Pesca experimental en aguas negras y limpias del litoral de la bahía de Puno, Lago Titicaca, Perú

Se llevaron a cabo dos censos en la zona de "agua negra" de la bahía interior de Puno y en la zona adyacente de "agua limpia" en Ojerani, durante julio y agosto de 1981 y enero y febrero de 1982. Comparaciones de captura por unidad de esfuerzo con redes agalleras y con redes de arrastre indicaron diferencias marcadas en la abundancia de poblaciones de peces en las dos zonas. Mientras que tres de las especies nativas dominantes de Orestias (carachi gringo, O. olivaceous; carachi amarillo, O. luteus; e ispi, O. ispi) se encontraron en números reducidos en la zona de "agua negra", una especie (carachi gris, O. agasii) se mostró en similar abundancia en las dos zonas. El aterínido introducido ( pejerrey, Basilichthys bona­ riensis) resultó ser más abundante en la zona de agua negra. Se observaron también diferencias en la distribución vertical del pejerrey: este pez ocupaba una parte más alta de la columna de agua en la zona de agua negra; así como en la distribución del tamaño: los peces son más grandes en la zona de agua negra. Los resultados sugieren que, la polución por los deshechos de Puno elevan la producción del pejerrey, pero puede disminuir la producción de algunas de las especies nativas de carachi. Las diferencias en la captura de peces y en las curvas de selectividad de redes agalleras en las dos estaciones, indicaron que el pejerrey, el carachi gris y el carachi amarillo viven y crecen en la zona litoral del Lago Titicaca durante largos períodos. El carachi gringo y el ispi migran a la zona litoral para desovar, mayormente en la época de lluvia. Durante la época seca y la época lluviosa ocurrieron marcadas migraciones diurnas de las especies dominantes: el pejerrey ocupa la zona de la orilla mayormente durante el día, mientras que el carachi ocupa esta zona mayormente de noche. La gran abundancia de ispi en desove en la zona litoral, puede proveer una oportunidad para extender la pesquería local de subsistencia en el Lago Titicaca, a condición de que se tomen medidas para evitar la sobre explotación de este recurso.

The genus Lycoderides Sakakibara, stat. nov., its composition and descriptions of new species (Hemiptera, Membracidae, Stegaspidinae)

The genus Lycoderides Sakakibara, stat. nov. , its composition and descriptions of new species (Hemiptera, Membracidae, Stegaspidinae).The subgenus Lycoderes (Lycoderides) Sakakibara, 1972 is raised to the genus category - Lycoderides stat. nov.. - : and it now includes: Lycoderides amazonicus (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. , Lycoderides brevilobus (Sakakibara, 1972), comb. nov. , Lycoderides burmeisteri (Fairmaire, 1846), comb. nov. , Lycoderides cultratus (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. , Lycoderides fernandezi (Strümpel, 1988), comb. nov. , Lycoderides fuscus (Amyot & Serville, 1843), comb. nov. , Lycoderides gradatus (Sakakibara, 1972), comb. nov. , Lycoderides hippocampus (Fabricius, 1803), comb. nov. , Lycoderides luteus (Funkhouser, 1940), comb. nov. , Lycoderides marginalis (Walker, 1851), comb. nov. , Lycoderides nathanieli (Cryan, 1999), comb. nov. , Lycoderides obtusus (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. , Lycoderides pennyi (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. , Lycoderides phasianus (Fowler, 1896), comb. nov. (= Enchenopa minamen Buckton, 1901,SYN. NOV: ), Lycoderides protensus (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. , Lycoderides serraticornis (Fowler, 1896), comb. nov. , and Lycoderides strumpeli (Sakakibara, 1991), comb. nov. The following new species are described: Lycoderides abditus, sp. nov. , Lycoderides brulei,SP. NOV. (: both from French Guiana), Lycoderides capixaba, sp. nov. (from Brazil, Espírito Santo), Lycoderides cavichiolii, sp. nov. (from Brazil, Rio de Janeiro), Lycoderides meloi, sp. nov. (from Brazil, Bahia), and Lycoderides oliviae, sp. nov. (from Brazil, Minas Gerais). Other nomenclatural change: Stegaspis bracteata (Fabricius, 1787) = Lycoderes capitata Buckton, 1903, syn. nov. New records of geographical distribution and a key to the species are provided.

