Prevalência de auto-anticorpos contra antígenos celulares em pacientes com infecção pelos Vírus da dengue e Vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas, HTLV - 1 e 2

A pesquisa de anticorpos contra antígenos celulares requer permanente revisão das informações sobre a interpretação dos resultados, visto que a positividade é observada em parte da população normal e desencadeada transitoriamente por processos infecciosos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar, através da técnica da pesquisa de auto-anticorpos anti-nucleares (ANA) em células HEp-2, a prevalência de auto-anticorpos contra antígenos celulares em três grupos de pessoas: Grupo 1- pacientes com infecção pelo Virus da dengue (VD) (n= 30); Grupo 2 - pacientes com infecção pelos HTLV 1 e 2 (n= 30), Grupo 3 - indivíduos doadores de sangue (n= 100) não infectados e sem manifestações clínicas aparentes. A prevalência de ANA nos Grupos 1 (40%) e 2 (40%) foi altamente significativa em relação ao Grupo 3 (2%) (p<0,0001), com predomínio do padrão citoplasmático em relação ao padrão nuclear. Os indivíduos do Grupo 1 estavam infectados por três espécies do VD, com predominância (p= 0,002) para o DEN 3 (66,7%), entretanto a distribuição da freqüência de ANA de acordo com a espécie, mostrou uma diferença significante (p= 0,0260) entre as infecções pelo VD1 (p= 0,0644) e VD2 (p= 0,0249), em relação ao VD3, mas sem diferença entre os padrões (p= 0,2479). No Grupo 2 a prevalência e o padrão de ANA não mostraram correlação com o tipo de HTLV, embora tenha predominado indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV 1 (p= 0,0035) (76,7%); a maioria não apresentava sintomas clínicos (p= 0,0136), 36,7% mostrava doença compatível com PET/MAH, e a presença de ANA não mostrou diferença significativa entre sintomáticos e assintomáticos (p> 0,05). Não houve correlação de soropositividade com sexo entre os grupos. Concluiu-se que o quadro infeccioso é um importante desencadeador de respostas auto-imunes detectadas laboratorialmente, não se observando influencia nas manifestaçõe clínícas dos agravos. Estudos prospectivos, com controles destes casos, poderão trazer as respostas quanto a importância e significado dos resultados obtidos.

Prevalência dos Vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas 1 e 2 (HTLV-1 e HTLV-2), Herpesvírus humano 5 (Citomegalovírus) e Vírus da hepatite B (VHB) em mulheres grávidas portadoras do Vírus da imunodeficiência humana 1 (HIV-1) do Estado do Pará, e Tocantins

A prevalência da infecção por agentes virais, como o HTLV, o VHB e o CMV ainda é pouco conhecida na população de mulheres grávidas portadoras do HIV-1 na Região Norte do Brasil. Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a soroprevalência das infecções pelo HTLV, CMV e VHB em grávidas portadoras do HIV-1 atendidas em um centro de referência do Pará e de Tocantins. Foram coletas amostras de sangue de 47 mulheres grávidas portadoras do HIV-1, procedentes de várias localidades do estado do Pará, no período de agosto de 2005 a janeiro de 2008 e de 18 mulheres grávidas portadoras do HIV-1 oriundas de várias localidades do estado de Tocantins no período de maio a outubro de 2007. As amostras foram submetidas a um ensaio enzimático do tipo ELISA para a detecção de anticorpos anti-HTLV, anti-VHB (anti-HBc total, anti-HBc IgM, anti-HBs, HBsAg) e anti-CMV IgM/IgG. A análise sorológica revelou que nenhuma das amostras de soro de ambos os estados foi positiva para o anti-HTLV e anti-CMV IgM. Entretanto, todas as amostras de ambos os estados apresentaram anticorpos anti-CMV IgG. A prevalência da infecção pelo VHB em grávidas portadoras do HIV-1 do estado do Pará foi de 19,1% e em Tocantins essa prevalência foi de 27,8%. Apenas no Estado de Tocantins verificamos que houve apenas uma grávida (5,6%) co-infectada HIV-1/VHB. A prevalência da co-infecção HIV/HTLV é baixa nas populações examinadas, assim como a ocorrência da infecção aguda pelo CMV. Entretanto, verificou-se um grande número de mulheres de ambos os estados ainda suscetíveis à infecção pelo VHB, o que sugere que estas populações devam ser vacinadas contra o VHB.

