Évaluation des niveaux d’éthanolémie résultant de l’exposition à l’éthanol par inhalation : études chez des volontaires et modélisation toxicocinétique

Un modèle pharmacocinétique à base physiologique (PBPK) d’exposition par inhalation à l’éthanol a antérieurement été développé en se basant sur des données provenant d’une étude chez des volontaires exposés par inhalation à plus de 5000 ppm. Cependant, une incertitude persiste sur la capacité du modèle PBPK à prédire les niveaux d’éthanolémie pour des expositions à de faibles concentrations. Ces niveaux sont fréquemment rencontrés par une large partie de la population et des travailleurs suite à l’utilisation de produits tels que les vernis et les solutions hydroalcooliques (SHA). Il est ainsi nécessaire de vérifier la validité du modèle existant et de déterminer l’exposition interne à l’éthanol dans de telles conditions. Les objectifs du mémoire sont donc 1) de documenter les niveaux d’éthanolémie résultant de l’exposition par inhalation à de faibles concentrations d’éthanol (i.e., ≤ 1000 ppm) et de valider/raffiner le modèle PBPK existant pour ces concentrations ; et 2) de déterminer les concentrations d’éthanol atmosphérique provenant d’utilisation de SHA et de vernis et de prédire les niveaux d’éthanolémie découlant de leur utilisation. Les données toxicocinétiques récoltées chez des volontaires nous suggèrent qu’il est insuffisant de limiter au foie la clairance métabolique de l’éthanol lors d’exposition à de faibles niveaux d’éthanol, contrairement aux expositions à de plus forts niveaux. De plus, il a clairement été démontré qu’un effort physique léger (50 W) influençait à la hausse (2-3 fois) l’éthanolémie des volontaires exposés à 750 ppm. L’ajout au modèle PBPK d’une clairance métabolique de haute affinité et de faible capacité associée aux tissus richement perfusés a permis de simuler plus adéquatement la cinétique de l’éthanolémie pour des expositions à des concentrations inférieures à 1000 ppm. Des mesures de concentrations d’éthanol dans l’air inhalé générées lors d’utilisation de SHA et de vernis ont permis de simuler des expositions lors de l’utilisation de ces produits. Pour l’utilisation de 1,5 g et 3 g de SHA dans un local peu ventilé, des concentrations sanguines maximales (Cmax) de 0.383 et 0.366 mg.L-1 ont été respectivement simulées. Dans un local bien ventilé, les Cmax simulées étaient de 0.264 et 0.414 mg.L-1. Selon les simulations, une application de vernis résulterait en une Cmax respectivement de 0.719 mg.L-1 et de 0.729 mg.L-1, chez les hommes et femmes. Les Cmax sanguines d’éthanol estimées suites aux différentes simulations sont inférieures à la concentration toxique pour les humains (100 mg.L-1). Ainsi, de telles expositions ne semblent pas être un danger pour la santé. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis de mieux décrire et comprendre les processus d’élimination de l’éthanol à faibles doses et permettront de raffiner l’évaluation du risque associé à l’inhalation chronique de faibles niveaux d’éthanol pour la population, particulièrement chez les travailleurs.

Influence of N-Hexane Inhalation on the Enantioselective Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Verapamil in Rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influence of gasoline inhalation on the enantioselective pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine in rats

Fluoxetine is used clinically as a racemic mixture of (+)-(S) and (-)-(R) enantiomers for the treatment of depression. CYP2D6 catalyzes the metabolism of both fluoxetine enantiomers. We aimed to evaluate whether exposure to gasoline results in CYP2D inhibition. Male Wistar rats exposed to filtered air (n = 36; control group) or to 600 ppm of gasoline (n = 36) in a nose-only inhalation exposure chamber for 6 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week) received a single oral 10-mg/kg dose of racemic fluoxetine. Fluoxetine enantiomers in plasma samples were analyzed by a validated analytical method using LC-MS/MS. The separation of fluoxetine enantiomers was performed in a Chirobiotic V column using as the mobile phase a mixture of ethanol:ammonium acetate 15 mM. Higher plasma concentrations of the (+)-(S)-fluoxetine enantiomer were found in the control group (enantiomeric ratio AUC(+)-(S)/(-)-(R) = 1.68). In animals exposed to gasoline, we observed an increase in AUC0-∞ for both enantiomers, with a sharper increase seen for the (-)-(R)-fluoxetine enantiomer (enantiomeric ratio AUC(+)-(S)/(-)-(R) = 1.07), resulting in a loss of enantioselectivity. Exposure to gasoline was found to result in the loss of enantioselectivity of fluoxetine, with the predominant reduction occurring in the clearance of the (-)-(R)-fluoxetine enantiomer (55% vs. 30%). Chirality 25:206-210, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Exposure of children to ultrafine particles in primary schools in Portugal