Comportamento de adubos verdes de inverno na região serrana fluminense

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar o comportamento de espécies de adubos verdes de inverno, em um Cambissolo Háplico Tb distrófico, sob duas condições de fertilidade, a 1.100 m de altitude. Dois experimentos de campo foram conduzidos em Nova Friburgo, RJ, utilizando as seguintes espécies: aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schieb.), azevém-anual (Lollium multiflorum Lam.), chícharo (Lathyrus sativus L.), ervilhaca-comum (Vicia sativa L.), ervilhaca-peluda (Vicia villosa Roth), utilizada somente no segundo experimento, serradela-flor-rosa (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), tremoço-amarelo (Lupinus luteus L.), tremoço-branco cultivar Comum (Lupinus albus L.), tremoço-branco cultivar Multo Lupa Doce (Lupinus albus L.), tremoço-branco cultivar TRM 881 (Lupinus albus L.), trevo-branco (Trifolium repens L.), trevo-vermelho cultivar Achylesmarium (Trifolium pratense L.), e trevo-vesiculoso cultivar Jacuí 52 (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. As espécies que mais se destacaram na produção de massa seca e acumulação de N na parte aérea, sob condições de boa fertilidade no solo, foram as três cultivares de tremoço-branco, o tremoço-amarelo, a ervilhaca-comum e a aveia-preta. Sob condições de baixo teor de P, Ca e Mg no solo, as que mais se destacaram foram as três cultivares de tremoço-branco e a aveia-preta.

Síntese de beta-N-acetilglicosaminídeos de arila modificados em C-6 como potenciais agentes antimicrobianos

We report herein the synthesis of aryl beta-N-acetylglucosaminides containing azido, amino and acetamido groups at C-6 as potential antimicrobial agents. It was expected that these compounds could interfere with the biosynthesis and/or biotransformation of N-acetylglucosamine in fungi and bacteria. None of the compounds showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), filamentous fungus (Aspergillus niger) and yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisae, Candida albicans and Candida tropicallis), at the concentration of 1 mg/mL in agar diffusion assay.

Filmes ultrafinos de ésteres de celulose: preparo, caracterização e imobilização de proteínas

In this study cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) and carboxymehtylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB) films adsorbed onto silicon wafers were characterized by means of ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), sum frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG) and contact angle measurements. The adsorption behavior of lysozyme (LIS) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto CAB and CMCAB films was investigated. The amounts of adsorbed LIS or BSA onto CMCAB films were more pronounced than those onto CAB films due to the presence of carboxymethyl group in the CMCAB structure. Besides, the adsorption of BSA molecules on CMCAB films was more favored than that of LIS molecules. Antimicrobial effect of LIS bound to CAB or CMCAB layers was evaluated using Micrococcus luteus as substrate.

Constituintes químicos e atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos de Dilodendron bipinnatum (sapindaceae)

The phytochemical investigation of ethanolic extracts from leaves, branches and stems of D. bipinnatum afforded the steroids β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, sitostenone and sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glycopyranoside, along with two cycloartane triterpenes: cycloeucalenol and 24-methylenecycloartenol. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6623), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 9341) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). The extracts of the leaves and branches showed moderate activity against Candida albicans. The extract of the branches was active against Micrococcus luteus. This is the first report on the phytochemical study of D. bipinnatum.

An antimicrobial alkaloid and other metabolites produced by Penicillium sp. An endophytic fungus isolated from Mauritia flexuosa L. f.

The alkaloid glandicoline B (1) and six other compounds: ergosterol (2), brassicasterol (3), ergosterol peroxide (4), cerevisterol (5), mannitol (6) and 1-O-α-D-glucopyranoside (7) were isolated from Penicillium sp. strain PBR.2.2.2, a fungus from Mauritia flexuosa roots. The structures of the isolated metabolites were established by spectral analysis. MeOH extract of the fungal mycelium at 500 µg mL-1 exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and the compound 1 at 100 µg mL-1 was active against S. aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli. The relationship between the bioactive properties of the fungus PBR.2.2.2 and those achieved for glandicoline B, as well the potential of this substance as bactericide is discussed.

