacrylate) (pHEMA), poly(4-(hydroxybutyl)methacrylate) (pHBMA), poly(6-(hydroxyhexyl)methacrylate) (pHHMA), and copolymers composed of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAA), methacrylic acid (MA), NIPAA, and the above monomers. The surface, mechanical, and swelling properties (at 20 and 37 degrees C, pH 6) of the polymers were determined using dynamic contact angle analysis, tensile analysis, and thermogravimetry, respectively. The T-g and lower critical solution temperatures (LCST) were determined using modulated DSC and oscillatory rheometry, respectively. Drug loading of the hydrogels with chlorhexidine diacetate was performed by immersion in a drug solution at 20 degrees C (

Phase Behaviour, Interactions, and Structural Studies of (Amines+Ionic Liquids) Binary Mixtures

We present a study on the phase equilibrium behaviour of binary mixtures containing two 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide-based ionic liquids, [Cnmim] [NTf2] (n=2 and 4), mixed with diethylamine or triethylamine as a function of temperature and composition using different experimental techniques. Based on this work, two systems showing an LCST and one system with a possible hourglass shape are measured. Their phase behaviours are then correlated and predicted by using Flory–Huggins equations and the UNIQUAC method implemented in Aspen. The potential of the COSMO-RS methodology to predict the phase equilibria was also tested for the binary systems studied. However, this methodology is unable to predict the trends obtained experimentally, limiting its use for systems involving amines in ionic liquids. The liquid-state structure of the binary mixture ([C2mim] [NTf2]+diethylamine) is also investigated by molecular dynamics simulation and neutron diffraction. Finally, the absorption of gaseous ethane by the ([C2mim][NTf2]+diethylamine) binary mixture is determined and compared with that observed in the pure solvents.

Development of 2-oxazoline-based hydrogels and porous polyester microparticles in scCO2

Thesis submitted to Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia from Universidade Nova de Lisboa in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the obtention of the degree of Master of Science in Biotechnology

Étude des poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s munis d'extrémités hydrophobes en solution aqueuse et à linterface eau/air

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