Glucocorticoids enhance in vivo exposure-based therapy outcome in spider phobia

BACKGROUND: Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that the administration of glucocorticoids may promote fear extinction processes. In particular, it has been shown that glucocorticoids enhance virtual reality based exposure therapy of fear of heights. Here, we investigate whether glucocorticoids enhance the outcome of in vivo exposure-based group therapy of spider phobia. METHODS: In a double blind, block-randomized, placebo-controlled, between-subject study design, 22 patients with specific phobia of spiders were treated with two sessions of in vivo exposure-based group therapy. Cortisol (20 mg) or placebo was orally administered 1 hr before each therapy session. Patients returned for a follow-up assessment one month after therapy. RESULTS: Exposure-based group therapy led to a significant decrease in phobic symptoms as assessed with the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ) from pretreatment to immediate posttreatment and to follow-up. The administration of cortisol to exposure therapy resulted in increased salivary cortisol concentrations and a significantly greater reduction in fear of spiders (FSQ) as compared to placebo at follow-up, but not immediately posttreatment. Furthermore, cortisol-treated patients reported significantly less anxiety during standardized exposure to living spiders at follow-up than placebo-treated subjects. Notably, groups did not differ in phobia-unrelated state-anxiety before and after the exposure sessions and at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that adding cortisol to in vivo exposure-based group therapy of spider phobia enhances treatment outcome.

Effectiveness of integrated cognitive remediartion therapy for schizophrenia outpatients: Early versus long-term course of illness – results from an international RCT

Background Nowadays there is extensive evidence available showing the efficacy of cognitive remediation therapies. Integrative approaches seem superior regarding the maintenance of proximal outcome at follow-up as well as generalization to other areas of functioning. To date, only limited evidence about the efficacy of CRT is available concerning elder schizophrenia patients. The Integrated Neurocognitive Therapy (INT) represents a new developed cognitive remediation approach. It is a manualized group therapy approach targeting all 11 NIMH-MATRICS dimensions within one therapy concept. In this study we compared the effects of INT on an early course group (duration of disease<5 years) to a long-term group of schizophrenia outpatients (duration of disease>15 years). Methods An international multicenter study carried out in Germany, Switzerland and Austria with a total of 90 outpatients diagnosed with Schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR) were randomly assigned either to an INT-Therapy or to Treatment-As-Usual (TAU). 50 of the 90 Patients were an Early-Course (EC) group, suffering from schizophrenia for less than 5 years (Mean age=29 years, Mean duration of illness=3.3 years). The other 40 were a Long-term Course (LC) group, suffering from schizophrenia longer than 15 years (Mean age= 45 years, Mean duration of illness=22 years). Treatment comprised of 15 biweekly sessions. An extensive assessment battery was conducted before and after treatment and at follow up (1 year). Multivariate General Linear Models (GLM) (duration of illness x treatment x time) examined our hypothesis, if an EC group of schizophrenia outpatients differ in proximal and distal outcome from a LC group. Results Irrespective of the duration of illness, both groups (EC & LC) were able to benefit from the INT. INT was superior compared to TAU in most of the assessed domains. Dropout rate of EC group was much higher (21.4%) than LC group (8%) during therapy phase. However, interaction effects show that the LC group revealed significantly higher effects in the neurocognitive domains of speed of processing (F>3.6) and vigilance (F>2.4). In social cognition the EC group showed significantly higher effects in social schema (F>2.5) and social attribution (blame; F>6.0) compared to the LC group. Regarding more distal outcome, patients treated with INT obtained reduced general symptoms unaffected by the duration of illness during therapy phase and at follow-up (F>4.3). Discussion Results suggest that INT is a valid goal-oriented treatment to improve cognitive functions in schizophrenia outpatients. Irrespective of the duration of illness significant treatment, effects were evident. Against common expectations, long-term, more chronic patients showed higher effects in basal cognitive functions compared to younger patients and patients without any active therapy (TAU). Consequently, more integrated therapy offers are also recommended for long-term course schizophrenia patients.

