Fatores associados à qualidade da dieta de adultos residentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, 2002

Objetivou-se avaliar os fatores demográficos, sócio-econômicos e de estilo de vida associados à qualidade da dieta de adultos residentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. Estudo transversal, por meio de inquérito domiciliar, de base populacional, foi realizado no Distrito do Butantã e nos municípios de Itapecerica da Serra, Embu e Taboão da Serra. Utilizaram-se dados de um questionário e um recordatório de 24 horas de 1.840 adultos de 20 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos, incluídos em um inquérito de saúde (ISA-SP). A qualidade da dieta foi avaliada através do índice de qualidade da dieta (IQD) adaptado para a realidade local. Utilizou-se análise de regressão linear para avaliar a associação entre o IQD e as demais variáveis. A maioria da população (75%) apresentou dieta que necessita de melhora. Observaram-se médias baixas para os componentes: frutas, verduras e legumes, leite e derivados. Número de bens de consumo duráveis, escolaridade do chefe da família e ter 60 anos ou mais se associaram ao IQD em homens. Para as mulheres, a faixa etária se associou ao IQD. Em ambos os modelos, o consumo de calorias se manteve como variável de ajuste.

Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado para população brasileira

O Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado é um indicador de qualidade da dieta desenvolvido consoante com as recomendações nutricionais vigentes. Os dados dietéticos foram provenientes do estudo de base-populacional, Inquérito de Saúde e Alimentação (ISA)-Capital-2003. O Índice contém 12 componentes, sendo nove fundamentados nos grupos de alimentos do Guia Alimentar Brasileiro de 2006, cujas porções diárias são expressas em densidade energética; dois nutrientes (sódio e gordura saturada); e Gord_AA (calorias provenientes de gordura sólida, álcool e açúcar de adição). O Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado propicia mensurar variados fatores de riscos dietéticos para doenças crônicas, permitindo, simultaneamente, avaliar e monitorar a dieta em nível individual ou populacional.

Fatores associados à qualidade da dieta de adultos, residentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, 2002

Objetivou-se avaliar os fatores demográficos, sócio-econômicos e de estilo de vida associados à qualidade da dieta de adultos residentes na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. Estudo transversal, por meio de inquérito domiciliar, de base populacional, foi realizado no Distrito do Butantã e nos municípios de Itapecerica da Serra, Embu e Taboão da Serra. Utilizaram-se dados de um questionário e um recordatório de 24 horas de 1.840 adultos de 20 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos, incluídos em um inquérito de saúde (ISA-SP). A qualidade da dieta foi avaliada através do índice de qualidade da dieta (IQD) adaptado para a realidade local. Utilizou-se análise de regressão linear para avaliar a associação entre o IQD e as demais variáveis. A maioria da população (75%) apresentou dieta que necessita de melhora. Observaram-se médias baixas para os componentes: frutas, verduras e legumes, leite e derivados. Número de bens de consumo duráveis, escolaridade do chefe da família e ter 60 anos ou mais se associaram ao IQD em homens. Para as mulheres, a faixa etária se associou ao IQD. Em ambos os modelos, o consumo de calorias se manteve como variável de ajuste

Freqüência ao ambiente humano e dispersão de mosquitos Culicidae em área adjacente à mata atlântica primitiva da planície

Apresentam-se resultados obtidos com observações em área adjacente a ambiente primitivo representado pela mata atlântica da planície. Focalizam-se as espécies Aedes scapularis, Anopheles bellator, An. cruzii e Culex sacchettae. A dispersão foi estudada com a utilização de hospedeiro único e que assim permitiu o reconhecimento dos mosquitos pela identificação do sangue ingerido. A freqüência ao ambiente humano foi observada mediante a realização de coletas com aspiração e utilização de isca humana, no peridomicílio e na mata circunjacente. Ae. scapularis revelou acentuada capacidade de dispersão apetente, bem como permanência no ambiente domiciliar. Os anofelinos Kerteszia mostraram tendência ao abandono desse meio e capacidade de retorno pós-prandial ao ambiente florestal primitivo. O Cx. sacchettae, juntamente com as outras três espécies, revelou freqüência regular "a isca humana no peridomicílio. A estimativa do índice alimentar ("feeding index") para Ae. scapularis mostrou preferência por animais de grande porte, principalmente bovinos. Considera-se que no mecanismo de domiciliação, desses mosquitos, a presença de fontes sangüíneas, representada por número significante de animais domésticos de grande porte, constitui fator de atração para populações de mosquitos silvestres existentes na mata adjacente. Destes, aqueles que tendem a permanecer no ambiente humano, após a realização do repasto sanguíneo, assumem particular significado na transmissão de agentes infecciosos, destacando Ae. scapularis e Cx. sacchettae.

