Estudo da distribuição espacial dos condomínios horizontais fechados e loteamentos fechados na cidade de Rio Claro-SP

In Brazil, the proliferation phenomenon of gated communities and land lots had its origins in big cities, such as Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, since 1970. The implementation of these types of intramural housing are done in expanding are as of the city, based on the availability of bigger lots, lower land prices, and the search for are as closer to nature. The gated communities and land lots that, initially, had their architecture only accessible to the higher social classes, as a second home alternative away from urban problems, nowadays they can be reached by other social classes as well. Gated communities and land lots find their way to the center of larger cities, sustained mostly by the speech of real state entrepreneurs, and by its social “status”, a new emerging characteristic of this time period. The expansion of gated communities and land lots also change the cities lands cape and social spatial configuration. This work, therefore, attends the localization of gated communities and land lots spread out in the city of Rio Claro. It analyzes the scale in which the dynamics of the city’s urban expansion influenced the current distribution of these types of housing

Condomínios residenciais fechados: a urbanização do Grupo Encalso Damha em São Carlos - SP

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Sistemi di sicurezza urbana

Il problema della sicurezza/insicurezza delle città, dalle grandi metropoli sino ai più piccoli centri urbani, ha sollecitato negli ultimi anni un’attenzione crescente da parte degli studiosi, degli analisti, degli organi di informazione, delle singole comunità. La delinquenza metropolitana viene oggi diffusamente considerata «un aspetto usuale della società moderna»: «un fatto – o meglio un insieme di fatti – che non richiede nessuna speciale motivazione o predisposizione, nessuna patologia o anormalità, e che è iscritto nella routine della vita economica e sociale». Svincolata dagli schemi positivistici, la dottrina criminologica ha maturato una nuova «cultura del controllo sociale» che ha messo in risalto, rispetto ad ogni visione enfatizzante del reo, l’esigenza di pianificare adeguate politiche e pratiche di prevenzione della devianza urbana attraverso «tutto l’insieme di istituzioni sociali, di strategie e di sanzioni, che mirano a ottenere la conformità di comportamento nella sfera normativa penalmente tutelata». Tale obiettivo viene generalmente perseguito dagli organismi istituzionali, locali e centrali, con diverse modalità annoverabili nel quadro degli interventi di: prevenzione sociale in cui si includono iniziative volte ad arginare la valenza dei fattori criminogeni, incidendo sulle circostanze sociali ed economiche che determinano l’insorgenza e la proliferazione delle condotte delittuose negli ambienti urbani; prevenzione giovanile con cui si tende a migliorare le capacità cognitive e relazionali del minore, in maniera tale da controllare un suo eventuale comportamento aggressivo, e ad insegnare a genitori e docenti come gestire, senza traumi ed ulteriori motivi di tensione, eventuali situazioni di crisi e di conflittualità interpersonale ed interfamiliare che coinvolgano adolescenti; prevenzione situazionale con cui si mira a disincentivare la propensione al delitto, aumentando le difficoltà pratiche ed il rischio di essere scoperti e sanzionati che – ovviamente – viene ponderato dal reo. Nella loro quotidianità, le “politiche di controllo sociale” si sono tuttavia espresse in diversi contesti – ed anche nel nostro Paese - in maniera a tratti assai discutibile e, comunque, con risultati non sempre apprezzabili quando non - addirittura – controproducenti. La violenta repressione dei soggetti ritenuti “devianti” (zero tolerance policy), l’ulteriore ghettizzazione di individui di per sé già emarginati dal contesto sociale, l’edificazione di interi quartieri fortificati, chiusi anche simbolicamente dal resto della comunità urbana, si sono rivelate, più che misure efficaci nel contrasto alla criminalità, come dei «cortocircuiti semplificatori in rapporto alla complessità dell’insieme dei problemi posti dall’insicurezza». L’apologia della paura è venuta così a riflettersi, anche fisicamente, nelle forme architettoniche delle nuove città fortificate ed ipersorvegliate; in quelle gated-communities in cui l’individuo non esita a sacrificare una componente essenziale della propria libertà, della propria privacy, delle proprie