State of the art of integrated therapy approaches in the treatment of schizophrenia: empirical evidence and clinical relevance

Objective: Integrated behavior therapy approaches are defined by the combination of behavioral and or cognitive interventions targeting neurocognition combined with other goal-oriented treatment targets such as social cognition, social skills, or educational issues. The Integrated Psychological Therapy Program (IPT) represents one of the very first behavior therapy approaches combining interventions of neurocognition, social cognition, and social competence. This comprehensive group-based bottom-up and top-down approach consists of five subprograms, each with incremental steps. IPT has been successfully implemented in several countries in Europe, America, Australia and in Asia. IPT worked as a model for some other approaches designed in the USA. IPT was undergone two further developments: based on the social competence part of IPT, the three specific therapy programs focusing residential, occupational or recreational topics were developed. Recently, the cognitive part of INT was rigorously expanded into the Integrated Neurocognitive Therapy (INT) designed exclusively for outpatient treatment: INT includes interventions targeting all neurocognitive and social cognitive domains defined by the NIMH-MATRICS initiative. These group and partially PC-based exercises are structured into four therapy modules, each starting with exercises on neurocognitive domains followed by social cognitive targets. Efficacy: The evidence of integrated therapy approaches and its advantage compared to of one-track interventions was becoming a discussion tool in therapy research as well as in mental health systems. Results of meta-analyses support superiority of integrated approaches compared to one-track interventions in more distal outcome areas such as social functioning. These results are in line with the large body of 37 independent IPT studies in 12 countries. Moreover, IPT research indicates the maintenance of therapy effects after the end of therapy and some evidence generalization effects. Additionally, the international randomized multi-center study on INT with 169 outpatients strongly supports the successful therapy of integrated therapy in proximal and distal outcome such as significant effects in cognition, functioning and negative symptoms. Clinical implication: therapy research as well as expert’s clinical experience recommends integrated therapy approaches such as IPT to be successful agents within multimodal psychiatric treatment concepts. Finally, integrated group therapy based on cognitive remediation seems to motivate and stimulate schizophrenia inpatients and outpatients to more successful and independent life also demanded by the recovery movement.

Cognitive remediation therapy: Does it generalize to significant outcome areas?

Objective: Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) approaches have demonstrated to be effective in improving cognitive functions in schizophrenia. However, there is a lack of integrated CR approaches that target multiple neuro- and social-cognitive domains with a special focus on the generalization of therapy effects to functional outcome and negative symptoms. Method: This 8-site randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of a novel cognitive-behavioral group therapy approach called integrated neurocognitive therapy (INT). INT includes manual-based exercises to improve all neuro- and social-cognitive domains as defined by the Measurement And Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative by compensation and restitution. One hundred and fifty-six outpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder accord- ing to DSM-IV-TR were randomly assigned to receive 15 weeks of INT or treatment as usual (TAU). INT patients received 30 bi-weekly therapy sessions. Each session lasted 90min. Mixed models were applied to assess changes in neurocognition, social cognition, symptoms, and functional outcome at post-treatment and at 9-month follow-up. Results: Compared to TAU, INT patients showed significant improvements on multiple neuro- and social-cognitive domains, negative symptoms, and functional outcome after therapy and at 9-month follow-up. Number-needed-to-treat analyses indicate that only five INT patients are necessary to produce durable and meaningful improvements in functional outcome. Conclusions: Integrated interventions on neurocognition and social cognition have the potential to improve not only cognitive performance but also functional outcome and negative symptoms. These findings are important as treatment guidelines for schizophrenia have criticized CRT for their poor generalization effects.