Soroepidemiologia e caracterização molecular da infecção pelo Vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas 1 e 2 (HTLV-1/2) em mulheres gestantes na cidade de Belém, Pará

A infecção pelo HTLV-1/2 já foi investigada em diversas populações, mostrando prevalência variável conforme a área geográfica, grupos étnicos e subpopulações analisadas. Em estudos brasileiros foi observada uma maior prevalência nos Estados da Bahia e do Pará. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência do HTLV em mulheres grávidas na cidade de Belém, Pará, por meio de técnicas sorológicas e moleculares. Foram coletadas 1.027 amostras de sangue e alíquotas de plasmas foram testadas para a presença de anticorpos anti-HTLV-1/2, utilizando o método imunoenzimático do tipo ELISA. A confirmação da infecção e diferenciação dos tipos e subtipos virais foi realizada por meio da Reação em Cadeia mediada pela Polimerase em duas etapas (Nested PCR) através da amplificação gênica das regiões pX, env e 5’LTR seguido da análise de RFLP e seqüenciamento. Foram detectados seis (0,58%) casos de sororreatividade para o HTLV que posteriormente foram confirmados pela amplificação de um fragmento de 159 pb da região pX. A análise de RFLP com a enzima TaqI mostrou que quatro (66,7%) amostras eram positivas para HTLV-1 e duas (33,3%) para HTLV-2. Uma das amostras HTLV-2 teve o fragmento de 630 pb do gene env amplificado. A análise com a endonuclease XhoI mostrou a presença de um perfil de RFLP característico dos subtipos HTLV-2a/2c. Duas amostras HTLV-1 e uma HTLV-2 tiveram a região 5’LTR amplificada e seqüenciada. Por meio da análise filogenética foi possível classificar as amostras HTLV-1 como Cosmopolita Transcontinental e a HTLV-2 como pertencente ao subtipo HTLV-2c. Esse estudo mostra a relevância de se introduzir o teste para HTLV na triagem pré-natal, a fim de reduzir transmissão vertical e horizontal em nosso estado.

Leukotrienes Are Upregulated and Associated with Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)-Associated Neuroinflammatory Disease

Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators involved in several inflammatory disorders. We investigated the LT pathway in human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection by evaluating LT levels in HTLV-1-infected patients classified according to the clinical status as asymptomatic carriers (HACs) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. Bioactive LTB4 and CysLTs were both increased in the plasma and in the supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures of HTLV-1-infected when compared to non-infected. Interestingly, CysLT concentrations were increased in HAM/TSP patients. Also, the concentration of plasma LTB4 and LTC4 positively correlated with the HTLV-1 proviral load in HTLV-1-infected individuals. The gene expression levels of LT receptors were differentially modulated in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells of HTLV-1-infected patients. Analysis of the overall plasma signature of immune mediators demonstrated that LT and chemokine amounts were elevated during HTLV-1 infection. Importantly, in addition to CysLTs, IP-10 was also identified as a biomarker for HAM/TSP activity. These data suggest that LTs are likely to be associated with HTLV-1 infection and HAM/TSP development, suggesting their putative use for clinical monitoring.

LTR point mutations in the Tax-responsive elements of HTLV-1 isolates from HIV/HTLV-1-coinfected patients