possibilità di contatto diretto con l’altro da sé, sull’altare di un sistema di controllo che malcela, a sua volta, implacabili contraddizioni. Nei pressanti interrogativi circa la percezione, la diffusione e la padronanza del rischio nella società contemporanea - glocale, postmoderna, tardomoderna, surmoderna o della “seconda modernità”, a seconda del punto di vista al quale si aderisce – va colto l’eco delle diverse concezioni della sicurezza urbana, intesa sia in senso oggettivo, quale «situazione che, in modo obiettivo e verificabile, non comporta l’esposizione a fattori di rischio», che in senso soggettivo, quale «risultante psicologica di un complesso insieme di fattori, tra cui anche indicatori oggettivi di sicurezza ma soprattutto modelli culturali, stili di vita, caratteristiche di personalità, pregiudizi, e così via». Le amministrazioni locali sono direttamente chiamate a garantire questo bisogno primario di sicurezza che promana dagli individui, assumendo un ruolo di primo piano nell’adozione di innovative politiche per la sicurezza urbana che siano fra loro complementari, funzionalmente differenziate, integrali (in quanto parte della politica di protezione integrale di tutti i diritti), integrate (perché rivolte a soggetti e responsabilità diverse), sussidiarie (perché non valgono a sostituire i meccanismi spontanei di prevenzione e controllo della devianza che si sviluppano nella società), partecipative e multidimensionali (perché attuate con il concorso di organismi comunali, regionali, provinciali, nazionali e sovranazionali). Questa nuova assunzione di responsabilità da parte delle Amministrazioni di prossimità contribuisce a sancire il passaggio epocale «da una tradizionale attività di governo a una di governance» che deriva «da un’azione integrata di una molteplicità di soggetti e si esercita tanto secondo procedure precostituite, quanto per una libera scelta di dar vita a una coalizione che vada a vantaggio di ciascuno degli attori e della società urbana nel suo complesso». All’analisi dei diversi sistemi di governance della sicurezza urbana che hanno trovato applicazione e sperimentazione in Italia, negli ultimi anni, e in particolare negli ambienti territoriali e comunitari di Roma e del Lazio che appaiono, per molti versi, esemplificativi della complessa realtà metropolitana del nostro tempo, è dedicata questa ricerca. Risulterà immediatamente chiaro come il paradigma teorico entro il quale si dipana il percorso di questo studio sia riconducibile agli orientamenti della psicologia topologica di Kurt Lewin, introdotti nella letteratura sociocriminologica dall’opera di Augusto Balloni. Il provvidenziale crollo di antichi steccati di divisione, l’avvento di internet e, quindi, la deflagrante estensione delle frontiere degli «ambienti psicologici» in cui è destinata a svilupparsi, nel bene ma anche nel male, la personalità umana non hanno scalfito, a nostro sommesso avviso, l’attualità e la validità della «teoria del campo» lewiniana per cui il comportamento degli individui (C) appare anche a noi, oggi, condizionato dalla stretta interrelazione che sussiste fra le proprie connotazioni soggettive (P) e il proprio ambiente di riferimento (A), all’interno di un particolare «spazio di vita». Su queste basi, il nostro itinerario concettuale prende avvio dall’analisi dell’ambiente urbano, quale componente essenziale del più ampio «ambiente psicologico» e quale cornice straordinariamente ricca di elementi di “con-formazione” dei comportamenti sociali, per poi soffermarsi sulla disamina delle pulsioni e dei sentimenti soggettivi che agitano le persone nei controversi spazi di vita del nostro tempo. Particolare attenzione viene inoltre riservata all’approfondimento, a tratti anche critico, della normativa vigente in materia di «sicurezza urbana», nella ferma convinzione che proprio nel diritto – ed in special modo nell’ordinamento penale – vada colto il riflesso e la misura del grado di civiltà ma anche delle tensioni e delle contraddizioni sociali che tormentano la nostra epoca. Notevoli spunti ed un contributo essenziale per l’elaborazione della parte di ricerca empirica sono derivati dall’intensa attività di analisi sociale espletata (in collaborazione con l’ANCI) nell’ambito dell’Osservatorio Tecnico Scientifico per la Sicurezza e la Legalità della Regione Lazio, un organismo di supporto della Presidenza della Giunta Regionale del Lazio al quale compete, ai sensi dell’art. 8 della legge regionale n. 15 del 2001, la funzione specifica di provvedere al monitoraggio costante dei fenomeni criminali nel Lazio.