Differential effectiveness of integrated cognitive remediation therapy for schizophrenbia outpatients: The impact oft he duration of illness

Background Nowadays there is extensive evidence available showing the efficacy of cognitive remediation (CR). To date, only limited evidence is available about the impact of the duration of illness on CR effects. The Integrated Neurocognitive Therapy (INT) represents a new developed CR approach. It is a manualized group therapy targeting all 11 NIMH-MATRICS domains. Methods In an international multicenter study, 166 schizophrenia outpatients (DSM-IV-TR) were randomly assigned either to INT or to Treatment-As-Usual (TAU). 60 patients were defined as Early Course group (EC) characterized by less than 5 years of illness, 40 patients were in the Long-Term group (LT) characterized by more than 15 years of illness, and 76 patients were in the Medium-Long-Term group (MLT) characterized by an illness of 5-15 years. Treatment comprised of 15 biweekly sessions. Assessments were conducted before and after treatment and at follow up (1 year). Multivariate General Linear Models (GLM) examined our hypothesis, whether EC, LT, and MLT groups differ under INT and TAU from each other in outcome. Results First of all, the attendance rate of 65% was significantly lower and the drop out rate of 18.5% during therapy was higher in the EC group compared to the other groups. Interaction effects regarding proximal outcome showed that the duration of illness has a strong impact on neurocognitive functioning in speed of processing (F>2.4) and attention (F>2.8). But INT intervention compared to TAU only had a significant effect in more chronically ill patients of MLT and LT, but not in younger patients in EC. In social cognitive domains, only the EC group showed a significant change in attribution (hostility; F>2.5), LT and MLT groups did not. However, no differences between the 3 groups were evident in memory, problem solving, and emotion perception. Regarding more distal outcome, LT patients had more symptoms compared to EC (F>4.4). Finally, EC patients showed higher improvements in psychosocial functioning compared to LT and MLT (F=1.8). Conclusions Against common expectations, long-term, more chronically ill patients showed higher effects in basal cognitive functions compared to younger patients and patients without any active therapy (TAU). On the other hand, early-course patients had a greater potential to change in attribution, symptoms and psychosocial functioning. Consequently, more integrated therapy offers are also recommended for long-term course schizophrenia patients.

Effect of calf purchase and other herd-level risk factors on mortality, unwanted early slaughter, and use of antimicrobial group treatments in Swiss veal calf operations.

The objective of this survey was to determine herd level risk factors for mortality, unwanted early slaughter, and metaphylactic application of antimicrobial group therapy in Swiss veal calves in 2013. A questionnaire regarding farm structure, farm management, mortality and antimicrobial use was sent to all farmers registered in a Swiss label program setting requirements for improved animal welfare and sustainability. Risk factors were determined by multivariable logistic regression. A total of 619 veal producers returned a useable questionnaire (response rate=28.5%), of which 40.9% only fattened their own calves (group O), 56.9% their own calves and additional purchased calves (group O&P), and 2.3% only purchased calves for fattening (group P). A total number of 19,077 calves entered the fattening units in 2013, of which 21.7%, 66.7%, and 11.6% belonged to groups O, O&P, and P, respectively. Mortality was 0% in 322 herds (52.0%), between 0% and 3% in 47 herds (7.6%), and ≥3% in 250 herds (40.4%). Significant risk factors for mortality were purchasing calves, herd size, higher incidence of BRD, and access to an outside pen. Metaphylaxis was used on 13.4% of the farms (7.9% only upon arrival, 4.4% only later in the fattening period, 1.1% upon arrival and later), in 3.2% of the herds of group O, 17.9% of those in group O&P, and 92.9% of those of group P. Application of metaphylaxis upon arrival was positively associated with purchase (OR=8.9) and herd size (OR=1.2 per 10 calves). Metaphylaxis later in the production cycle was positively associated with group size (OR=2.9) and risk of respiratory disease (OR=1.2 per 10% higher risk) and negatively with the use of individual antimicrobial treatment (OR=0.3). In many countries, purchase and a large herd size are inherently connected to veal production. The Swiss situation with large commercial but also smaller herds with little or no purchase of calves made it possible to investigate the effect of these factors on mortality and antimicrobial drug use. The results of this study show that a system where small farms raise the calves from their own herds has a substantial potential to improve animal health and reduce antimicrobial drug use.

