Evaluation of reactivity monitoring techniques at the Yalina – Booster subcritical facility

La gestión de los residuos radiactivos de vida larga producidos en los reactores nucleares constituye uno de los principales desafíos de la tecnología nuclear en la actualidad. Una posible opción para su gestión es la transmutación de los nucleidos de vida larga en otros de vida más corta. Los sistemas subcríticos guiados por acelerador (ADS por sus siglas en inglés) son una de las tecnologías en desarrollo para logar este objetivo. Un ADS consiste en un reactor nuclear subcrítico mantenido en un estado estacionario mediante una fuente externa de neutrones guiada por un acelerador de partículas. El interés de estos sistemas radica en su capacidad para ser cargados con combustibles que tengan contenidos de actínidos minoritarios mayores que los reactores críticos convencionales, y de esta manera, incrementar las tasas de trasmutación de estos elementos, que son los principales responsables de la radiotoxicidad a largo plazo de los residuos nucleares. Uno de los puntos clave que han sido identificados para la operación de un ADS a escala industrial es la necesidad de monitorizar continuamente la reactividad del sistema subcrítico durante la operación. Por esta razón, desde los años 1990 se han realizado varios experimentos en conjuntos subcríticos de potencia cero (MUSE, RACE, KUCA, Yalina, GUINEVERE/FREYA) con el fin de validar experimentalmente estas técnicas. En este contexto, la presente tesis se ocupa de la validación de técnicas de monitorización de la reactividad en el conjunto subcrítico Yalina-Booster. Este conjunto pertenece al Joint Institute for Power and Nuclear Research (JIPNR-Sosny) de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bielorrusia. Dentro del proyecto EUROTRANS del 6º Programa Marco de la UE, en el año 2008 se ha realizado una serie de experimentos en esta instalación concernientes a la monitorización de la reactividad bajo la dirección del CIEMAT. Se han realizado dos tipos de experimentos: experimentos con una fuente de neutrones pulsada (PNS) y experimentos con una fuente continua con interrupciones cortas (beam trips). En el caso de los primeros, experimentos con fuente pulsada, existen dos técnicas fundamentales para medir la reactividad, conocidas como la técnica del ratio bajo las áreas de los neutrones inmediatos y retardados (o técnica de Sjöstrand) y la técnica de la constante de decaimiento de los neutrones inmediatos. Sin embargo, varios experimentos han mostrado la necesidad de aplicar técnicas de corrección para tener en cuenta los efectos espaciales y energéticos presentes en un sistema real y obtener valores precisos de la reactividad. En esta tesis, se han investigado estas correcciones mediante simulaciones del sistema con el código de Montecarlo MCNPX. Esta investigación ha servido también para proponer una versión generalizada de estas técnicas donde se buscan relaciones entre la reactividad el sistema y las cantidades medidas a través de simulaciones de Monte Carlo. El segundo tipo de experimentos, experimentos con una fuente continua e interrupciones del haz, es más probable que sea empleado en un ADS industrial. La versión generalizada de las técnicas desarrolladas para los experimentos con fuente pulsada también ha sido aplicada a los resultados de estos experimentos. Además, el trabajo presentado en esta tesis es la primera vez, en mi conocimiento, en que la reactividad de un sistema subcrítico se monitoriza durante la operación con tres técnicas simultáneas: la técnica de la relación entre la corriente y el flujo (current-to-flux), la técnica de desconexión rápida de la fuente (source-jerk) y la técnica del decaimiento de los neutrones inmediatos. Los casos analizados incluyen la variación rápida de la reactividad del sistema (inserción y extracción de las barras de control) y la variación rápida de la fuente de neutrones (interrupción larga del haz y posterior recuperación). ABSTRACT The management of long-lived radioactive wastes produced by nuclear reactors constitutes one of the main challenges of nuclear technology nowadays. A possible option for its management consists in the transmutation of long lived nuclides into shorter lived ones. Accelerator Driven Subcritical Systems (ADS) are one of the technologies in development to achieve this goal. An ADS consists in a subcritical nuclear reactor maintained in a steady state by an external neutron source driven by a particle accelerator. The interest of these systems lays on its capacity to be loaded with fuels having larger contents of minor actinides than conventional critical reactors, and in this way, increasing the transmutation rates of these elements, that are the main responsible of the long-term radiotoxicity of nuclear waste. One of the key points that have been identified for the operation of an industrial-scale ADS is the need of continuously monitoring the reactivity of the subcritical system during operation. For this reason, since the 1990s a number of experiments have been conducted in zero-power subcritical assemblies (MUSE, RACE, KUCA, Yalina, GUINEVERE/FREYA) in order to experimentally validate these techniques. In this context, the present thesis is concerned with the validation of reactivity monitoring techniques at the Yalina-Booster subcritical assembly. This assembly belongs to the Joint Institute for Power and Nuclear Research (JIPNR-Sosny) of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Experiments concerning reactivity monitoring have been performed in this facility under the EUROTRANS project of the 6th EU Framework Program in year 2008 under the direction of CIEMAT. Two types of experiments have been carried out: experiments with a pulsed neutron source (PNS) and experiments with a continuous source with short interruptions (beam trips). For the case of the first ones, PNS experiments, two fundamental techniques exist to measure the reactivity, known as the prompt-to-delayed neutron area-ratio technique (or Sjöstrand technique) and the prompt neutron decay constant technique. However, previous experiments have shown the need to apply correction techniques to take into account the spatial and energy effects present in a real system and thus obtain accurate values for the reactivity. In this thesis, these corrections have been investigated through simulations of the system with the Monte Carlo code MCNPX. This research has also served to propose a generalized version of these techniques where relationships between the reactivity of the system and the measured quantities are obtained through Monte Carlo simulations. The second type of experiments, with a continuous source with beam trips, is more likely to be employed in an industrial ADS. The generalized version of the techniques developed for the PNS experiments has also been applied to the result of these experiments. Furthermore, the work presented in this thesis is the first time, to my knowledge, that the reactivity of a subcritical system has been monitored during operation simultaneously with three different techniques: the current-to-flux, the source-jerk and the prompt neutron decay techniques. The cases analyzed include the fast variation of the system reactivity (insertion and extraction of a control rod) and the fast variation of the neutron source (long beam interruption and subsequent recovery).