El uso del espacio público y la apropiación privada del espacio en la ciudad de Córdoba

La ciudad de Córdoba no ha sido ajena a los procesos económicos-sociales de la “globalización", que implican una fuerte expansión y concentración del capital, con impactos en la esfera social y aumento de las desigualdades. La salida de la convertibilidad a fines del año 2001 y el consecuente incremento de la apertura externa del país impactó en algunos sectores económicos, agro-exportadores principalmente, que insertos en la dinámica comercial internacional logran obtener amplios márgenes de ganancias. Las ganancias se transfieren a otros sectores de la economía que continúan aumentando la rentabilidad de los agentes involucrados. Desde entonces se observa una marcada expansión de la actividad inmobiliaria y de la construcción, en barrios centrales de la misma y hacia la periferia, con la construcción de barrios privados. Esto exacerba el valor del suelo urbano y produce una revalorización inmobiliaria en las áreas mencionadas, que es demandada por grandes inversores. La configuración territorial de la ciudad de Córdoba en los últimos años ha estado comandada por el capital privado. Sin un proyecto urbano que garantice el ordenamiento de la ciudad; ha desembocado en altas densidades edificadas en detrimento de espacios públicos; en especial plazas, áreas recreativas y deportivas. A su vez se produce mayor densidad de habitantes por Km2 que demandan la utilización de estos espacios. Los vacíos urbanos que contiene la ciudad aún pueden revertir parte de esta situación y re-valorizar el “espacio verde público" como espacio de producción y reproducción socio-espacial.

Condomínios fechados: a produção habitacional contemporânea e a auto-exclusão dos ricos no espaço urbano de Natal RN (1995 2003)

The present work analyzes the fast evolution of gated communities in Natal-RN´s urban space. Characterized by the occupation of large areas, providing private security and utilities, this kind of real estate use arises a long list of questions and issues from society and scholars, due to privatization of urban space, bending of law constraints and the lack of an integrated planning of the cities where they are built. The reasons for its fast growth in Brazil s urban areas are analyzed, considering the impact on formal urban planning and municipal services and on the identification of urbanistic, architectural pattern and constraints, as well as legal, social and economic issues. This study is based on the detailed analysis of the first three units of gated communities built in the urban space in Natal, between 1995 and 2003, including their evolution throughout time and the specific social and economic reasons for its present widespread adoption in Brazilian real estate market and, particulary, in our city. The main objective of this piece of work is to answer the why s and how s these phenomena evolved, setting a basis for the definition of adequate public policies and regulation of this kind of urban land use

Condomínios fechados: a produção habitacional contemporânea e a auto-exclusão dos ricos no espaço urbano de Natal RN (1995 2003)

The present work analyzes the fast evolution of gated communities in Natal-RN´s urban space. Characterized by the occupation of large areas, providing private security and utilities, this kind of real estate use arises a long list of questions and issues from society and scholars, due to privatization of urban space, bending of law constraints and the lack of an integrated planning of the cities where they are built. The reasons for its fast growth in Brazil s urban areas are analyzed, considering the impact on formal urban planning and municipal services and on the identification of urbanistic, architectural pattern and constraints, as well as legal, social and economic issues. This study is based on the detailed analysis of the first three units of gated communities built in the urban space in Natal, between 1995 and 2003, including their evolution throughout time and the specific social and economic reasons for its present widespread adoption in Brazilian real estate market and, particulary, in our city. The main objective of this piece of work is to answer the why s and how s these phenomena evolved, setting a basis for the definition of adequate public policies and regulation of this kind of urban land use

Ciudad Verde: una mirada desde el reconocimiento social hasta la diferenciación a través de los espacios

La presente monografía se refiere a la vida cotidiana de los residentes del macroproyecto de vivienda de interés social Cuidad Verde en el municipio de Soacha para comprender las formas de reconocimiento que se tejen entre los residentes, transeúntes y visitantes de la ciudadela. Asimismo, analiza los imaginarios espaciales para entender las relaciones sociales entre unos y otros, abordando al macroproyecto no sólo como un lugar físico sino como un espacio que permite reproducir estereotipos sociales, crear mecanismos de distinción, transformar las maneras de apropiación de la vivienda y tejer nociones de progreso a partir del lugar donde se vive.

Comparative Metagenomic Analysis Of Coral Microbial Communities Using A Reference-independent Approach.

By comparing the SEED and Pfam functional profiles of metagenomes of two Brazilian coral species with 29 datasets that are publicly available, we were able to identify some functions, such as protein secretion systems, that are overrepresented in the metagenomes of corals and may play a role in the establishment and maintenance of bacteria-coral associations. However, only a small percentage of the reads of these metagenomes could be annotated by these reference databases, which may lead to a strong bias in the comparative studies. For this reason, we have searched for identical sequences (99% of nucleotide identity) among these metagenomes in order to perform a reference-independent comparative analysis, and we were able to identify groups of microbial communities that may be under similar selective pressures. The identification of sequences shared among the metagenomes was found to be even better for the identification of groups of communities with similar niche requirements than the traditional analysis of functional profiles. This approach is not only helpful for the investigation of similarities between microbial communities with high proportion of unknown reads, but also enables an indirect overview of gene exchange between communities.