Índice de alimentação saudável para gestantes: adaptação para uso em gestantes brasileiras

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade global da dieta em uma amostra de gestantes, a partir de um parâmetro único, simples e objetivo. MÉTODOS: Gestantes entre a 16ª e 36ª semana de gestação (n = 712) foram arroladas em unidades básicas de saúde em Porto Alegre e Bento Gonçalves, RS, em 2010. Com base no índice americano Alternate Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy (AHEI-P) foi criado o Índice de Alimentação Saudável para Gestantes Brasileiras (HEIP-B). Foram aplicados o questionário de frequência alimentar e o questionário sociodemográfico. Foi utilizada a análise de componentes principais focada para avaliar a relação entre os índices e os nutrientes relevantes à gestação. RESULTADOS: A mediana e o intervalo interquartílico dos índices AHEI-P e HEIP-B foram 66,6 (57,8-72,4) e 67,4 (60,0-73,4), respectivamente. O HEIP-B mostrou boa correlação positiva com os nutrientes que têm recomendação específica no período gestacional folato (r = 0,8; p < 0,001), cálcio (r = 0,6; p < 0,001) e ferro (r = 0,7; p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: A qualidade da dieta das gestantes do presente estudo foi classificada dentro do ponto de corte "precisando de melhorias", o que mostra a necessidade de se trabalhar mais especificamente com educação alimentar nesse ciclo da vida. O índice aplicado mostrou boas correlações e, portanto, pode ser considerado um bom instrumento de avaliação da qualidade da alimentação durante a gestação.

Frequency of metabolic syndrome and the food intake patterns in adults living in a rural area of Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, is related to an inadequate food intake pattern. Its incidence is increasing among Brazilian adults, including those living in rural areas. Our aim was not only to describe the frequency of MetS in adults with or without MetS but also to compare their food intake pattern as assessed by the healthy eating index (HEI) and serum albumin and C reactive protein (CRP) levels. METHODS: Men and women (n = 246) living in a small village in Brazil were included. MetS was characterized according to the adult treatment panel (ATP III) criteria. Groups were compared by chi-square, student t or Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS: MetS was diagnosed in 15.4% of the cases. The MetS group showed higher CRP (1.8±1.2 vs. 1.0±0.9 mg/dl) and lower albumin (4.3±0.3 vs. 4.4±0.3 g/dl) serum levels compared to the control group. Additionally, the MetS group showed lower scores (median[range]) in the HEI compared to the control group (53.5[31.2-78.1] vs 58[29.7-89.5], respectively). The MetS group also had decreased scores for total fat and daily variety of food intake. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that adults with MetS displayed chronic mild inflammation and a poorer food intake pattern than the control group.

The effectiveness of market intervention policies to improve diet quality and to reduce the prevalence of obesity in Spain

Our project aims at analyzing the relevance of economic factors (mainly income and other socioeconomic characteristics of Spanish households and market prices) on the prevalence of obesity in Spain and to what extent market intervention prices are effective to reduce obesity and improve the quality of the diet, and under what circumstances. In relation to the existing literature worldwide, this project is the first attempt in Spain trying to get an overall picture on the effectiveness of public policies on both food consumption and the quality of diet, on one hand, and on the prevalence of obesity on the other. The project consists of four main parts. The first part represents a critical review of the literature on the economic approach of dealing with the obesity prevalence problems, diet quality and public intervention policies. Although another important body of obesity literature is dealing with physical exercise but in this paper we will limit our attention to those studies related to food consumption respecting the scope of our study and as there are many published literature review dealing with the literature related to the physical exercise and its effect on obesity prevalence. The second part consists of a Parametric and Non-Parametric Analysis of the Role of Economic Factors on Obesity Prevalence in Spain. The third part is trying to overcome the shortcomings of many diet quality indices that have been developed during last decades, such as the Healthy Eating Index, the Diet Quality Index, the Healthy Diet Indicator, and the Mediterranean Diet Score, through the development of a new obesity specific diet quality index. While the last part of our project concentrates on the assessment of the effectiveness of market intervention policies to improve the healthiness of the Spanish Diet Using the new Exact Affine Stone Index (EASI) Demand System.