Táxons de Mucor Fresen. (Zygomycota) em fezes de herbívoros, Recife, PE, Brasil

Visando contribuir para o conhecimento sobre Mucorales (Zygomycota) em Recife, PE, foram realizadas coletas mensais, de junho/1997 a maio/1998, totalizando 120 amostras de fezes dos herbívoros: Bison bonasus H. Smith, Bos indicus L., Bubalus bubalis H. Smith, Capra hircus L., Oryctolagus cuniculus Lilljeborg, Dasyprocta fuliginosa Wagler, Taurotragus oryx Wagner, Equus caballus L., Ovis aries L. e Mazama gouazoubira Fischer, mantidos em cativeiro no Parque Dois Irmãos e no Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. As amostras de fezes foram acondicionadas em câmara úmida (placa de Petri) à temperatura ambiente sendo observadas diariamente, do 2º ao 15º dia de incubação. As colônias de interesse foram isoladas e, após desenvolvimento, mantidas em Batata Dextrose Ágar (BDA) e/ou "Synthetic Mucor Agar" (SMA). Foram identificados 11 táxons já conhecidos e uma forma nova: Mucor circinelloides f. circinelloides, M. circinelloides f. griseocyanus, M. circinelloides f. janssenii, M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus, M. hiemalis f. hiemalis, M. hiemalis f. luteus, M. genevensis, M. piriformis f. piriformis, M. piriformis f. nanus, M. racemosus f. chibinensis, M. subtilissimus e M. variosporus. Com exceção das fezes de Bubalus bubalis, todas desenvolveram representantes de táxons de Mucor, apresentando maior diversidade as fezes de Bison bonasus, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Dasyprocta fuliginosa e Mazama gouazoubira. O maior índice de similaridade (75%) foi verificado em táxons de Mucorales nas fezes de Dasyprocta fuliginosa e Ovis aries, assim como de Capra hircus e Oryctolagus cuniculus. Chave para identificação dos táxons isolados, assim como descrições, comentários e ilustrações foram incluídos.

Structure and Mode of Action of Microplusin, a Copper II-chelating Antimicrobial Peptide from the Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Microplusin, a Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus antimicrobial peptide (AMP) is the first fully characterized member of a new family of cysteine-rich AMPs with histidine-rich regions at the N and C termini. In the tick, microplusin belongs to the arsenal of innate defense molecules active against bacteria and fungi. Here we describe the NMR solution structure of microplusin and demonstrate that the protein binds copper II and iron II. Structured as a single alpha-helical globular domain, microplusin consists of five alpha-helices: alpha 1 (residues Gly-9 to Arg-21), alpha 2 (residues Glu-27 to Asn-40), alpha 3 (residues Arg-44 to Thr-54), alpha 4 (residues Leu-57 to Tyr-64), and alpha 5 (residues Asn-67 to Cys-80). The N and C termini are disordered. This structure is unlike any other AMP structures described to date. We also used NMR spectroscopy to map the copper binding region on microplusin. Finally, using the Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus as a model, we studied of mode of action of microplusin. Microplusin has a bacteriostatic effect and does not permeabilize the bacterial membrane. Because microplusin binds metals, we tested whether this was related to its antimicrobial activity. We found that the bacteriostatic effect of microplusin was fully reversed by supplementation of culture media with copper II but not iron II. We also demonstrated that microplusin affects M. luteus respiration, a copper-dependent process. Thus, we conclude that the antibacterial effect of microplusin is due to its ability to bind and sequester copper II.

