Um estudo sobre os diferenciais de remuneração entre os professores das redes pública e privada de ensino

O artigo investiga os diferenciais de remuneração entre os professores dos diversos níveis de ensino, das redes pública e privada. Analisando somente os salários, os diferenciais são na maior parte dos casos favoráveis ao setor privado. Esta conclusão se altera quando se calcula o Valor Presente do Contrato de Trabalho. O VPCT leva em consideração toda a renda auferida pelo docente, incluindo os salários recebidos durante a vida ativa e também a aposentadoria. O VPCT do ensino público é sempre mais elevado que o VPCT privado. Também são calculadas as Taxas Internas de Retorno (TIRs) da previdência social, cujos resultados mostram que os retornos do setor público são maiores que os do setor privado. Conclui-se que as diferentes regras de aposentadoria têm importância significativa nos rendimentos ao longo da vida dos docentes. Também se conclui que docentes da rede pública não recebem remuneração inferior a seus pares do setor privado.

Um método de linearização local com passo adaptativo para solução numérica de equações diferenciais estocásticas com ruído aditivo

Neste trabalho apresentamos um novo método numérico com passo adaptativo baseado na abordagem de linearização local, para a integração de equações diferenciais estocásticas com ruído aditivo. Propomos, também, um esquema computacional que permite a implementação eficiente deste método, adaptando adequadamente o algorítimo de Padé com a estratégia “scaling-squaring” para o cálculo das exponenciais de matrizes envolvidas. Antes de introduzirmos a construção deste método, apresentaremos de forma breve o que são equações diferenciais estocásticas, a matemática que as fundamenta, a sua relevância para a modelagem dos mais diversos fenômenos, e a importância da utilização de métodos numéricos para avaliar tais equações. Também é feito um breve estudo sobre estabilidade numérica. Com isto, pretendemos introduzir as bases necessárias para a construção do novo método/esquema. Ao final, vários experimentos numéricos são realizados para mostrar, de forma prática, a eficácia do método proposto, e compará-lo com outros métodos usualmente utilizados.

Análise das interpretações do governo Evo Morales: o legado histórico e o poder nacional-indígena

This work aims to analyze the interpretations about Evo Morales' government in Bolivia. For such, it proposes a theoretical reclaim of Marxism in Latin America, as well as of Bolivian political history since the 1952 Revolution, going through the crisis in Pacted Democracy intensified in the five-year conjuncture of struggles started in 2000 up to the election and reelection of Morales. It departs from an empirical prior conjecture taken from a qualitative analysis and a broad literature review to analyze the different interpretations of the Bolivian political process from Marxist theoretical matrices. After this historical recovery and this reading of contemporary Bolivia, it concludes with a consideration about the formation of a possible new block of power in the country, with the retaking of nationalism and Indianism as revolutionary reasons

Diferenciais de rendimentos por gênero: uma análise dos efeitos composição e estrutura salarial no Brasil (1976, 1987, 1996 e 2009)

This study aims to analyze the income differentials by gender in Brazil, in the years 1976, 1987, 1996 and 2009. Specifically, there are two objectives. First, attempt to analyze the importance of the effects of composition and wage structure in the job market. In the second, to verify which socioeconomic variables explain the effects of composition and wage structure in the job market. The information in this study was obtained from the microdata of Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) regarding the respective years. In the first stage of the methodology we used: the index of income distribution Theil-T; the income gap decompositions proposed by Oaxaca (1973) and Blinder (1973); and Firpo et al. (2007). In the second stage we applied the RIF regression method (Recentered Influence Function) of Firpo et al. (2007). The results show that income inequality is higher among men than among women in the country. It was observed that the component of inequality between people of the same gender represented the largest share in the decomposition of income inequality between genders. It was found, in the decomposition of the average income, a downward trend of income gap, but the differential remains favorable to the men. We noticed that the impact of the composition effect in reducing the gap was offset by the positive effect of wage structure. Regarding the distribution quantis, income differential between genres appeared greater at the bottom, in the years 1976, 1987 and 2009; and at the top of the distribution, in 1996 featuring, respectively, the sticky floor and glass ceiling effects in Brazil. As for the decomposition of the RIF, it turns out that the composition effect assisted in the downfall of the income gap between 1976 and 2009, but was offset by the positive effect of the wage structure in quantis 10th, 50th, and 90th. The main socioeconomic variables influenced the drop in income gap were: the composition effect, the manual labor occupations, service sector and low-grade and high school, and the wage structure effect, schooling low and high experience professional and technical occupations and urban centers