Children spend a large part of their time at schools, which might be reflected as chronic exposure. Ultrafine particles (UFP) are generally associated with a more severe toxicity compared to fine and coarse particles, due to their ability to penetrate cell membranes. In addition, children tend to be more susceptible to UFP-mediated toxicity compared to adults, due to various factors including undeveloped immune and respiratory systems and inhalation rates. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine indoor UFP number concentrations in Portuguese primary schools. Ultrafine particles were sampled between January and March 2014 in 10 public primary schools (35 classrooms) located in Porto, Portugal. Overall, the average indoor UFP number concentrations were not significantly different from outdoor concentrations (8.69 × 10(3) vs. 9.25 × 10(3) pt/cm(3), respectively; considering 6.5 h of indoor occupancy). Classrooms with distinct characteristics showed different trends of indoor UFP concentrations. The levels of carbon dioxide were negatively correlated with indoor UFP concentrations. Occupational density was significantly and positively correlated with UFP concentrations. Although the obtained results need to be interpreted with caution since there are no guidelines for UFP levels, special attention needs to be given to source control strategies in order to reduce major particle emissions and ensure good indoor air quality.

Biological monitoring of aflatoxin (AFB1) in workers of swine and poultry production

Although a great body of literature exists concerning the ingestion of food contaminated with aflatoxin, there are still few studies regarding mycotoxin inhalation in occupational settings. Since mycotoxins are relatively non-volatile, inhalation exposure is cause by inhalation of airborne fungal particulates or fungi-contaminated substrates that contain aflatoxin. We intend to know if there is occupational exposure to aflatoxin in Portuguese poultry and swine production. A total of 19 individuals (11 swine; 8 poultry) agreed and provided blood samples during the course of this investigation. Measurement of AFB1 was performed by ELISA. The samples were treated with pronase (Merck), wash in a Column C18 and purification was made with immunoaffinity columns (R.biopharma), specific for AFB1. It was applied statistical test (Mann-Whitney) to verified statistical difference in AFB1 results between the two settings. Results varied with concentrations from exposure. Only women’s in both settings have results Exposure to air and dust containing aflatoxin by inhalation should be consider a route of exposure in both settings.

Levels and risks of particulate-bound PAHs in indoor air influenced by tobacco smoke: a field measurement

Considering tobacco smoke as one of the most health-relevant indoor sources, the aim of this work was to further understand its negative impacts on human health. The specific objectives of this work were to evaluate the levels of particulate-bound PAHs in smoking and non-smoking homes and to assess the risks associated with inhalation exposure to these compounds. The developed work concerned the application of the toxicity equivalency factors approach (including the estimation of the lifetime lung cancer risks, WHO) and the methodology established by USEPA (considering three different age categories) to 18 PAHs detected in inhalable (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particles at two homes. The total concentrations of 18 PAHs (ΣPAHs) was 17.1 and 16.6 ng m−3 in PM10 and PM2.5 at smoking home and 7.60 and 7.16 ng m−3 in PM10 and PM2.5 at non-smoking one. Compounds with five and six rings composed the majority of the particulate PAHs content (i.e., 73 and 78 % of ΣPAHs at the smoking and non-smoking home, respectively). Target carcinogenic risks exceeded USEPA health-based guideline at smoking home for 2 different age categories. Estimated values of lifetime lung cancer risks largely exceeded (68–200 times) the health-based guideline levels at both homes thus demonstrating that long-term exposure to PAHs at the respective levels would eventually cause risk of developing cancer. The high determined values of cancer risks in the absence of smoking were probably caused by contribution of PAHs from outdoor sources.

Ultrafine Particles in Ambient Air of an Urban Area: Dose Implications for Elderly

Due to their detrimental effects on human health, the scientific interest in ultrafine particles (UFP) has been increasing, but available information is far from comprehensive. Compared to the remaining population, the elderly are potentially highly susceptible to the effects of outdoor air pollution. Thus, this study aimed to (1) determine the levels of outdoor pollutants in an urban area with emphasis on UFP concentrations and (2) estimate the respective dose rates of exposure for elderly populations. UFP were continuously measured over 3 weeks at 3 sites in north Portugal: 2 urban (U1 and U2) and 1 rural used as reference (R1). Meteorological parameters and outdoor pollutants including particulate matter (PM10), ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were also measured. The dose rates of inhalation exposure to UFP were estimated for three different elderly age categories: 64–70, 71–80, and >81 years. Over the sampling period levels of PM10, O3 and NO2 were in compliance with European legislation. Mean UFP were 1.7 × 104 and 1.2 × 104 particles/cm3 at U1 and U2, respectively, whereas at rural site levels were 20–70% lower (mean of 1 ×104 particles/cm3). Vehicular traffic and local emissions were the predominant identified sources of UFP at urban sites. In addition, results of correlation analysis showed that UFP were meteorologically dependent. Exposure dose rates were 1.2- to 1.4-fold higher at urban than reference sites with the highest levels noted for adults at 71–80 yr, attributed mainly to higher inhalation rates.