Antimicrobial activity in the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus eggs: Cellular localization and temporal expression of microplusin during oogenesis and embryogenesis

Arthropods display different mechanisms to protect themselves against infections, among which antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play an important role, acting directly against invader pathogens. We have detected several factors with inhibitory activity against Candida albicans and Micrococcus luteus on the surface and in homogenate of eggs of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. One of the anti-M. luteus factors of the egg homogenate was isolated to homogeneity. Analysis by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) revealed that it corresponds to microplusin, an AMP previously isolated from the cell-free hemolymph of X (B.) microplus. Reverse transcription (RT) quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) showed that the levels of microplusin mRNA gradually increase along ovary development, reaching an impressive highest value three days after the adult females have dropped from the calf and start oviposition. Interestingly, the level of microplusin mRNA is very low in recently laid eggs. An enhance of microplusin gene expression in eggs is observed only nine days after the onset of oviposition, achieving the highest level just before the larva hatching, when the level of expression decreases once again. Fluorescence microscopy analysis using an anti-microplusin serum revealed that microplusin is present among yolk granules of oocytes as well as in the connecting tube of ovaries. These results, together to our previous data. suggest that microplusin may be involved not only in protection of adult female hemocele, but also in protection of the female reproductive tract and embryos, what points this AMP as a considerable target for development of new methods to control R. (B.) microplus as well as the vector-borne pathogens. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Growth, encystment and survival of Acanthamoeba castellanii grazing on different bacteria

Free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba are widely distributed in soil and water collections, where trophozoites (vegetative, multiplicative stages) feed mainly by phagocytosis and thus control bacterial populations in the environment. Here, we examined the growth, encystment and survival of Acanthamoeba castellanii receiving different bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Micrococcus luteus, and Staphylococcus aureus) in nonnutrient saline. All bacteria assayed induced a dose-dependent proliferative response, in most cases maximized with a bacterial dose of 1 x 10(9) mL(-1); except for M. luteus, trophozoites grew better with viable than with heat-killed bacteria. In addition, Acanthamoeba growth was improved by adding bacteria on alternate days. Single-dose experiments indicated a temporal association between the growth of trophozoite and bacterial consumption, and higher consumption of M. luteus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, bacterial species that allowed the highest trophozoite yields. Long-term Acanthamoeba-bacteria incubation revealed that encystment was significantly delayed by almost all the bacteria assayed (including S. aureus, which elicited a poor growth response) and that the presence of bacteria markedly increased cyst yield; final cyst recovery clearly depended on both the dose and the type of the bacterium given, being much higher with E. coli, M. luteus and P. aeruginosa.

Lysozyme binding to poly(4-vinyl-N-alkylpyridinium bromide)

The adsorption behavior of polycations at ionic strengths (1) ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 onto silicon wafers was studied by means of ellipsometry, contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Polycations chosen were bromide salts of poly(4-vinylpyridine) N-alkyl quaternized with linear aliphatic chains of 2 and 5 carbon atoms, QPVP-C2 and QPVP-C5, respectively. Under 1 0.001 the reduction of screening effects led to low adsorbed amounts of QPVP-C2 or QPVP-C5 (1.0 +/- 0.1 mg/m(2)), arising from the adsorption of extended chains. Upon increasing l to 0.1, screening effects led to conformational changes of polyelectrolyte chains ill Solution and to higher adsorbed amount values (1.9 +/- 0.2 mg/m(2)). Advancing contact angle theta(a) measurements performed with water drops onto QPVP-C2 and QPVP-C5 adsorbed layers varied from (45 +/- 2)degrees to (50 +/- 5)degrees, evidencing the exposure of both hydrophobic alkyl groups and charged moieties. The adsorption of lysozyme (LYZ) molecules to QPVP-C5 layers was more pronounced than to QPVP-C2 films. Antimicrobial effect of LYZ bound to QPVP-C2 or QPVP-C5 layers or to Si wafers was evaluated with enzymatic assays using Micrococcus luteus as Substrates. The adsorption behavior of QPVP-C2 and QPVP-C5 at the water-air interface was studied by means Of surface tension measurements. Only QPVP-C5 was able to reduce water Surface tension. Mixtures of LYZ and QPVP-C5 were more efficient in reducing Surface tension than pure LYZ solution, evidencing co-adsorption at liquid-air interface. Moreover, antimicrobial action observed for mixtures of LYZ and QPVP-C5 was more pronounced than that measured for pure LYZ. Hydrophobic interaction between LYZ and QPVP-C5 ill Solution seems to drive the binding and to preserve LYZ secondary structure. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Structure and Applications of a Rhamnolipid Surfactant Produced in Soybean Oil Waste