Uma reavaliação do pensamento lógico de George Boole à luz da história da matemática

The aim of the present study is to reevaluate the logical thought of the English mathematician George Boole (1815 - 1864). Thus, our research centers on the mathematical analysis of logic in the context of the history of mathematics. In order to do so, we present various biographical considerations about Boole in the light of events that happened in the 19th century and their consequences for mathematical production. We briefly describe Boole's innovations in the areas of differential equations and invariant theory and undertake an analysis of Boole's logic, especially as formulated in the book The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, comparing it not only with the traditional Aristotelian logic, but also with modern symbolic logic. We conclude that Boole, as he intended, expanded logic both in terms of its content and also in terms of its methods and formal elaboration. We further conclude that his purpose was the mathematical modeling of deductive reasoning, which led him to present an innovative formalism for logic and, because the different ways it can be interpreted, a new conception of mathematics

Estimativa de ganho genético a partir de diferenciais de seleção e parâmetros populacionais em um rebanho Caracu

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

A diversidade de interpretações como fator constituinte da formação docente: leitura e observação

Neste artigo apresentamos a análise de interpretações de estudantes em trabalhos desenvolvidos em duas disciplinas de cursos de Licenciatura em Física, nas quais realizamos atividades bastante distintas, uma envolvendo a leitura e outra a observação pelos licenciandos. Buscamos compreender falas escritas pelos estudantes como parte dessas atividades, e procuramos evidenciar a diversidade de interpretações e a relevância desse trabalho para a formação inicial. O apoio teórico em que nos sustentamos foi a análise de discurso na vertente originada na França por Michel Pêcheux. A consideração da não transparência da linguagem, e as noções de condições de produção, memória discursiva e repetição, bem como alguns aportes sobre possíveis papéis da observação na construção científica, contribuíram para a compreensão de discursos escritos pelos estudantes. Mostramos a diversidade de interpretações dos licenciados: ao opinarem sobre a possibilidade ou não de se trabalhar a física moderna e contemporânea no ensino médio, depois de lerem um texto envolvendo esse tema, e ao redigirem um texto sobre a observação na pesquisa científica.

Métodos numéricos para resolução de equações diferenciais ordinárias lineares baseados em interpolação por spline

In this work we have elaborated a spline-based method of solution of inicial value problems involving ordinary differential equations, with emphasis on linear equations. The method can be seen as an alternative for the traditional solvers such as Runge-Kutta, and avoids root calculations in the linear time invariant case. The method is then applied on a central problem of control theory, namely, the step response problem for linear EDOs with possibly varying coefficients, where root calculations do not apply. We have implemented an efficient algorithm which uses exclusively matrix-vector operations. The working interval (till the settling time) was determined through a calculation of the least stable mode using a modified power method. Several variants of the method have been compared by simulation. For general linear problems with fine grid, the proposed method compares favorably with the Euler method. In the time invariant case, where the alternative is root calculation, we have indications that the proposed method is competitive for equations of sifficiently high order.

Coeficientes de incidência do dengue e sua relação com os diferenciais intra-urbanos segundo condições de vida no município do Natal, Rio Grande do Norte

This study sprang from the hypothesis that spatial variations in the morbidity rate for dengue fever within the municipality of Natal are related to intra-city socioeconomic and environmental variations. The objective of the project was to classify the different suburbs of Natal according to their living conditions and establish if there was any correlation between this classification and the incidence rate for dengue fever, with the aim of enabling public health planners to better control this disease. Data on population density, access to safe drinking water, rubbish collection, sewage disposal facilities, income level, education and the incidence of dengue fever during the years 2001 and 2003 was drawn from the Brazilian Demographic Census 2000 and from the Reportable Disease Notification System -SINAN. The study is presented here in the form of two papers, corresponding to the types of analysis performed: a classification of the urban districts into quartiles according to the living conditions which exist there, in the first article; and the incidence of dengue fever in each of these quartiles, in the second. By applying factorial analysis to the chosen socioeconomic and environmental indicators for the year 2000, a compound index of living condition (ICV) was obtained. On the basis of this index, it was possible to classify the urban districts into quartiles. On undertaking this grouping (paper 1), a heterogeneous distribution of living conditions was found across the city. As to the incidence rate for dengue fever (paper 2), it was discovered that the quartile identified as having the best living conditions presented incidence rates of 15.62 and 15.24 per 1000 inhabitants respectively in the years 2001 and 2003; whereas the quartile representing worst living conditions showed incidence rates of 25.10 and 10.32 for the comparable periods. The results suggest that dengue fever occurs in all social classes, and that its incidence is not related in any evident way to the chosen formula for living conditions

