993 resultados para Iluminação - Avaliação


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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Energias Renováveis - Conversão Eléctrica e Utilização Sustentável

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No país, a concepção dos projetos de iluminação de hospitais freqüentemente se limita a satisfação das iluminâncias mínimas estabelecidas pelas normas. Isto se deve ao fato de que os aspectos qualitativos são pouco considerados pelos projetistas, bem como pelas normativas, nas quais apenas recentemente foram incorporados. O papel da iluminação na qualificação dos espaços hospitalares e melhoria do estado psicológico e fisiológico dos indivíduos é geralmente ignorado. Sua influência positiva é especialmente importante para os pacientes que se encontram confinados nos quartos de internação. Este trabalho analisa a importância da iluminação natural e artificial para o bem-estar dos usuários de espaços hospitalares, não apenas pacientes, como também funcionários e visitantes, através do estudo de caso dois hospitais da grande Florianópolis: o Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão e o Hospital Regional de São José.Para a realização desta avaliação levaram-se em consideração as recomendações e normativas nacionais e estrangeiras, assim como aspectos do clima e cultura local. Estes dois últimos fatores constituíram importantes referenciais para a compreensão da relação entre o espaço edificado e as pessoas que o vivenciam, bem como para a avaliação das soluções arquitetônico-construtivas adotadas. O estudo verifica as deficiências relativas ao sistema de iluminação que ocorrem com maior freqüência no ambiente hospitalar, assim como confirma o caráter insatisfatório dos critérios de iluminação adotados, que não contribuem para a qualidade ambiental do espaço e o conforto de seus usuários.

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A iluminação hospitalar, nos espaços de permanência dos pacientes, deve levar em conta os requisitos visuais de seus dois grupos principais de usuários: o staff, com vistas a viabilizar a execução de procedimentos médicos, e os pacientes, que devem ter garantias de boas condições de conforto visual. Os requisitos visuais de ambos usuários incluem diversos critérios quantitativos e qualitativos de iluminação. Além do compromisso de iluminar as tarefas visuais e outras atividades, os sistemas de iluminação também são responsáveis pela criação de impressões ambientais, influenciando as respostas emocionais dos usuários. Isso é particularmente importante nos hospitais, uma vez que os mesmos abrigam pessoas fragilizadas e com alto nível de estresse. Contudo, a prática indica que os projetos de iluminação nestes espaços priorizam os requisitos quantitativos, em detrimento da qualidade visual do ambiente ou das respostas emocionais que estes provocam. Similarmente, tais instalações são sujeitas a restrições econômicas impostas pelo alto custo de construção dos hospitais. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer diretrizes para projetos de iluminação natural e artificial nos espaços de internação e recuperação dos hospitais, enfatizando os critérios qualitativos envolvidos Assim, foram realizados dois estudos de caso: no Hospital Santa Rita, do Complexo Hospitalar da Santa Casa de Misericórdia e no Hospital Moinhos de Vento, ambos em Porto Alegre. Os espaços estudados nos dois hospitais foram os quartos das unidades de internação, as UTI e as salas de recuperação pós-anestésicas dos centros cirúrgicos. A metodologia utilizada para a avaliação dos sistemas de iluminação natural e artificial destes espaços foi baseada em uma análise comparativa entre as medições das condições de iluminação e o nível de satisfação dos usuários. A análise e interpretação dos resultados dos estudos de caso forneceram subsídios para a identificação de padrões nos projetos de iluminação dos hospitais investigados, assim como características individuais. Como decorrência, foi possível elaborar princípios gerais de projeto e diretrizes específicas para a iluminação natural e artificial dos espaços de internação e recuperação, os quais consideram as implicações dos aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos destes sistemas no conforto visual dos usuários.

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This research aimed to identify the link between the layout of workspaces in offices and the design strategies for environmental comfort. Strategies surveyed were focused on the thermal, visual and luminic comfort. In this research, visual comfort is related to issues of visual integration within and between the interior and exterior of the building. This is a case study conducted at the administrative headquarters of Centro Regional Nordeste do Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE-CRN), located in Natal/RN. The methodological strategy used was the Post-Occupancy Evaluation, which combined the survey data on the building (layout of workspaces, bioclimatic strategies adopted in the design, use of these strategies) with some techniques aimed at acquiring qualitative information related to users. The workspace layout is primordial to satisfaction and productivity of workers. Issues such as concentration, communication, privacy, personal identity, density and space efficiency, barriers (access, visual and even ventilation and lighting), among others, are associated with the layout. The environmental comfort is one of the essential elements to maintaining life quality in workplace. Moreover, it is an important factor in user`s perception of the space in which he or she are inserted. Both layout and environmental comfort issues should be collected and analyzed in the establishment phase of the programming step. That way, it is possible to get adequate answers to these questions in subsequent project phases. It was found that changes in the program that occurred over time, especially concerning persons (number and characteristics), resulted in changes in layout, generating high density and inflexible environments. It turns difficult to adjust the furniture to the occupants` requirement, including comfort needs. However, the presence of strategies for environmental quality provides comfort to spaces, ensuring that, even in situations not considered optimal, users perceive the environment in a positive way. It was found that the relationship between environmental comfort and layout takes the following forms: in changing the perception of comfort, depending on the layout of the arrangements; adjustments in layout, due to needs for comfort; and the elevation of user satisfaction and environmental quality due to the presence of strategies comfort even in situations of inadequate layout