Les facteurs ayant une influence négative sur la qualité alimentaire chez les personnes âgées vivant dans la communauté au Québec

Au Canada, la proportion de la population âgée de 65 ans et plus a augmenté depuis 1980. Bien que la dénutrition ne soit pas inévitable avec le vieillissement, certains changements et facteurs physiopathologiques, environnementaux et psycho socio-économiques peuvent entraîner une détérioration des choix alimentaires et donc, de la qualité de vie des aînés [1]. Plusieurs études font le lien entre l’état nutritionnel et la morbidité ainsi qu’avec les capacités fonctionnelles [2]. Ces observations expliquent l'intérêt de la prévention et du traitement de la dénutrition afin d’optimiser la prise alimentaire et un meilleur état de santé de cette population. Objectifs :1) Explorer les barrières individuelles et socio-environnementales, réelles et perçues, qui peuvent mener à la détérioration des choix et de la qualité alimentaires et entraîner une dénutrition chez les personnes âgées vivant à domicile. 2) Examiner la distribution de ces facteurs dans la population à l’étude. 3) Étudier la relation entre ces facteurs afin de dresser un portrait plus éclairé des déterminants négatifs de l’alimentation chez les adultes âgés pour mieux comprendre les barrières à la prise alimentaire saine. Méthodologie : Il s'agit d'une analyse secondaire réalisée à partir des données recueillies auprès des participants (n=1 602), âgés entre 67 et 84 ans,de l’Étude longitudinale québécoise sur la nutrition et le vieillissement réussi (NuAge) débutée en 2003 et dont le suivi était prévu sur cinq ans [3]. Le but principal de NuAge était de déterminer le rôle de la nutrition dans l’accomplissement d’un vieillissement réussi. Les données comprennent des mesures socio-démographiques, nutritionnelles, fonctionnelles, sociales de même que biologiques et médicales. À partir d'un modèle théorique des déterminants de la prise alimentaire chez la population âgée, ces données ont été mises en lien avec la qualité alimentaire. Cette dernière a été déterminée selon l’adaptation canadienne de l’indice d’alimentation saine (C-HEI), calculé à partir des données alimentaires et nutritionnelles obtenues par le questionnaire de fréquence alimentaire administré aux participants au T1, soit à leur entrée dans l'étude. Résultats : Les barrières qui pourraient freiner la qualité alimentaire des femmes incluent un statut affectif fragile et un fonctionnement social limité. Ce qui ressort, comme étant des barrières au C-HEI chez les hommes, est un revenu perçu comme étant insuffisant pour satisfaire les besoins, le port de prothèses dentaires et le fait de manger souvent au restaurant. Étonnamment, le nombre d’attitudes positives relatives à l’alimentation et un score plus élevé de la composante mentale du SF-36 prédisent un C-HEI plus faible. La nature des réponses auto rapportées pourrait expliquer ces résultats. Conclusion : Les résultats de cette recherche permettent de mieux comprendre les barrières d’une saine alimentation au sein d’une population bien-portante. Il est souhaité que les résultats contribueront au développement d’interventions efficaces ciblant les personnes âgées pour favoriser un apport nutritionnel et un état de santé optimal.

Association between diet quality and metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese postmenopausal women