Soybean oil soapstock was utilized as an alternative carbon source for the production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI strain. The chemical composition and properties of the rhamnolipid mixture obtained were determined to define its potential applications. The chemical characterization of the rhamnolipid has revealed the presence of ten different homologues. The monorhamnolipid RhaC(10)C(10) and the dirhamnolipid Rha(2)C(10)C(10) were the main components of the mixture that showed predominance of 44% and 29%, respectively, after 144-h of cultivation. The biosurfactant was able to form stable emulsions with several hydrocarbons and showed excellent emulsification for soybean oil and chicken fat (100%). The rhamnolipid removed 67% of crude oil present in sand samples and presented antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Mucor miehei at 64 mu g/mL and inhibition of Neurospora crassa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Micrococcus luteus at 256 mu g/mL. The results demonstrated that the rhamnolipid produced in soybean oil soapstock can be useful in environmental and food industry applications.

Detecção de bactérias no ar em ambiente hospitalar com recurso a técnicas moleculares

A Qualidade do Ar Interior (QAI) revela-se de grande importância no ambiente hospitalar devido à disseminação aérea de bactérias potenciar as infecções nosocomiais. Os estudos nesta temática são raros em Portugal e inexistentes na Madeira. Este trabalho tem como objectivos identificar com elevada precisão a flora bacteriana aerosolizada no Hospital Dr. João de Almada (HJA) utilizando técnicas moleculares, determinar a sua origem, disseminação e especificidades e analisar globalmente a QAI. O ar exterior e de 15 locais no interior do HJA foi amostrado em Abril de 2009. Foram medidas a temperatura, humidade e concentração de CO2 e NO2 e quantificadas as bactérias e fungos no ar. Utilizaram-se testes bioquímicos e técnicas moleculares para caracterização e identificação de bactérias e foram comparadas comunidades bacterianas. A biodiversidade bacteriana no ar interior do HJA é dominada pelo género Staphylococcus (68%), sendo as espécies mais frequentes S. cohnii urealyticus, S. haemolyticus, S. capitis ou S. caprae e Micrococcus luteus. A maioria das espécies encontradas é comum em ambiente hospitalar e na flora comensal humana. As Staphylococcus spp. detectadas são consideradas patogénicas oportunistas envolvidas em infecções nosocomiais. A QAI é conforme com a legislação na maioria dos locais, havendo microorganismos em excesso em 12 das 72 amostras. O excesso de fungos relacionou-se com eventos de bruma no exterior e o excesso de bactérias correlacionou-se com a actividade humana e foi potenciado pela fraca ventilação e a presença ou manipulação de materiais contaminados. O ar exterior tem boa qualidade para ventilação do HJA, excepto durante eventos de bruma. As comunidades bacterianas aerosolizadas têm maior similaridade entre locais do mesmo tipo, sendo os ocupantes o principal foco de contaminação. São propostas medidas correctivas como o aumento da ventilação dos locais com elevada actividade humana e cuidados na manipulação de roupa suja e resíduos.

Chromosomal data of two pholcids (Araneae, Haplogynae): A new diploid number and the first cytogenetical record for the New World Clade

Mesobolivar luteus (Keyserling 1891) and Micropholcus fauroli (Simon 1887) specimens were collected in Ubatuba and Rio Claro, both in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Mesabolivar luteus showed 2n (male) = 15 = 14 + X and 2n (9) = 16 = 14 + XX in mitotic metaphases and 711 + X in diplotenic cells. During late prophage 1, all bivalents presented a ring shape, evidencing two chiasmata per bivalent. In this species, some diplotenic cells appear in pairs, maybe due to specific characteristics of the intercellular bridges. The metaphases 11 showed n = 7 or n = 8 = 7 + X chromosomes. Micropholcus fauroti evidenced 2n (male) = 17 = 16 + X in spermatogonial metaphases and 8II+X in diplotenic cells, with only one chiasma per bivalent, contrasting with M. luteus. In both species, all chromosomes were metacentrics. The sexual chromosome X was the largest element and appeared as a univalent during meiosis I. These are the first cytogenetical data for the genera Mesabolivar and Micropholcus. Additionally, M. luteus is the first chromosomally analyzed species of the New World clade and the observed diploid number for M. fauroti had not yet been recorded in Pholcidae.