Factors contributing to the retention of seated passengers during emergency stops. Final report.

Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Washington, D.C.

Development of a low cost anti-lock brake system for small motorcycles. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Towards a low cost highly reliable anti-lock brake system for small motorcycles. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Effects of deceleration and rate of deceleration on live seated human subjects. Final report.

Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Washington, D.C.

Drug testing: a way to weed out users?

The aim of this paper is to provide managers and Human Resource executives with the basis for making drug testing policy in their organisations by presenting a critical review of existing literature on Workplace Drug Testing (WDT) and related areas which have been structured into the key areas.The key finding is whilst WDT is becoming more and more widely used, the rationale for this in terms of organizational effectiveness and safety is far from clear. Also there are significant ethical issues associated with WDT which are not always fully considered by organisations. Similarly, a cost/benefit analysis for particular organisations may well show little reason to embark on a testing policy. As a result of our review, we recommend that practitioners take a critical view of proposals introducing WDT since in many cases there is little upside to such a policy and a largely under-researched downside. There are also wider implications for society as a whole since the issue of drug taking as a whole is clearly a matter of great importance to practically every country in the world. The workplace is not at all immune from the impact of drug taking and perhaps a knee-jerk response by managers is to attempt to exclude anyone with any sort of drug habit through the use of WDT. This type of review with a specific HR focus has not been carried out before despite several calls for a more rational approach to the area.

Waveform type evaluation in congenital nystagmus

Congenital nystagmus is an ocular-motor disorder characterised by involuntary, conjugated and bilateral to and fro ocular oscillations. In this study a method to recognise automatically jerk waveform inside a congenital nystagmus recording and to compute foveation time and foveation position variability is presented. The recordings were performed with subjects looking at visual targets, presented in nine eye gaze positions; data were segmented into blocks corresponding to each gaze position. The nystagmus cycles were identified searching for local minima and maxima (SpEp sequence) in intervals centred on each slope change of the eye position signal (position criterion). The SpEp sequence was then refined using an adaptive threshold applied to the eye velocity signal; the outcome is a robust detection of each slow phase start point, fundamental to accurately compute some nystagmus parameters. A total of 1206 slow phases was used to compute the specificity in waveform recognition applying only the position criterion or adding the adaptive threshold; results showed an increase in negative predictive value of 25.1% using both features. The duration of each foveation window was measured on raw data or using an interpolating function of the congenital nystagmus slow phases; foveation time estimation less sensitive to noise was obtained in the second case. © 2010.

Analysis of foveation sequences in congenital nystagmus

Congenital nystagmus (CN) is an ocular-motor disorder that appears at birth or during the first few months of life; it is characterised by involuntary, conjugated, bilateral to and fro ocular oscillations. Pathogenesis of congenital nystagmus is still unknown. Eye movement recording allow to extract and analyse nystagmus main features such as shape, amplitude and frequency; depending on the morphology of the oscillations nystagmus can be classified in different categories (pendular, jerk, horizontal unidirectional, bidirectional). In general, CN patient show a considerable decrease of the visual acuity: image fixation on the retina is disturbed by nystagmus continuous oscillations; however, image stabilisation is still achieved during the short foveation periods in which eye velocity slows down while the target image is placed onto the fovea. Visual acuity was found to be mainly dependent on foveation periods duration, but cycle-to-cycle foveation repeatability and reduction of retinal image velocities also contribute in increasing visual acuity. This study concentrate on cycle-to-cycle image position variation onto fovea, trying to characterise the sequences of foveation positions. Eye-movement (infrared oculographic or electro oculographic) recordings, relative to different gaze positions and belonging to more than 30 CN patients, were analysed. Preliminary results suggest that sequences of foveations show a cyclic pattern with a dominant frequency (around 0.3 Hz on average) much lower than that of the nystagmus (about 3.3 Hz on average). Sequences of foveations reveals an horizontal ocular swing of more than 2 degree on average, which can explain the low visual acuity of the CN patient. Current CN therapies, pharmacological treatment or surgery of the ocular muscles, mainly aim to increase the patient's visual acuity. Hence, it is fundamental to have an objective parameter (expected visual acuity) for therapy planning. The information about sequences of foveations can improve estimation of patient visual acuity. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.