Biotic Interrelationships of Helminth Parasitism

Biotic interrelationships in Alaska have so far suffered little from man's attempts to improve upon nature. As a result of these favorable circumstances, biological investigation in Alaska offers unusual opportunity for elucidating problems which can no longer be approached in the more populated parts of North America. One is very fortunate to have the opportunity of working under these conditions, since present trends indicate that Alaska is soon to go by the way of the great wildernesses which once existed in the United States and Canada.

A revision of Askeptosaurus italicus and other thalattosaurs from the European Triassic, the interrelationships of thalattosaurs, and their phylogenetic position within diapsid reptiles (Amniota, Eureptilia)

Zusammenfassung: Thalattosaurier sind eine rein auf die Trias beschränkte Grupper mariner Diapsiden, die derzeit aus Nordamerika, Europa und China bekannt ist. Die europäischen Formen sind über längere Zeit vernachlässigt worden, was speziell für Askeptosaurus italicus aus der Mitteltrias des Monte San Giorgio gilt. Die hier durchgeführte anatomische Revision des Taxons ergibt einige Korrekturen im dorsalen Schädeldach, und ermöglicht erstmalig eine detaillierte Darstellung des ventralen Teils von Gaumen und Gehirnkapsel. Im postcranialen Skelett ergeben sich ebenfalls wichtige Korrekturen, so fehlt z. B. im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Annahmen ein Thyroidfenster im Becken. Weiterhin zeigt die Hand von Askeptosaurus eine intraspezifische Variation in der Verknöcherung. Das aquatische Reptil Endennasaurus acutirostris aus dem Nor der Lombardei wird ebenfalls neu untersucht, speziell im Hinblick auf eine potenzielle Zugehörigkeit zu Thalattosauriern. Letzteres wird bestätigt, zudem werden einige Korrekturen im Schädel durchgeführt, so ist z.B. der für Thalattosaurier typische Prämaxillare/Frontale-Kontakt vorhanden. Im Postcranium wird u.a. erstmals die vollständige Phalangenformel für die Hand ermittelt. Zwei weitere aquatische Trias-Reptilien werden ebenfalls untersucht. Zum einen ein bisher unbeschriebenes Postcranium eines relativ kleinen, hochschwänzigen Thalattosauriers aus der Obertrias von Österreich, der sehr viele Ähnlichkeiten mit dem chinesischen Xinpusaurus zeigt, und zum anderen die nur an Hand von Wirbeln bekannte Form Blezingeria ichthyospondyla aus dem Muschelkalk/Lettenkeuper der Germanischen Trias. Trotz einiger anatomischer Gemeinsamkeiten mit Thalattosauriern kann eine definitive Zugehörigkeit zu dieser Gruppe nicht bestätigt werden. Zur Klärung der verwandtschaftlichen Position der Thalattosaurier innerhalb der diapsiden Reptilien wird eine computergestützte phylogenetische Analyse basaler Diapsiden unter der Verwendung von 182 Merkmalen und 31 Taxa durchgeführt. Thalattosaurier gruppieren sich hierbei außerhalb der Sauria, und zeigen zudem ein gewisses Signal zu einer Monophylie mit Ichthyosauriern. Weitere Ergebnisse sind eine Gruppierung von Schildkröten mit Lepidosauriern, ein Schwestergruppenverhältnis von Drepanosauriern und Kuehneosauriern außerhalb der Sauria, sowie der Verlust des unteren Schläfenbogens in der frühen Evolution der Diapsiden und dessen sekundäre Aquirierung innerhalb der Archo- und Lepidosauromorpha. Eine Innengruppen-Analyse der Thalattosaurier ergibt auf der Basis von 35 Merkmalen eine basale Dichotomie, die Endennasaurus und die monophyletischen Askeptosaurus/Anshunsaurus von den übrigen Thalattosauriern abgrenzt. Die Monte San Giorgio-Taxa Hescheleria und Clarazia sind ebenfalls monophyletisch und zudem die Schwestergruppe zu Thalattosaurus. Die verbleibenden Thalattosaurier sind basal zu diesen drei Taxa positioniert, wobei der chinesische Xinpusaurus und der kalifornische Nectosaurus monophyletisch sind, und die Einbeziehung des österreichischen Thalattosauriers diesen innerhalb letzterer Taxa gruppiert. Auf der Basis dieser Ergebnisse wird ein vorläufiges biogeographisch-evolutives Szenario entworfen. Eine Kiefermuskelrekonstruktion von Askeptosaurus ergibt eine eher plesiomorphe, von posterodorsal nach anteroventral verlaufende Schläfen-Muskulatur. Zusammen mit weiteren osteologischen Merkmalen resultiert daraus eine Konfiguration, die die effektivste Beißkaft bei nur gering geöffneten Kiefern erlaubt. Die lange Schnauze, der flache Kopf und der bewegliche Hals legen eine Jagdstrategie nahe, bei der die wahrscheinlich aus kleinen bis mittelgroßen Wirbeltieren bestehende Beute durch schnelle Seitwärtsbewegungen des Kopfes gefangen wurde. Die übrige aquatische Fortbewegung des Taxons bestand aus einer subundulatorischen Lokomotion ohne Beteiligung der Extremitäten. Im Gegensatz zu Askeptosaurus bevorzugte der vollständig zahnlose Endennasaurus vermutlich nur Invertebraten und kleine Wirbeltiere als Beute, und schien seine Extremitäten im Rahmen eines paraxialen 'Pectoropelvical-Ruderns' explizit mitbenutzt zu haben.

