Available potential energy and exergy in stratified fluids

Lorenz’s theory of available p otential energy (APE) remains the main framework for studying the atmospheric and oceanic energy cycles. Because the APE generation rate is the volume integral of a thermodynamic efficiency times the local diabatic heating/cooling rate, APE theory is often regarded as an extension of the theory of heat engines. Available energetics in classical thermodynamics, however, usually relies on the concept of exergy, and is usually measured relative to a reference state maximising entropy at constant energy, whereas APE’s reference state minimises p otential energy at constant entropy. This review seeks to shed light on the two concepts; it covers local formulations of available energetics, alternative views of the dynamics/thermodynamics coupling, APE theory and the second law, APE production/dissipation, extensions to binary fluids, mean/eddy decomp ositions, APE in incompressible fluids, APE and irreversible turbulent mixing, and the role of mechanical forcing on APE production.

Projeto de um sistema de aquisição dedados para a planta termelétrica do laboratório de máquinas térmicas do DEN/FEG/UNESP

With the purpose of provide students with the practical contact with the operation of a thermoelectric plant, the steam plant Laboratory College of Engineering Guaratinguetá was restored, this work was undertaken so that the necessary equipment was specified for this steam plant had their instrumented processes, enabling greater precision of the measurements performed in the tests and also storing your information. The instrumentation of the plant is to approximate the practices carried out in the laboratory with real situations encountered in industrial steam plant, thus collaborating with the most comprehensive training of students and ensuring the safety of operations performed in the laboratory

Actualización de un compresor volumétrico alternativo

Este proyecto supone la actualización y modernización de un compresor volumétrico alternativo que se encuentra en el Laboratorio de Máquinas y Motores Térmicos. Para ello, el primer paso ha sido realizar una serie de adaptaciones físicas y electrónicas de las señales que producen los distintos transductores del compresor. Estas adaptaciones han sido necesarias para que las señales pudiesen ser reconocidas por el microcontrolador Arduino. Éste es el encargado de comunicar las señales a LabVIEW 2012 con el que se ha creado un programa de lectura e interpretación de datos. Después de que las señales pasen por dicho programa se obtiene la fuerza que está realizando el motor que mueve el compresor, la presión en cámara del compresor y las revoluciones por minuto a las que gira el eje del motor y por tanto, el compresor. ABSTRACT This project has carried out the updating and modernization of an alternative volumetric compressor located at the Laboratory of Heat Engines. To do so, the first step was to perform a series of physical and electronic adaptations of the signals produced by the different transducers of the compressor. These adjustments were necessary so that the signals could be recognized by the Arduino microcontroller. This is responsible for communicating signals to LabVIEW 2012, used to set up the reading and interpreting data program. Once the signals have passed through the aforementioned program, we obtain the data of the force generated by the motor driving the compressor, the pressure in the compressor chamber and the revolutions per minute of the motor’s rotating shaft, and therefore, the compressor.

Entropy production and thermodynamic power of the squeezed thermal reservoir

We analyze the entropy production and the maximal extractable work from a squeezed thermal reservoir. The nonequilibrium quantum nature of the reservoir induces an entropy transfer with a coherent contribution while modifying its thermal part, allowing work extraction from a single reservoir, as well as great improvements in power and efficiency for quantum heat engines. Introducing a modified quantum Otto cycle, our approach fully characterizes operational regimes forbidden in the standard case, such as refrigeration and work extraction at the same time, accompanied by efficiencies equal to unity.

Gasification and Pyrolysis of Posidonia oceanica in the Presence of Dolomite

Resumen del póster presentado en Symposium on Renewable Energy and Products from Biomass and Waste, CIUDEN (Cubillos de Sil, León, Spain), 12-13 May 2015

Technische wärmelehre.

Mode of access: Internet.

Commercial economy in steam and other thermal power-plants,

Mode of access: Internet.

The story of energy,

Bibliography: p. 291-[293]

Review of Rankine Cycle Systems Components for Hybrid Engines Waste Heat Recovery

In any internal combustion engine, the amount of heat rejected from the engine, and associated systems, is a result of the engine inefficiency. Successfully recovering a small proportion of this energy would therefore substantially improve the fuel economy.