Background: In Virology Journal 2011, 8: 535, Neto et al. described point mutations into Tax-responsive elements (TRE) of the LTR region of HTLV-1 isolates from asymptomatic carriers from Sao Paulo, Brazil, and hypothesized that the presence of the G232A mutation in the TRE-1 increase viral proliferation and consequently the proviral load (PvL), while the A184G mutation in the TRE-2 do not have such effect. Findings: We performed the real-time PCR assay (pol) and sequenced LTR region of HTLV-1 isolates from 24 HIV/HTLV-1-coinfected patients without HTLV-1-associated diseases from the same geographic area. These sequences were classified as belonging to the transcontinental subgroup A of the Cosmopolitan subtype a. The frequency of G232A mutation (16/24, 66.7%) was high as much as 61.8% reported by Neto's in HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers with high PvL. High frequency (13/24, 54.2%) of double mutations G232A and A184G was also detected in HIV/HTLV-1-coinfected patients. We did not quantify PvL, but comparative analyses of the cycle threshold (Ct) median values of the group of isolates presenting the mutated-types sequences (Ct 33.5, n = 16) versus the group of isolates with the wild-type sequences (Ct 32, n = 8) showed no statistical difference (p = 0.4220). Conclusion: The frequencies of mutated-type sequences in the TRE-1 and TRE-2 motifs were high in HIV/HTLV-1-coinfected patients from Sao Paulo, Brazil. If these LTR point mutations have predictive value for the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases or they correspond to the subtype of virus that circulate in this geographic area has to be determined.

Upregulation of hsa-miR-125b in HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients

The retrovirus human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) promotes spastic paraparesis, adult T cell leukaemia and other diseases. Recently, some human microRNAs (miRNAs) have been described as important factors in host-virus interactions. This study compared miRNA expression in control individuals, asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis patients. The proviral load and Tax protein expression were measured in order to characterize the patients. hsa-miR-125b expression was significantly higher in patients than in controls (p = 0.0285) or in the HAM group (p = 0.0312). Therefore, our findings suggest that miR-125b expression can be used to elucidate the mechanisms of viral replication and pathogenic processes.

Lack of evidence to support the association of a single IL28B genotype SNP rs12979860 with the HTLV-1 clinical outcomes and proviral load

Background: The Interleukin 28B (IL28B) rs12979860 polymorphisms was recently reported to be associated with the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral load (PvL) and the development of the HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Methods: In an attempt to examine this hypothesis, we assessed the association of the rs12979860 genotypes with HTLV-1 PvL levels and clinical status in 112 unrelated Brazilian subjects (81 HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers, 24 individuals with HAM/TSP and 7 with Adult T cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL)). Results: All 112 samples were successfully genotyped and their PvLs compared. Neither the homozygote TT nor the heterozygote CT mutations nor the combination genotypes (TT/CT) were associated with a greater PvL. We also observed no significant difference in allele distribution between asymptomatic carriers and patients with HTLV-1 associated HAM/TSP. Conclusions: Our study failed to support the previously reported positive association between the IL28B rs12979860 polymorphisms and an increased risk of developing HAM/TSP in the Brazilian population.

Living Invisible: HTLV-1-Infected Persons and the Lack of Care in Public Health

Introduction: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is intractable and endemic in many countries. Although a few individuals have severe symptoms, most patients remain asymptomatic throughout their lives and their infections may be unknown to many health professionals. HTLV-1 can be considered a neglected public health problem and there are not many studies specifically on patients' needs and emotional experiences. Objective: To better understand how women and men living with HTLV-1 experience the disease and what issues exist in their healthcare processes. Methods: A qualitative study using participant observation and life story interview methods was conducted with 13 symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, at the outpatient clinic of the Emilio Ribas Infectious Diseases Institute, in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Results and Discussion: The interviewees stated that HTLV-1 is a largely unknown infection to society and health professionals. Counseling is rare, but when it occurs, focuses on the low probability of developing HTLV-1 related diseases without adequately addressing the risk of infection transmission or reproductive decisions. The diagnosis of HTLV-1 can remain a stigmatized secret as patients deny their situations. As a consequence, the disease remains invisible and there are potentially negative implications for patient self-care and the identification of infected relatives. This perception seems to be shared by some health professionals who do not appear to understand the importance of preventing new infections. Conclusions: Patients and medical staff referred that the main focus was the illness risk, but not the identification of infected relatives to prevent new infections. This biomedical model of care makes prevention difficult, contributes to the lack of care in public health for HTLV-1, and further perpetuates the infection among populations. Thus, HTLV-1 patients experience an "invisibility" of their complex demands and feel that their rights as citizens are ignored.