Interrelationships between the structural and functional aspects of social relationships, comorbidity and health related quality of life in breast cancer survivors

It is widely acknowledged in theoretical and empirical literature that social relationships, comprising of structural measures (social networks) and functional measures (perceived social support) have an undeniable effect on health outcomes. However, the actual mechanism of this effect has yet to be clearly understood or explicated. In addition, comorbidity is found to adversely affect social relationships and health related quality of life (a valued outcome measure in cancer patients and survivors). ^ This cross sectional study uses selected baseline data (N=3088) from the Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) study. Lisrel 8.72 was used for the latent variable structural equation modeling. Due to the ordinal nature of the data, Weighted Least Squares (WLS) method of estimation using Asymptotic Distribution Free covariance matrices was chosen for this analysis. The primary exogenous predictor variables are Social Networks and Comorbidity; Perceived Social Support is the endogenous predictor variable. Three dimensions of HRQoL, physical, mental and satisfaction with current quality of life were the outcome variables. ^ This study hypothesizes and tests the mechanism and pathways between comorbidity, social relationships and HRQoL using latent variable structural equation modeling. After testing the measurement models of social networks and perceived social support, a structural model hypothesizing associations between the latent exogenous and endogenous variables was tested. The results of the study after listwise deletion (N=2131) mostly confirmed the hypothesized relationships (TLI, CFI >0.95, RMSEA = 0.05, p=0.15). Comorbidity was adversely associated with all three HRQoL outcomes. Strong ties were negatively associated with perceived social support; social network had a strong positive association with perceived social support, which served as a mediator between social networks and HRQoL. Mental health quality of life was the most adversely affected by the predictor variables. ^ This study is a preliminary look at the integration of structural and functional measures of social relationships, comorbidity and three HRQoL indicators using LVSEM. Developing stronger social networks and forming supportive relationships is beneficial for health outcomes such as HRQoL of cancer survivors. Thus, the medical community treating cancer survivors as well as the survivor's social networks need to be informed and cognizant of these possible relationships. ^

ASSOCIATIONS AND INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, BEHAVIORAL FACTORS AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS WITH BIRTH WEIGHT