Cylinder wall waste heat recovery from liquid-cooled internal combustion engines utilizing thermoelectric generators

This report is a dissertation proposal that focuses on the energy balance within an internal combustion engine with a unique coolant-based waste heat recovery system. It has been predicted by the U.S. Energy Information Administration that the transportation sector in the United States will consume approximately 15 million barrels per day in liquid fuels by the year 2025. The proposed coolant-based waste heat recovery technique has the potential to reduce the yearly usage of those liquid fuels by nearly 50 million barrels by only recovering even a modest 1% of the wasted energy within the coolant system. The proposed waste heat recovery technique implements thermoelectric generators on the outside cylinder walls of an internal combustion engine. For this research, one outside cylinder wall of a twin cylinder 26 horsepower water-cooled gasoline engine will be implemented with a thermoelectric generator surrogate material. The vertical location of these TEG surrogates along the water jacket will be varied along with the TEG surrogate thermal conductivity. The aim of this proposed dissertation is to attain empirical evidence of the impact, including energy distribution and cylinder wall temperatures, of installing TEGs in the water jacket area. The results can be used for future research on larger engines and will also assist with proper TEG selection to maximize energy recovery efficiencies.

A treatise on the steam-engine in its various applications to mines, mills, steam navigation, railways, and agriculture with theoretical investigations respecting the motive power of heat and the proper proportions of steam-engines, elaborate tables of the right dimensions of every part and practical instructions for the manufacture and management of every species of engine in actual use,

Mode of access: Internet.

Engines for combined heat and power

Spark-ignited (SI) gas engines are for the use of fuel gas only and are limited to the flammable range of the gas; this means the range of a concentration of a gas or vapor that will burn after ignition. Fuel gas like syngas from gasification or biogas must meet high quality and chemical purity standards for combustion in SI gas engines. Considerable effort has been devoted to fast pyrolysis over the years and some of the product oils have been tested in diesel or dual-fuel engines since 1993. For biogas conversion, usually dual-fuel engines are used, while for synthesis gas the use of gas engines is more common. The trials using wood derived pyrolysis oil from fast pyrolysis have not yet been a success story and these approaches have usually failed due to the high corrosivity of the pyrolysis oils.

Experiments and zero D modeling studies using specific Wiebe coefficients for producer gas as fuel in spark-ignited engines

The paper addresses experiments and modeling studies on the use of producer gas, a bio-derived low energy content fuel in a spark-ignited engine. Producer gas, generated in situ, has thermo-physical properties different from those of fossil fuel(s). Experiments on naturally aspirated and turbo-charged engine operation and subsequent analysis of the cylinder pressure traces reveal significant differences in the heat release pattern within the cylinder compared with a typical fossil fuel. The heat release patterns for gasoline and producer gas compare well in the initial 50% but beyond this, producer gas combustion tends to be sluggish leading to an overall increase in the combustion duration. This is rather unexpected considering that producer gas with nearly 20% hydrogen has higher flame speeds than gasoline. The influence of hydrogen on the initial flame kernel development period and the combustion duration and hence on the overall heat release pattern is addressed. The significant deviations in the heat release profiles between conventional fuels and producer gas necessitates the estimation of producer gas-specific Wiebe coefficients. The experimental heat release profiles are used for estimating the Wiebe coefficients. Experimental evidence of lower fuel conversion efficiency based on the chemical and thermal analysis of the engine exhaust gas is used to arrive at the Wiebe coefficients. The efficiency factor a is found to be 2.4 while the shape factor m is estimated at 0.7 for 2% to 90% burn duration. The standard Wiebe coefficients for conventional fuels and fuel-specific coefficients for producer gas are used in a zero D model to predict the performance of a 6-cylinder gas engine under naturally aspirated and turbo-charged conditions. While simulation results with standard Wiebe coefficients result in excessive deviations from the experimental results, excellent match is observed when producer gas-specific coefficients are used. Predictions using the same coefficients on a 3-cylinder gas engine having different geometry and compression ratio(s) indicate close match with the experimental traces highlighting the versatility of the coefficients.