Résumé Objectifs : Le syndrome métabolique (MetS) est un ensemble de composantes (obésité, résistance à l'insuline, intolérance au glucose, dyslipidémie, hypertension) qui sont associées à une augmentation du risque de diabète de type 2 et de maladies cardiovasculaires. Aux États-Unis, la fréquence du MetS atteint des proportions épidémiques avec une prévalence de 25% de la population. Les études nutritionnelles traditionnelles se sont concentrées sur l’effet d’un nutriment alors que les études plus récentes ont déterminé l’effet global de la qualité alimentaire sur les facteurs de risque. Cependant, peu d'études ont examiné la relation entre la qualité alimentaire et le MetS. Objectif: Déterminer l'association entre la qualité alimentaire et le MetS et ses composantes. Méthodes: La présence du MetS a été déterminée chez 88 femmes post-ménopausées en surpoids ou obèses, selon la définition du National Cholesterol Education Program Adult treatment Panel III alors que la qualité alimentaire a été évaluée selon le Healthy Eating Index (HEI). La sensibilité à l’insuline, la composition corporelle et le métabolisme énergétique ont été mesurés. Résultats: Le HEI corrélait négativement avec la plupart des mesures de masse grasse et du poids mais pas avec la sensibilité à l'insuline, l’hypertension et la plupart des marqueurs lipidiques. Cependant, l’HEI corrélait positivement avec LDL-C/ApoB et négativement avec le métabolisme énergétique. Conclusion: Les résultats démontrent que l’HEI est associé avec les mesures de gras corporel et la grosseur des LDL. Mots clés: Obésité, qualité alimentaire, métabolisme lipidique, syndrome métabolique.

Evaluation des liens entre l’indice de la qualité alimentaire globale C-HEI, des paramètres nutritionnels et anthropométriques et des indicateurs de santé dans la cohorte «NuAge»

Introduction: Plusieurs indices de qualité alimentaire globale ont été élaborés en misant sur la consommation de certains nutriments ou aliments, ou des groupes d’aliments. Les indices de la qualité alimentaire globale sont en mesure d’évaluer de manière intégrée les aspects recherchés d’une bonne alimentation. C’est dans ce cadre que le Canadian Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI) a été développé pour évaluer le degré auquel les apports alimentaires des individus rencontrent les consignes du guide alimentaire canadien et les Recommandations nutritionnelles canadiennes. Objectif: Evaluer les liens entre l’indice de la qualité alimentaire globale C-HEI calculé à partir de la moyenne de trois rappels alimentaires de 24 heures et des paramètres nutritionnels, anthropométriques et des indicateurs de santé au recrutement (T1) dans l’étude longitudinale québécoise sur la nutrition et le vieillissement réussi (NuAge). Méthodologie: Des analyses bivariées (coefficients de corrélation, tableaux croisés et la statistique khi deux) ont été réalisées afin de déterminer les associations entre le score total C-HEI et certaines variables nutritionnelles, anthropométriques et le nombre de maladies chroniques. Résultats et discussion: Les participants ont rencontré ou dépassé la plupart de leurs apports nutritionnels de référence. Le C-HEI n’a pas été fortement corrélé aux nutriments individuels (rs= 0,14-0,52, p<0,01). Le C-HEI total était significativement associé aux recommandations canadiennes pour l’apport en fibres (rs= 0,51), le % d’énergie provenant des lipides (rs=-0,60) et des acides gras saturés (rs= -0,59), p<0,01. De plus, la suffisance en protéines et en énergie est augmentée lorsqu’on passait du Q1 (plus faible) à Q4 (plus élevé) du C-HEI (p<0,05). De même, les proportions des sujets ayant des mesures anthropométriques associées aux risques accrus pour la santé sont diminuées en passant du Q1 au Q4 (p<0,05), témoignant ainsi des liens entre une alimentation de bonne qualité et la protection des risques de santé associés à l’embonpoint et à l’obésité. Conclusion : Les résultats de cette recherche ont fourni des preuves additionnelles sur le lien entre le score C-HEI et certains paramètres nutritionnels et anthropométriques d’intérêt, et ce, provenant des données alimentaires quantitatives colligées au sein d’une population âgée vivant dans la communauté.

Fat mass-and obesity-associated genotype, dietary intakes and anthropometric measures in European adults: the Food4Me study

The interplay between the fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) gene variants and diet has been implicated in the development of obesity. The aim of the present analysis was to investigate associations between FTO genotype, dietary intakes and anthropometrics among European adults. Participants in the Food4Me randomised controlled trial were genotyped for FTO genotype (rs9939609) and their dietary intakes, and diet quality scores (Healthy Eating Index and PREDIMED-based Mediterranean diet score) were estimated from FFQ. Relationships between FTO genotype, diet and anthropometrics (weight, waist circumference (WC) and BMI) were evaluated at baseline. European adults with the FTO risk genotype had greater WC (AAv. TT: +1·4 cm; P=0·003) and BMI (+0·9 kg/m2; P=0·001) than individuals with no risk alleles. Subjects with the lowest fried food consumption and two copies of the FTO risk variant had on average 1·4 kg/m2 greater BMI (Ptrend=0·028) and 3·1 cm greater WC (Ptrend=0·045) compared with individuals with no copies of the risk allele and with the lowest fried food consumption. However, there was no evidence of interactions between FTO genotype and dietary intakes on BMI and WC, and thus further research is required to confirm or refute these findings.