Investigating group processes in a positive youth development program for multi -problem youth

This study investigated group processes as potential mediators or moderators of positive development outcome and negative reduction intervention response by evaluating the utility of a group measure modified from a widely known measure of group impact found in the group therapy research literature. Four group processes were of primary interest, (1) Group Impact; (2) Facilitator Impact; (3) Skills Impact; and (4) Exploration Impact as assessed by the Session Evaluation Form (SEF). Outcome measures included the Personally Expressive Activities Questionnaire (PEAQ), Erikson Psycho-Social Index (EPSI) and the Zill Behavior Items, Behavior Problem Index (ZBI (BPI)). The sample consisted of 121 multi-ethnic participants drawn from four alternative high schools from the Miami-Dade County Public School system. Utilizing a Latent Growth Curve Modeling approach with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) statistics, preliminary analyses were conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the SEF and its role in the mediation or moderation of intervention outcome. Preliminary results revealed evidence of a single higher order factor representing a "General" global reaction, which was hypothesized to be a "Positive Group Climate" construct to the program as opposed to the four distinct group processes that were initially hypothesized to affect outcomes. The results of the evaluation of the mediation or moderation role of intervention outcome of the single "General" global latent factor ("Positive Group Climate" construct) did not significantly predict treatment response on any of the outcome variables. Nevertheless, the evidence of an underlying "General" global latent factor ("Positive Group Climate" construct) has important future directions for research on positive youth development programs as well as in group therapy research.

Remotivation Therapy

Remotivation refers to a variety of group therapy techniques used with chronically mentally ill patients in inpatient settings to stimulate their communication, vocational, and social skills and interest in their environment (Keane and O’Toole 2003). The National Remotivation Therapy Organization (NRTO) defines remotivation ther- apy (RT) as a small-group therapeutic modality, designed to help clients by promoting self- esteem, awareness, and socialization (National Remotivation Therapy Organization 2003). As the concept itself suggests, remotivation relates to the creation of interest in life, i.e., in a person’s daily activities, talents, hobbies, and social rela- tionships with family and friends.

Remotivation Therapy

Remotivation refers to a variety of group therapy techniques used with chronically mentally ill patients in inpatient settings to stimulate their communication, vocational, and social skills and interest in their environment (Keane and O’Toole 2003). The National Remotivation Therapy Organization (NRTO) defines remotivation ther- apy (RT) as a small-group therapeutic modality, designed to help clients by promoting self- esteem, awareness, and socialization (National Remotivation Therapy Organization 2003). As the concept itself suggests, remotivation relates to the creation of interest in life, i.e., in a person’s daily activities, talents, hobbies, and social rela- tionships with family and friends.

Cuidados em saúde mental pelo programa de saúde da família: análise qualitativa de uma terapia de grupo para mulheres

Em todo o mundo é alta a prevalência dos transtornos depressivos e ansiosos, em especial no nível primário. Uma das estratégias terapêuticas é o atendimento em grupo que propicia bons resultados e cuidado adequado, incluindo melhor aproveitamento do tempo e maior abrangência no atendimento segundo experiências relatadas em diversos países.O objeto deste estudo é o discurso de mulheres com transtornos depressivos e ansiosos atendidas em grupo na atenção primária. O objetivo é conhecer representações e questões sobre o processo de adoecimento de mulheres atendidas na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) diagnosticadas com transtornos depressivos e ansiosos. Os grupos terapêuticos ocorreram em Postos de Saúde da Família, no município de Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, realizados pelos profissionais da ESF (médicos e enfermeiros) e supervisionados por especialistas em saúde mental. A pesquisa se deu com base análise de material de observação de dois grupo em comunidades distintas. Foi utilizado o método qualitativo, com analise das falas que foram organizadas em categorias segundo o método análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Transtornos depressivos e ansiosos são retratados no discurso das mulheres nos grupos como um processo solitário, sem apoio, compreensão e ajuda de terceiros. São agravantes: dificuldades financeiras, falta de lazer, sobrecarga de obrigações e cobranças.O álcool é retratado como apaziguador do sofrimento e da solidão. Relatam relacionamentos insatisfatórios e ocupam posições de submissão, sentindo-se desempoderadas, sem ver saída para sua situação, perpetuando pensamentos e ações, retroalimentando o sofrimento emocional. Valorizam o grupo enquanto espaço terapeutico. A possibilidade de verem retratado nas colegas situações similares encoraja a ajuda mútua. Estes são aspectos que auxiliam na autopercepção e no empoderamento. A intervenção se mostrou aplicável na atenção primária, sendo factível a não especialistas de saúde mental.