Effect of age on toxicokinetics among human volunteers exposed to propylene glycol methyl ether (PGME)

Aging adults represent the fastest growing population segment in many countries. Physiological and metabolic changes in the aging process may alter how aging adults biologically respond to pollutants. In a controlled human toxicokinetic study (exposure chamber; 12 m³), aging volunteers (n=10; >58 years) were exposed to propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME, CAS no. 107-98-2) at 50 ppm for 6 h. The dose-dependent renal excretion of oxidative metabolites, conjugated and free PGME could potentially be altered by age. AIMS: (1) Compare PGME toxicokinetic profiles between aging and young volunteers (20-25 years) and gender; (2) test the predictive power of a compartmental toxicokinetic (TK) model developed for aging persons against urinary PGME concentrations found in this study. METHODS: Urine samples were collected before, during, and after the exposure. Urinary PGME was quantified by capillary GC/FID. RESULTS: Differences in urinary PGME profiles were not noted between genders but between age groups. Metabolic parameters had to be changed to fit the age adjusted TK model to the experimental results, implying a slower enzymatic pathway in the aging volunteers. For an appropriate exposure assessment, urinary total PGME should be quantified. CONCLUSION: Age is a factor that should be considered when biological limit values are developed.

Effect of age toxicokinetics among human volunteers exposed to propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME)

Rationale: Aging adults represent the fastest growing population segment in many countries. Physiological and metabolic changes in the aging process may alter how aging adults respond to exposures compared to younger workers. Current preventive workplace exposure measures may therefore not be sufficiently protective for the aging workforce. In a controlled human toxicokinetic study (exposure chamber; 12m3), the volunteers (n=11) were men and women over the age of 58 years and exposed to a commonly used, low neurotoxic glycol ether; PGME (CAS no. 107-98- 2) (50 ppm, 6 hours). Oxidative metabolism (Michaelis-Menten) is the major pathway and conjugation the minor in humans. Metabolites, conjugated and free PGME are eliminated through the kidneys, and the elimination kinetics is dose-dependent (0 order). Scope: (1) compare the toxicokinetic profile of PGME obtained in the aging volunteers (58- 62 years) to young volunteers (20-25 years) from a previous study; (2) Test the predictive power of an existing PGME toxicokinetic compartment model for aging persons against urinary PGME concentrations found in volunteers from our experimental study. Experimental procedure: Urine samples were collected before, every 2-hour during exposures for six hours, and ad-lib for additional 20 hours. Urinary analysis of free and total PGME was performed using capillary GC/FID. The toxicokinetic model (Berkley Madonna software) was ageadjusted. Results. Urinary free and total PGME concentration rose rapidly, and did not reach an apparent plateau level during exposure. Less conjugation was observed in the older group. The predictive model developed for the young group predicted well total PGME in the aging group but not free PGME. The age adjusted toxicokinetic model's Vmax1 had to be changed for the aging group, implying slower enzymatic pathway. Conclusion: The toxicokinetic model did not predict well if only the physiological parameters were adjusted for aging adults (existing model); a substance specific metabolic rate parameter was also needed.

Risques d'exposition aux bactéries et moisissures pour les éleveurs de porcs en espaces fermés

Les élevages intensifs de porcs en espace fermé sont associés à une mauvaise qualité de l'air intérieur, aussi bien pour les éleveurs que pour les animaux. Plusieurs études épidémiologiques ont mis en évidence des associations entre cette mauvaise qualité de l'air et des symptômes aigus et chroniques, en particulier respiratoires au sein de la population d'éleveurs porcins. C'est pourquoi un grand nombre d'études se penche sur l'indentification des polluants inhalables en cause. En effet, si les polluants chimiques présents dans l'air des élevages porcins, tels que l'ammoniac ou les sulfures, sont bien connus, il reste à caractériser la nature des micro-organismes systématiquement présents dans ces environnements, ainsi qu'à mieux définir les facteurs qui infectent leur concentration dans l'air inhalable. Dans cette note, deux études ont été choisies pour illustrer le type de moisissures et bactéries auxquelles les éleveurs porcins sont exposés, et pour présenter les facteurs qui influencent les concentrations en bioaerosols dans ces environnements.

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Pollution of air, water and soil by industrial chemicals presents a potential health risk to humans. Such chemicals can enter the human body by three routes, namely by inhalation, dermal absorption, and ingestion and in special cases by injection (needle sticks, bites, cuts, etc.). In the workplace, pulmonary and dermal absorption are the main routes of entry, but poor personal hygiene and work habits can result in ingestion that contributes to the dose. Air monitoring provides reliable information on inhalation exposure, and patches can be used to estimate dermal exposure. Local adverse effects, such as skin and eye irritation, or nose and lung irritation, are closely related to the external exposure. Systemic adverse effects, on the other hand, are related to the absorbed amount (dose), or to the level of the pollutant or its metabolite in the target organ. Human biological monitoring is becoming a powerful tool for scientists and policy makers to assess and manage the risk of exposure to chemicals both in the general population and at the workpalce. This chapter will focus on the occupational environment keeping in mind that biological monitoring in humans is a very actual issue in public health politics, in environmental medicine, and in science in general.