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This research refers to the production of green buildings, defined, mainly, based on the use of sources of alternative energies, smaller emission of pollutant, use of recyclable materials, systems of recycling of the waters, maximization of the natural illumination, preservation of green areas or native, and appropriate quality of the internal air. From the conception of those buildings, it appears the needs of evaluating them, creating the methodologies for the evaluation of environmental performance of buildings. In that way, this work can be divided in two moments: the first one when it identifies the methodologies for the evaluation of environmental performance for buildings existents in the literature, defining their categories, criteria and sub-criteria to be appropriate to the reality of the Brazilian Northeast; and the second one when starting from the analysis of the systems of existent evaluation. It defines a methodological base and it generates a new evaluation system, denominated MEDACNE (Methodology of Evaluation of Environmental Acting for Construction in the Northeast). In that moment, the process of framing of the section of the building site is verified under the maintainable optics, stimulated mainly by the pressures of the society - conferences, protocols and agreements. Finally, the proposed methodology was applied in a case study, a residential building, called Maria José Gurgel , located in Natal-RN, Brazil, for its validation. This methodological proposition should increase the patterns environmental places for the production of new buildings, and it will be a reference guide for architects, engineers and planners to develop their constructions considering the criteria of the sustainability. This study made use of bibliographical research in books and specialized magazines and the analysis of the data was realized in an interpretative way

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

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A análise da morfologia celular é um aspecto crucial da neurobiologia, pois a relação entre forma e função pode definir os processos fisiológicos na saúde e na doença. Um dos principais métodos para avaliar a morfologia celular é por meio da fotooxidação de marcadores fluorescentes intracelulares, dentre os quais se tem o percloreto de 1,1’-dioctadecil-3,3,3’,3’-tetrametil-indocarbocianina (DiI), uma carbocianina lipofílica que pode marcar células vivas ou fixadas. O DiI foi escolhido para este trabalho devido, dentre outros fatores, à sua importante utilização para estudos de morfologia celular. Como modelo para avaliar a qualidade da fotooxidação do aparelho construído para essa finalidade, elegeu-se as células horizontais da retina humana com o intuito de prosseguir com estudo morfométrico posterior dessas células, tendo em vista a escassez de trabalhos com essa abordagem em retina humana. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade do método de fotooxidação do DiI através de LED e utilizando como modelo células horizontais da retina humana. O material foi obtido do Banco de Olhos do Hospital Ophir Loyola e, em sequência dissecado, marcado com cristais de DiI e fotooxidado com o aparelho de LED. As imagens que resultaram do novo método de iluminação para fotooxidação de traçador fluorescente apresentou elevada qualidade de detalhes da morfologia neuronal, similares aos resultados obtidos em reações de fotoconversão convencional com microscópio, o que permite concluir que o aparelho mantém a eficiência da fotooxidação por revelar detalhes finos da morfologia celular, inclusive com as vantagens de processar áreas maiores de tecido e considerável redução de custo por dispensar o emprego de microscópio para o processo.

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The discussions about the energy rationalization are gaining more and more space on the everyday of engineers and other professionals in the field of energy. A greater focus is being tied to commercial buildings, because they are one of the biggest responsible for the high energetic expenditure according to the National Energetic Balance, especially by the use of air conditioners for the people’s thermal comfort. Such finding made INMETRO to develop a building labeling procedure through th National Program of Electric Energy Conservation in Buildings; by means of this systematic, the built areas are classified by levels that go from A(the best) to E(the worst), taking into account envelopment, illumination system and air conditioning. A bonus process based on water rationalization, use of renewable energy sources, cogeneration systems or technical innovations, allows the classification to be changed up to one level. A study made exactly on a commercial building, the building of Foundation for Technological and Scientific Development located inside of the College of Engineering of Guaratinguetá, sought to identify technical/economic alternatives for the building certification and appealed to the bonus based on water rationalization. The present study is based on analysis of deploying a cogeneration system formed by internal combustion engine and an absorption refrigeration system as bonus alternative, so that the costs are analyzed regarding energy consumption and use of the motor. With the calculations and results, the viability of the building to receive a bonus from INMETRO through its National Program for Energy Conservation in Buildings is studied and concluded from this study whether or not you can get a better level of energy efficiency for the building in question... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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This Graduate Work aims to exhibit the analyze of the applicability of LED technology in a real outdoor lighting situation, and this project’s illumination solution is compared with the initial proposal, the sodium vapor lamps. What is studied is an outdoor area, like the roads and parking lots of a plant. A light planning software is used for this comparison, and the results are displayed instantly, allowing rapid analysis of the project through a simulation. The medium illuminance is the same in both solutions for this case study and minimum rates set as standard were observed then the analysis are appropriate in this project. Various aspects are considered in order to obtain a comprehensive analysis of this project, such as economic, environmental and quality of lighting. LED technology in outdoor lighting is presented in its infancy, but promising. Solid state lamps show great advantages when compared with other technologies, such as discharge lamps, however there are some disadvantages tied to new products that are expected to be overcome with technological development and increased production