A saúde mental dos sem abrigo: comunidades de inserção

Pretendemos com este estudo caracterizar os sem abrigo, as suas redes e relações sociais, bem como os modelos de intervenção, de forma a que se possa ter um maior conhecimento acerca desta problemática. Para a consecução destes propósitos, foram delineados os seguintes objectivos: caracterizar a população sem abrigo em termos de variáveis sócio-demográficas; identificar a sua rede social de apoio; caracterizar as dimensões sociais associadas à vinculação adulta nos sem abrigo; caracterizar a incidência de psicopatologia nesta população; analisar o seu bem estar psicológico; caracterizar os acontecimentos de vida stressantes que contribuem para a emergência desta problemática. Para atingir estes objectivos foram realizados dois estudos, um de carácter quantitativo e um segundo de carácter qualitativo. Participaram 225 indivíduos (105 sem abrigo e 120 pessoas carenciadas) garantindo a homogeneidade nas variáveis sexo e idade. A média de idades da amostra total (n= 225) é de 38 anos, sendo que a maioria dos sujeitos desta investigação pertence ao sexo masculino (78,5%). O grupo dos sem abrigo foi recolhido em duas comunidades de inserção, na zona centro do país, sendo importante destacar que todos nesta fase têm apoio residencial, satisfação das necessidades básicas, acompanhamento social e psicológico, bem como, projectos de inserção em curso. O protocolo de recolha de informação inclui dados pessoais, a versão portuguesa da (ASQ)-Questionário de Estilos de Vinculação nos Sem Abrigo (QEVSA), da escala de ocorrência de acontecimentos de vida stressantes relacionados com o surgimento do primeiro episódio de sem abrigo (EAVSSA), do Questionário de Morbilidade Psiquiátrica em Adultos (QMPA), do Medical Outcomes Study’s social support scale (MOS-SSS-P), a escala de medida de manifestação de bem-estar psicológico (EMMBEP), o programa de intervenção da CINO e uma entrevista estruturada utilizada no estudo qualitativo. Os principais resultados são: a) o perfil de sem abrigo encontrado é maioritariamente homem, em média com 39 anos, solteiro ou divorciado, com 1 filho, 2.º ciclo de escolaridade, desempregado e português; b) maioria viveu na rua mais de um ano, está na instituição há menos de meio ano, não teve nos últimos seis meses consumo de substâncias (álcool e drogas), frequenta consultas (saúde mental e toxicodependência), toma medicação (terapêutica de substituição e neurolépticos), afirma não ter comportamentos de risco, e na maioria têm patologia infecciosa (HIV ou hepatite c), tendo cerca de 40% estado detidos; c) a problemática dos sem abrigo é um fenómeno multicausal apontando como principais factores o conflito familiar, o desemprego e problemas de saúde; d) em termos de vinculação população sem abrigo parece corresponder a indivíduos com vinculação insegura, denotando uma falta de confiança generalizada; e) em termos de bem estar psicológico a média foi significativamente superior no grupo de pessoas carenciadas, quando comparado com o grupo dos sem abrigo; f) no que toca à saúde mental constatamos que 80% dos sem abrigo e 42.5% das pessoas carenciadas são portadores de transtorno mental; g) no que concerne ao apoio social os sem abrigo referem menor suporte social (apoio emocional, afectivo, instrumental e menor interacção social positiva) que as pessoas carenciadas; h) os sem abrigo têm menos familiares e amigos íntimos; i) os resultados do estudo qualitativo indicam que o programa de intervenção da CINO, parece contribuir para a emergência de uma rede social estável, activa, acessível e integrada que se constitui como um sistema salutogénico para o indivíduo, diminuindo o uso dos serviços. Parece ainda eficaz aos olhos dos próprios e destacam como factor fundamental a sua participação activa no mesmo, a importância de rotinas organizadoras, de espaços de terapia de grupo e a existência de equipa multidisciplinar. Destacam ainda como positivo o facto de existir um primeiro período de regime fechado como estratégia de prevenção de recaída, um programa faseado de aquisição de responsabilidades e autonomia, acesso a emprego no exterior da comunidade e o follow-up pós autonomização. Como implicação deste trabalho salienta-se a produção de conhecimentos acerca da realidade dos sem abrigo na região centro do país e de estratégias de intervenção.