The Role Of Edaphic Environment And Climate In Structuring Phylogenetic Pattern In Seasonally Dry Tropical Plant Communities.

Seasonally dry tropical plant formations (SDTF) are likely to exhibit phylogenetic clustering owing to niche conservatism driven by a strong environmental filter (water stress), but heterogeneous edaphic environments and life histories may result in heterogeneity in degree of phylogenetic clustering. We investigated phylogenetic patterns across ecological gradients related to water availability (edaphic environment and climate) in the Caatinga, a SDTF in Brazil. Caatinga is characterized by semiarid climate and three distinct edaphic environments - sedimentary, crystalline, and inselberg -representing a decreasing gradient in soil water availability. We used two measures of phylogenetic diversity: Net Relatedness Index based on the entire phylogeny among species present in a site, reflecting long-term diversification; and Nearest Taxon Index based on the tips of the phylogeny, reflecting more recent diversification. We also evaluated woody species in contrast to herbaceous species. The main climatic variable influencing phylogenetic pattern was precipitation in the driest quarter, particularly for herbaceous species, suggesting that environmental filtering related to minimal periods of precipitation is an important driver of Caatinga biodiversity, as one might expect for a SDTF. Woody species tended to show phylogenetic clustering whereas herbaceous species tended towards phylogenetic overdispersion. We also found phylogenetic clustering in two edaphic environments (sedimentary and crystalline) in contrast to phylogenetic overdispersion in the third (inselberg). We conclude that while niche conservatism is evident in phylogenetic clustering in the Caatinga, this is not a universal pattern likely due to heterogeneity in the degree of realized environmental filtering across edaphic environments. Thus, SDTF, in spite of a strong shared environmental filter, are potentially heterogeneous in phylogenetic structuring. Our results support the need for scientifically informed conservation strategies in the Caatinga and other SDTF regions that have not previously been prioritized for conservation in order to take into account this heterogeneity.

Molecular Diversity Of Fungal And Bacterial Communities In The Marine Sponge Dragmacidon Reticulatum.

The present work aimed to investigate the diversity of bacteria and filamentous fungi of southern Atlantic Ocean marine sponge Dragmacidon reticulatum using cultivation-independent approaches. Fungal ITS rDNA and 18S gene analyses (DGGE and direct sequencing approaches) showed the presence of representatives of three order (Polyporales, Malasseziales, and Agaricales) from the phylum Basidiomycota and seven orders belonging to the phylum Ascomycota (Arthoniales, Capnodiales, Dothideales, Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Pleosporales, and Saccharomycetales). On the other hand, bacterial 16S rDNA gene analyses by direct sequencing approach revealed the presence of representatives of seven bacterial phyla (Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Lentisphaerae, Chloroflexi, and Planctomycetes). Results from statistical analyses (rarefaction curves) suggested that the sampled clones covered the fungal diversity in the sponge samples studied, while for the bacterial community additional sampling would be necessary for saturation. This is the first report related to the molecular analyses of fungal and bacterial communities by cultivation-independent approaches in the marine sponges D. reticulatum. Additionally, the present work broadening the knowledge of microbial diversity associated to marine sponges and reports innovative data on the presence of some fungal genera in marine samples.

Bee communities (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) of the "Cerrado" ecosystem in Sao Paulo State, Brazil

Five surveys of the bee communities in four "Cerrado" ecosystem reserves in Sao Paulo State were compared for species richness and similarity. These areas are fragment vegetation reser-reserves located in the Cerrado Corumbata Reserve (Corumbata), Jata Ecological Park (Luiz Antonio), Cajuru (Cajuru), and Vassununga State Park - ""Gleba de Cerrado de Pe-de-Gigante"" (Santa Rita do Passa Quatro). The methodology consisted of capturing bees foraging on flowers along transects, though with small differences between surveys. These ""cerrado"" areas have a large number of species of native bees, which are important pollinators in several Brazilian ecosystems. The community of bees varied among these different fragments. Based on 500 individuals (standardized by rarefaction), Cajuru, Corumbata 1 and Corumbata 2 were the areas with highest species richness, and Jata and Pe-de-Gigante had the lowest species richness in the bee communities. The bee faunas of Corumbata 2 and Pe-de-Gigante had the highest similarity, forming a group with the bee fauna of Cajuru. The bee faunas of Corumbata 1 and Jata were isolated from this group. We found that the bee species richness and similarity found in these ""cerrado"" areas cannot be explained by general factors such as the size of the fragment, the species richness of plants and the distance between the areas. Therefore, we suppose that local factors that differ among areas, such as interactions between populations, and competition and interference from surrounding areas influence and determine bee species richness and similarity in these reserves.