Efeitos das respostas de observação diferenciais sobre a aprendizagem de relações condicionais com estímulos complexos

Este estudo avaliou se relações entre os componentes do estímulo modelo complexo exerceriam controle condicional em tarefas de matching-to-sample simultâneo. Na Fase 1, 3 crianças com necessidades especiais de ensino foram expostas ao treino das relações A1B1 e A2B2 e ao teste das respectivas relações simétricas. em seguida, as contingências de treino exigiram respostas de observação diferenciais que consistiram no estabelecimento de relações condicionais de identidade entre estímulos complexos (relações AB-AB) precedendo o acesso ao treino das relações condicionais ABX. Neste treino, diante de estímulos modelos complexos cujos componentes sustentavam condicionalidade treinada (A1B1 e A2B2), X1 foi o estímulo de escolha correto; X2 exerceu esta função quando os componentes do estímulo modelo não sustentavam tal relação (A1B2 e A2B1). Na Fase 2, ocorreria o treino PQ, testes QP e PQX que avaliariam a extensão do controle condicional definido pelas relações entre os estímulos P e Q. As três crianças registraram a aprendizagem das relações AB, a emergência das relações simétricas e índices elevados de acerto nas respostas de observação diferenciais, ou seja, no estabelecimento das relações condicionais de identidade com estímulos complexos. Contudo, as três demonstraram relações de controle distintas das previstas no treino ABX, sendo, portanto, o experimento finalizado na Fase 1. Tais resultados sugerem uma independência funcional entre as habilidades discriminativas exigidas nas duas contingências de ensino de relações condicionais com estímulos modelo complexos.

Família de retificadores multipulsos com topologias diferenciais de transformadores

Multipulse rectifier topologies based on auto-connections or differential connections, are more and more applied as interface stages between the mains and power converters. These topologies are becoming increasingly attractive not only for robustness, but to mitigate many low order current harmonics in the utility, reducing the total harmonic distortion of the line currents (THDi) and increasing the power factor requirements. Unlike isolated connections (delta-wye, zigzag, etc.), when the differential transformer is employed, most of the energy required by the load is directly conducted through the windings. Thus, only a small fraction of the kVA is processed by the magnetic core. This feature increases the power density of the converter. This paper presents a mathematical model based on phasor diagrams, which results in a single expression able to merge all differential connections (wye and delta), for both step-up and step-down rectifiers for 12 or 18 pulses. The proposed family of converters can be designed for any relationship between the line input voltage and the DC voltage, unlike the conventional phase-shift voltage connections. An immediate application would be the retrofit, i.e. to replace a conventional rectifier with poor quality of the processed energy by the 12 or 18-pulse rectifiers with Wye or Delta-differential connections, keeping the original values for the input and load voltages. The simple and fast design procedure is developed and tested for a prototype rating 6 kW and 400 V on DC load.

Estudo duplo cego com Isoconazol e Terbinafina tópicos no tratamento de um paciente com Tinea nigra plantaris bilateral e sugestões para novos diagnósticos diferenciais

The authors report a case of bilateral Tinea nigra plantaris treated through a double-blind study with the topical antifungal agents Isoconazole and Terbinafine. The objective of the study was to clinically compare the efficacy of these two topical antifungal agents on days 10, 20 and 30 of the treatment. No significant clinical differences were found, as all the plantar lesions regressed completely by the end of the treatment. Our conclusion was that in the case reported, the topical antifungal agents Isoconazole and Terbinafine demonstrated identical efficacy as a clinical cure. We also suggest the inclusion of injuries caused by arthropods of the Diplopoda Class in the differential diagnosis of Tinea nigra plantaris, due to the persistent acral hyperpigmentation.