A terapia de grupo na doença oncológica

Existem milhões de sobreviventes de cancro da mama no mundo, em exponencial crescimento. Esta população pode apresentar preocupações relevantes acerca do futuro, depressão, ansiedade, sintomas pós-traumáticos, e comprometimento da qualidade de vida. As intervenções de grupo breves, estruturadas, especialmente as que incluem estratégias cognitivo-comportamentais, têm sido indicadas para esta população. O presente trabalho surge neste contexto, em que os estudos são escassos, especialmente em Portugal. Um conjunto de 5 estudos foi conduzido com o intuito de avaliar a eficácia de dois programas de intervenção de grupo breves e estruturadas de inspiração cognitivo-comportamental, um de tipo psicopedagógico e outro de terapia cognitivo-comportamental, em sobreviventes de cancro da mama. Nos primeiros dois estudos procedeu-se ao estudo das caraterísticas psicométricas de dois instrumentos de avaliação, o Questionário de Formas de Lidar com o Cancro (CCQ) e o Questionário de Saúde do Paciente (PHQ-9).Os dois estudos seguintes referem-se ao desenvolvimento dos programas de intervenção de grupo, acompanhados dos resultados preliminares. No último estudo avaliou-se a eficácia dos dois programas de intervenção na promoção do ajustamento psicossocial de 62 sobreviventes de cancro da mama, num estudo quasi-experimental, com pré e pós-testes e duas avaliações de seguimento (3 e 6 meses após a intervenção). Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos de avaliação: o CCQ; o PHQ-9; a Escala de Controlo Emocional (CEC); a Escala de Ansiedade e Depressão Hospitalar (EADH); o questionário de qualidade de vida da Organização Europeia de Investigação e Tratamento de Cancro com o módulo suplementar de cancro da mama (EORTC QLQ-C30 e BR-23); o Inventário Clínico de Autoconceito (ICAC); o Teste de Orientação de Vida - Revisto (TOV-R); o Perfil dos Estados de Humor (POMS); a Subescala de Crescimento Pessoal da Escala de Bem-Estar Psicológico (EBEP); a sub-escala de espiritualidade e o Inventário de estado-traço de ansiedade (STAI). Resultados: As sobreviventes que não tiveram intervenção apresentaram deterioração de dois domínios da qualidade de vida, a função cognitiva e a dor, para além de piores resultados na subescala de vigor. A deterioração dos domínios da qualidade de vida manteve-se aos 3 meses e extendeu-se aos sintomas da mama, o que não se verificou com o vigor. O grupo com intervenção psicoeducativa apresentou melhoria do autoconceito até aos 6 meses. Neste grupo também se observou um aumento do controlo emocional até aos 3 meses. O grupo de terapia cognitivo-comportamental apresentou aumento do estado de ansiedade e diminuição do funcionamento de papel no final da intervenção, diminuição do funcionamento emocional aos 3 meses e aumento na hostilidade e na confusão aos 6 meses. Ambos os grupos com intervenção apresentaram diminuição do traço de ansiedade aos 6 meses. Foram encontradas diversas correlações significativas destes efeitos com variáveis demográficas, clínicas e psicossociais. Conclusão: As intervenções de grupo breves, de inspiração cognitivo-comportamental, mostraram contribuir para a redução do traço de ansiedade a longo prazo e para a manutenção da função cognitiva, da dor, do vigor, e dos sintomas da mama nas sobreviventes. O programa psicopedagógico parece ser mais indicado para as sobreviventes, pelos efeitos no autoconceito, com maior extensão a longo prazo. São referidas implicações para a prática clínica e para a promoção da saúde mental desta população.