Meiobenthic communities of seagrass beds (Zostera capricorni) and unvegetated sediments along the coast of New South Wales, Australia

Seagrass beds have higher biomass, abundance, diversity and productivity of benthic organisms than unvegetated sediments. However, to date most studies have analysed only the macrofaunal component and ignored the abundant meiofauna present in seagrass meadows. This study was designed to test if meiobenthic communities, especially the free-living nematodes, differed between seagrass beds and unvegetated sediments. Sediment samples from beds of the eelgrass Zostera capricorni and nearby unvegetated sediments were collected in three estuaries along the coast of New South Wales, Australia. Results showed that sediments below the seagrass were finer, with a higher content of organic material and were less oxygenated than sediments without seagrass. Univariate measures of the fauna (i.e. abundance, diversity and taxa richness of total meiofauna and nematode assemblages) did not differ between vegetated and unvegetated sediments. However multivariate analysis of meiofaunal higher taxa showed significant differences between the two habitats, largely due to the presence and absence of certain taxa. Amphipods, tanaidacea, ostracods, hydrozoans and isopods occurred mainly in unvegetated sediments, while kinorhyncs, polychaetes, gastrotrichs and turbellarians were more abundant in vegetated sediments. Regarding the nematode assemblages, 32.4% of the species were restricted to Z. capricorni and 25% only occurred in unvegetated sediments, this suggests that each habitat is characterized by a particular suite of species. Epistrate feeding nematodes were more abundant in seagrass beds, and it is suggested that they graze on the microphytobenthos which accumulates underneath the seagrass. Most of the genera that characterized these estuarine unvegetated sediments are also commonly found on exposed sandy beaches. This may be explained by the fact that Australian estuaries have very little input of freshwater and experience marine conditions for most of the year. This study demonstrates that the seagrass and unvegetated sediments have discrete meiofaunal communities, with little overlap in species composition. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of drill cuttings discharge on meiofauna communities of a shelf break site in the southwest Atlantic

The present study investigates the effects of drill cutting discharges on the structure of meiofauna communities in an area of the shelf break at Campos Basin, Southeast Brazil. Drilling activities were operated, in a first phase, with water-based fluid and, in a second phase, with synthetic fluid paraffin-based (NAF-III). A total of 135 samples taken at a pre-drilling situation (MS1) and two post-drilling moments (MS2 and MS3-3 and 22 months post-drilling, respectively) were analyzed. Effects on meiofauna were dependent on two main factors: 1-the impact received during drilling operation, if water-based or synthetic/water-based drilling fluid and 2-the background state, if it already presented signs of previous drilling activities or not. Based on univariate and multivariate analysis, there were evidences that the most affected area after drilling was those under the influence of synthetic-based fluid and that already had signs of previous drillings activities. The region impacted only by water-based fluid was less affected and the only one that completely recovered after 22 months. Nematodes and copepods had different responses to the impact. While copepods flourish in the impacted area and recovered 22 months after drilling, nematodes were adversely affected shortly after drilling and the community structure only recovered where hydrocarbons had been depleted.

The Influence of Different Land Uses on the Structure of Archaeal Communities in Amazonian Anthrosols Based on 16S rRNA and amoA Genes

Soil from the Amazonian region is usually regarded as unsuitable for agriculture because of its low organic matter content and low pH; however, this region also contains extremely rich soil, the Terra Preta Anthrosol. A diverse archaeal community usually inhabits acidic soils, such as those found in the Amazon. Therefore, we hypothesized that this community should be sensitive to changes in the environment. Here, the archaeal community composition of Terra Preta and adjacent soil was examined in four different sites in the Brazilian Amazon under different anthropic activities. The canonical correspondence analysis of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms has shown that the archaeal community structure was mostly influenced by soil attributes that differentiate the Terra Preta from the adjacent soil (i.e., pH, sulfur, and organic matter). Archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries indicated that the two most abundant genera in both soils were Candidatus nitrosphaera and Canditatus nitrosocaldus. An ammonia monoxygenase gene (amoA) clone library analysis indicated that, within each site, there was no significant difference between the clone libraries of Terra Preta and adjacent soils. However, these clone libraries indicated there were significant differences between sites. Quantitative PCR has shown that Terra Preta soils subjected to agriculture displayed a higher number of amoA gene copy numbers than in adjacent soils. On the other hand, soils that were not subjected to agriculture did not display significant differences on amoA gene copy numbers between Terra Preta and adjacent soils. Taken together, our findings indicate that the overall archaeal community structure in these Amazonian soils is determined by the soil type and the current land use.