Oral health profile in patients infected with HTLV-1: Clinical findings, proviral load, and molecular analysis from HTLV-1 in saliva

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and has also been implicated in several disorders, including periodontal disease. The proviral load is an important biological marker for understanding HTLV-1 pathogenesis and elucidating whether or not the virus is related to the clinical manifestation of the disease. This study describes the oral health profile of HTLV-1 carriers and HAM/TSP patients in order to investigate the association between the proviral load in saliva and the severity of the periodontal disease and to examine virus intra-host variations from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and saliva cells. It is a cross-sectional analytical study of 90 individuals carried out from November 2006 to May 2008. Of the patients, 60 were HTLV-1 positive and 30 were negative. Individuals from the HTLV-1 positive and negative groups had similar mean age and social-economic status. Data were analyzed using two available statistical software packages, STATA 8.0 and SPSS 11.0 to conduct frequency analysis. Differences of P?<?0.05 were considered statistically significant. HTLV-1 patients had poorer oral health status when compared to seronegative individuals. A weak positive correlation between blood and saliva proviral loads was observed. The mean values of proviral load in blood and saliva in patients with HAM/TSP was greater than those in HTLV-1 carriers. The HTLV-1 molecular analysis from PBMC and saliva specimens suggests that HTLV-1 in saliva is due to lymphocyte infiltration from peripheral blood. A direct relationship between the proviral load in saliva and oral manifestations was observed. J. Med. Virol. 84:1428-1436, 2012. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Phylogenetic and Similarity Analysis of HTLV-1 Isolates from HIV-Coinfected Patients from the South and Southeast Regions of Brazil

HTLV-1 is endemic in Brazil and HIV/ HTLV-1 coinfection has been detected, mostly in the northeast region. Cosmopolitan HTLV-1a is the main subtype that circulates in Brazil. This study characterized 17 HTLV-1 isolates from HIV coinfected patients of southern (n = 7) and southeastern (n = 10) Brazil. HTLV-1 provirus DNA was amplified by nested PCR (env and LTR) and sequenced. Env sequences (705 bp) from 15 isolates and LTR sequences (731 bp) from 17 isolates showed 99.5% and 98.8% similarity among sequences, respectively. Comparing these sequences with ATK (HTLV-1a) and Mel5 (HTLV-1c) prototypes, similarities of 99% and 97.4%, respectively, for env and LTR with ATK, and 91.6% and 90.3% with Mel5, were detected. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all sequences belonged to the transcontinental subgroup A of the Cosmopolitan subtype, clustering in two Latin American clusters.

CD3e expression in HTLV-1-infected individuals is associated with proviral load and Tax expression

Financial support: FUNDHERP, CTC, INCTC, FAPESP, CNPq and CAPES.

HTLV-1 affects the adipogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells

Financial support: CTC, INCTC, FAPESP, FUNDHERP and CNPq.

Influence of INF-gamma gene polymorphism in HTLV-1 proviral load

Financial Support FAPESP, CNPq, CTC/FUNDHERP and INCTC.

HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence and coinfection rate in Brazilian first-time blood donors: an 11-year follow-up

The seroprevalence and geographic distribution of HTLV-1/2 among blood donors are extremely important to transfusion services. We evaluated the seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among first-time blood donor candidates in Ribeirão Preto city and region. From January 2000 to December 2010, 1,038,489 blood donations were obtained and 301,470 were first-time blood donations. All samples were screened with serological tests for HTLV-1/2 using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In addition, the frequency of coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Chagas disease (CD) and syphilis was also determined. In-house PCR was used as confirmatory test for HTLV-1/2. A total of 296 (0.1%) first-time donors were serologically reactive for HTLV-1/2. Confirmatory PCR of 63 samples showed that 28 were HTLV-1 positive, 13 HTLV-2 positive, 19 negative and three indeterminate. Regarding HTLV coinfection rates, the most prevalent was with HBV (51.3%) and HCV (35.9%), but coinfection with HIV, CD and syphilis was also detected. The real number of HTLV-infected individual and coinfection rate in the population is underestimated and epidemiological studies like ours are very informative.