Leisure connections : a case study to understand facilitation techniques with survivors of trauma

Leisure-based therapy is a potentially effective approach to supporting survivors of trauma in their healing. The purpose ofthis qualitative case study was to describe the recreation therapist's facilitation techniques of Leisure Connections, a unique leisurebased psycho-educational group for survivors of trauma, and explore how the facilitation was experienced by participants. Qualitative case study design, following the methods of Yin (1994) was used. One two week, three session Leisure Connections group was observed. Six participants completed the Group· Therapy Alliance Scale (pinsof & Catherall, 1986) and reflection cards. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the recreation therapist and four participants. Six themes emerged describing group leader interventions, recreation therapist's actions, recreation therapist's preparation and reflections, group members' experience of a therapeutic alliance, group cohesion, and prior influences and assumptions. Therapeutic alliance and group cohesion were influenced by the recreation therapist's group leader interventions (drawing out, processing, protecting) and actions. The context of the group within a therapeutic community milieu was an important influence.

Facteurs associés à l’alliance thérapeutique en toxicomanie : effets modérateurs de la judiciarisation et des troubles sévères de santé mentale

La toxicomanie a des répercussions importantes tant pour les individus qui en souffrent que pour la société en général (MSSS, 2007). L’efficacité des traitements offerts aux toxicomanes est toutefois affaiblie par la difficulté à maintenir et à engager en traitement cette clientèle (Meier et al., 2006). Dans ce contexte, et puisque la qualité de l’alliance thérapeutique est associée aux résultats et à la persévérance en traitement (Martin et al., 2000; Meier et al., 2005a), l’alliance qui se développe entre le client et le thérapeute en cours de thérapie peut être vue comme une piste de solution prometteuse pour améliorer l’efficacité des traitements de la toxicomanie. La présente étude se propose d’identifier les facteurs associés à l’alliance thérapeutique développée par une clientèle toxicomane en traitement (n = 269). L’étude s’intéresse également à l’influence de doubles problématiques (toxico-justice, toxico-santé mentale) sur les relations existantes entre l’alliance et ces facteurs (effets modérateurs). Les liens entre l’alliance thérapeutique et différentes variables (santé mentale, consommation, satisfaction envers les services, motivation, soutien social, pressions légales) ont été examinés à l’aide d’analyses de régression hiérarchique. Les résultats indiquent que le profil de consommation évalué avant l’entrée en traitement covarie avec l’alliance thérapeutique. Les troubles cognitifs et la satisfaction envers les services sont les deux principales variables évaluées lors de la thérapie de groupe qui sont associées à l’alliance. Des effets modérateurs de la présence de problématiques associées à la toxicomanie (justice, santé mentale) sur la relation entre certaines variables indépendantes et l’alliance ont finalement été observés.

Aménagement du cadre dans la psychothérapie de groupe d'orientation analytique auprès des adolescents

Essai doctoral présenté à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l'obtention du grade de Doctorat (D.Psy.) en psychologie clinique