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Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic method which employs a photosensitizer and light to cause cellular death. The chemical compounds have low or none toxicity for hosts cells. Under the incidence of light, in an appropriated wavelength, these chemical compounds produce reactive oxygen which affects the biomolecules of the target-cells. The specific illumination of the affected area increases the selectivity of the therapy, since the photodynamic process occurs only in the irradiated area. Pythiosis, for instance, is a life-threatening emerging disease caused by a fungus-like organism called Pythium insidiosum. The disease occurs in man and other animals, being mostly observed in horses. Human pythiosis may present as ophthalmic, cutaneous-subcutaneous and systemic forms of lesions. Due to the fact that P. insidiosum is not a true fungus, it is refractory to most antifungal drugs and the treatment of the disease is difficult. Extensive surgery procedures, such as limb amputation, are the treatment of choice, however relapses may occur frequently. Although not totally effective, the use of immunotherapy associated to surgery have shown some results. Considering that pythiosis is an emerging disease few explored in its etiological and therapeutic aspects, which are limited and few effective, it is of great importance to encourage the development of researches for new strategies of treatment. In this sense, it was evaluated the effect of PDT on in vitro growth of the pathogen employing two chemical compounds as photosensitizer, porphyrin and chlorine, at different concentrations in combination with several energetic dosages. Porphyrin showed inhibition of growth at 25mg/mL with 100J/cm2 of energetic dosage and chlorine showed similar results employing low concentrations (0,7, 1,0 and 1,3mg/mL) with 70J/cm2 of energetic dosage... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Problemas com pose e iluminação são desafios complexos para o reconhecimento de faces 2D. Devido a estes problemas vários métodos para reconhecimento de faces 3D têm sido propostos, principalmente pelo fato que os dados em 3D são mais resistentes a iluminação e são úteis para correção de pose. O maior problema com a utilização de métodos 3D é o custo elevado dos scanners 3D tradicionais. Uma alternativa é a utilização do Microsoft Kinect que, além de ser consideravelmente mais barato, é capaz de capturar os dados de profundidade com precisão necessária para discriminar sujeitos. O principal objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a performance do método 3DLBP para o reconhecimento de faces quando utilizando os mapas de profundidade gerados pelo Kinect. Outro objetivo é investigar quais regiões da face que desempenham melhor no reconhecimento de face.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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O objectivo deste estudo foi avaliar as condições de iluminância das actividades desenvolvidas por espeleólogos expostos a ambiente de grutas. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal. Foram avaliados os níveis de iluminância das actividades desenvolvidas por 16 espeleólogos, em duas duas grutas desprovidas de iluminação natural. A idade média dos trabalhadores foi de 40,65 (±10,93) anos. No ambiente de gruta a maioria dos trabalhadores utilizava uma lanterna instalada no capacete (451,0±305,7lux). Não foram detectados sinais e sintomas de patologias visuais ligados à exposição do ambiente gruta. Os sinais de iluminância são adequados para a maioria das actividades realizadas.

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This research aimed to identify the link between the layout of workspaces in offices and the design strategies for environmental comfort. Strategies surveyed were focused on the thermal, visual and luminic comfort. In this research, visual comfort is related to issues of visual integration within and between the interior and exterior of the building. This is a case study conducted at the administrative headquarters of Centro Regional Nordeste do Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE-CRN), located in Natal/RN. The methodological strategy used was the Post-Occupancy Evaluation, which combined the survey data on the building (layout of workspaces, bioclimatic strategies adopted in the design, use of these strategies) with some techniques aimed at acquiring qualitative information related to users. The workspace layout is primordial to satisfaction and productivity of workers. Issues such as concentration, communication, privacy, personal identity, density and space efficiency, barriers (access, visual and even ventilation and lighting), among others, are associated with the layout. The environmental comfort is one of the essential elements to maintaining life quality in workplace. Moreover, it is an important factor in user`s perception of the space in which he or she are inserted. Both layout and environmental comfort issues should be collected and analyzed in the establishment phase of the programming step. That way, it is possible to get adequate answers to these questions in subsequent project phases. It was found that changes in the program that occurred over time, especially concerning persons (number and characteristics), resulted in changes in layout, generating high density and inflexible environments. It turns difficult to adjust the furniture to the occupants` requirement, including comfort needs. However, the presence of strategies for environmental quality provides comfort to spaces, ensuring that, even in situations not considered optimal, users perceive the environment in a positive way. It was found that the relationship between environmental comfort and layout takes the following forms: in changing the perception of comfort, depending on the layout of the arrangements; adjustments in layout, due to needs for comfort; and the elevation of user satisfaction and environmental quality due to the presence of strategies comfort even in situations of inadequate layout