Dietary Quality and Associated Factors among Factory Workers in the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo, Brazil

The workplace is a manageable community-based setting for ensuring proper nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate dietary quality and associated factors among adult workers at a cosmetics factory in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, Brazil. This factory was actively participating in the Brazilian Workers` Meal Program, which was created to ensure workers` nutritional health. In this cross-sectional study, data on 202 adult workers were assessed using questionnaires (sociodemographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle characteristics) administered during August and September 2006. Dietary intake, measured by 24-hour dietary recall, was used to calculate the modified Healthy Eating Index (HEI). A repeated administration of the 24-hour dietary recall was applied in a random subsample to calculate the modified HEI adjusted for the within-person variation in intake. Mean adjusted modified HEI scores were analyzed using multiple linear regression adjusted for energy. The mean adjusted modified HEI score was 72.3 +/- 8.0. The lowest adjusted modified HEI components scores were ""milk and dairy products"" (4.4 +/- 3.2) and ""sodium"" (3.7 +/- 3.1). Two percent of workers had ""poor diet"" (adjusted modified HEI score <51 points) and the majority (87%) had ""diet that needs modification"" (adjusted modified HEI score between 51 and 80), despite their participation in the meal program. Adjusted modified HEI scores were considerably higher for men (74.7 +/- 7.0) than for women (66.9 +/- 8.2) and for normal body mass index (calculated as kg/m(2)) (73.3 +/- 7.8) than for overweight/obese (70.9 +/- 8.1). Based on these results, the vast majority of workers were found to have diets that needed improvement. Individuals with higher-quality diets were more likely to have lower body mass index and to be male. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:786-790.

Diet quality of persons living with HIV/AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy

Background This study sought to assess the diet quality of individuals living with HIV/AIDS who were receiving antiretroviral therapy in Sao Paulo Brazil,. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 56 HIV-infected adults. Demographic and anthropometric data were collected, and diet quality was measured using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), modified for Brazilians, which included ten components: adequacy of intake of six different food groups, total fat, cholesterol, dietary fibre and dietary variety. Results Among the individuals assessed, 64.3% of the participants had a diet needing improvement, while 8.7% had a poor diet. The overall HEI score was 68.3 points (SD = 14.9). Mean scores were low for fruits, vegetables, dairy products and dietary fibre; and high for meats and eggs, total fat and cholesterol. The overall HEI score was higher among individuals who were not overweight (P = 0.003), who were also more likely to achieve dietary goals for dairy products (P = 0.039) and grains (P = 0.005). Conclusion Most of these adults living with HIV/AIDS had diets that required improvement, and being overweight was associated with poorer diet quality. Nutritional interventions aimed at maintaining healthy body weight and diet should be taken into account in caring for HIV-infected people.

A variedade da dieta é fator protetor para a pressão arterial sistólica elevada

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ten-week lifestyle changing program reduces several indicators for metabolic syndrome in overweight adults

We aim to investigate the effectiveness of a 10-week lifestyle intervention focusing on physical activity and high fiber intake for reducing indicators for metabolic syndrome in overweight-obese individuals. A prospective study of 50 overweight (OW) adults (22 in the general educational group - G1; 28 in the high fiber nutrition group - G2) was performed. Both groups were offered dietary counseling and supervised exercise. Clinical, anthropometric, dietary and plasma biochemical tests were performed at baseline - time 0 (T0) and after 10 weeks - time 1 (T1). Both groups improved their dietary quality, but only G2 presented higher intake of fruit and vegetables (servings/day), higher plasma beta-carotene levels and a 24% reduction of MetS incidence. Additionally G2 showed greater reductions in body fat (4%), and waist circumference (7%), obesity class III (2%) and obesity class II (14%) rate. Lifestyle intervention, including a high dietary fiber intake, improved healthy eating index and decreased body fat composition and plasma lipid concentrations leading to MetS incidence reduction.