Although the influences of socioeconomic, behavioral and biological factors on birth weight have been extensively studied, most studies have been limited to clinical populations. This study examines such relationships in a national probability sample, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1971-1974. The study sample consisted of 2161 white children and 812 black children, aged 1 to 5 years. Analyses were performed on a subsample consisting of 753 white and 138 black children whose mothers were also selected into the survey. Detailed analyses examined interrelationships among socio-economic, behavioral and biological factors by means of multiple regression and partial correlation procedures in the white population. These analyses were not carried out among blacks because of an observed clustering bias introduced in the black subsample that hampered generalization to the US population.^ The results among the whites indicated that the biological factors of maternal height, maternal weight, maternal size (weight/height('2)), maternal age and sex of child were independently related to birth weight and were also interrelated with socioeconomic factors such as family income, education of the mother and education of the head of the household. The joint effect was significantly associated with birth weight.^ Mothers' dietary practices represented the behavioral factors. Selected nutrients from the mothers' 24-hour dietary recall were used to develop indices of dietary quality. Dietary quality was significantly interrelated with socioeconomic status, biological factors and birth weight.^ The findings of this study suggest that smaller, younger mothers of lower socioeconomic status and female children were significantly associated with lower birth weight. The findings also suggest that dietary quality is a mediating factor among socioeconomic status and biological factors in that mothers with more financial and educational resources have better dietary practices. Such mothers may also practice other health behaviors that would prevent having a low birthweight baby. This dissertation contributes primarily to the further conceptualization and empirical testing of the interrelationships among socioeconomic, behavioral and biological factors with respect to birth weight. ^

Fishes of the families Evermannellidae and Scopelarchidae : systmatics, morphology, interrelationships, and zoogeography / Robert Karl Johnson.

n.s. no.12(1982)

On the development of a theory of traveler attitude-behavior interrelationships volume III: executive summary; overview of methods, results, and conclusions. Final report.

Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, Mass.

On the development of a theory of traveler attitude-behavior interrelationships: volume I - input to theory development. Final report.

Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, Mass.

On the development of a theory of traveler attitude-behavior interrelationships: volume II: theoretical and empirical findings. Final report.

Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, Mass.

Internet banking service quality:an investigation of interrelationships between construct dimensions

Service quality measurement in Internet banking services is an area of growing interest to researchers and managers. This research investigates the interrelationships between the dimensions comprising the Internet banking service quality construct through structural equation modelling. Five Internet service quality dimensions are identified: access, web interface, trust, attention and credibility. Credibility is modelled as an outcome of the causal variables of access, web interface, trust and attention. Trust and attention emerges as key dimensions in explaining the credibility dimension. Access is found to be a common antecedent of trust, attention and Web interface dimensions. Implications from the findings are offered.

Leader-member exchange and upward influence: Interrelationships and successful consequences

The relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) and upward influence was investigated in a field sample of 134 employees in four organizations. These variables were related to three outcome variables comprising an employee's job success: (a) current annual salary, (b) overall job satisfaction, and (c) overall reputational effectiveness. Measures used were the LMX7, revised Influence Tactics Questionnaire, overall job satisfaction, and reputational effectiveness questionnaires. A negative relationship was found between coalitions and upward appeal with quality of LMX. Support was also found for the relationship between quality of LMX and overall job satisfaction. Partial support was found for the relationship between upward influence and success variables. Finally, partial support was found for the addition of quality of LMX above and beyond the control variables and influence tactics in explaining an employee's job success. Avenues for future research are discussed. ^

Three essays on the interrelationships among financial restatements, corporate governance, market microstructure and the firm's rate of return

The increase in the number of financial restatements in recent years has resulted in a significant decrease in the amount of market capitalization for restated companies. Prior literature did not differentiate between single and multiple restatements announcements. This research investigated the inter-relationships among multiple financial restatements, corporate governance, market microstructure and the firm’s rate of return in the form of three essays by differentiating between single and multiple restatement announcement companies. First essay examined the stock performance of companies announcing the financial restatement multiple times. The postulation is that prior research overestimates the abnormal return by not separating single restatement companies from multiple restatement companies. This study investigated how market penalizes the companies that announce restatement more than once. Differentiating the restatement announcement data based on number of restatement announcements, the results supported the non persistence hypothesis that the market has no memory and negative abnormal returns obtained after each of the restatement announcements are completely random. Second essay examined the multiple restatement announcements and its perceived resultant information asymmetry around the announcement day. This study examined the pattern of information asymmetry for these announcements in terms of whether the bid-ask spread widens around the announcement day. The empirical analysis supported the hypotheses that the spread does widen not only around the first restatement announcement day but around every subsequent announcement days as well. The third essay empirically examined the financial and corporate governance characteristics of single and multiple restatement announcements companies. The analysis showed that corporate governance variables influence the occurrence of multiple restatement announcements and can distinguish multiple restatements announcement companies from single restatement announcement companies.