Investimento parental de mãe surda e mãe ouvinte e seus bebês ouvintes

O bebê humano nasce prematuramente para o padrão dos primatas e essa imaturidade física gera um maior tempo de dependência dos adultos e uma intensificação dos cuidados parentais. Este estudo teve como referencial teórico o Modelo de Investimento Parental proposto por Heidi Keller, o qual indica seis sistemas parentais, evoluídos em resposta a problemas adaptativos enfrentados por nossos ancestrais e que representam investimentos parentais que diferem com relação à energia, tempo, atenção e tom emocional direcionados ao bebê. Os sistemas parentais propostos são: sistemas de cuidados, sistema de contato corporal, sistema de estimulação corporal, sistema de estimulação por objeto, sistema face-a-face e envelope narrativo. A predominância de um ou outro sistema dependerá da cultura. No entanto, as investigações realizadas até o momento contemplam díades típicas e, adicionalmente, não foram encontrados estudos longitudinais focalizando as características dos sistemas parentais desenvolvidos entre díades cujos canais sensoriais utilizados para trocas iniciais diferem, como no caso de mães surdas e seus bebês ouvintes. Este estudo investigou os sistemas parentais priorizados por uma mãe surda e uma mãe ouvinte com seus bebês ouvintes, bem como as características das instâncias de interação da díade mãe surda – bebê ouvinte. As mães eram primíparas, com nível educacional superior e suas idades eram 34 e 36 anos, residiam em Belém e seus bebês do sexo masculino. Foram realizadas filmagens nas residências maternas semanalmente até os três meses e quinzenalmente até os seis meses, nas situações de banho, troca, alimentação e, a partir dos três meses, brincadeira livre. Os sistemas parentais foram registrados por intervalo de dez segundos e, posteriormente, registrados os comportamentos gerais da mãe e do bebê por segundo nas instâncias de interação. Os resultados indicaram que a mãe surda priorizou a estimulação por objeto e o contato corporal. A mãe ouvinte priorizou a estimulação corporal, contato corporal e face-a-face. Além da diferença no tipo de estimulação priorizada por cada mãe, o contato corporal foi qualitativamente diferente entre elas. Os resultados sugerem o modelo autônomo-relacional para as díades. A análise das interações mãe surda – bebê ouvinte indicou que a mãe inicia a maioria das interações no período estudado e sugere que a díade apresentou modificações nas interações ao longo do desenvolvimento do bebê. No entanto, ressalta-se a necessidade de mais estudos para o conhecimento das peculiaridades em outras díades atípicas, como por exemplo, com a redefinição de categorias e a busca por novos sistemas parentais.

Cytomegalovirus infection and disease reduce 10-year cardiac allograft vasculopathy-free survival in heart transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is associated with an increased risk of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), the major limiting factor for long-term survival after heart transplantation (HTx). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of CMV infection during long-term follow-up after HTx. METHODS A retrospective, single-centre study analyzed 226 HTx recipients (mean age 45 ± 13 years, 78 % men) who underwent transplantation between January 1988 and December 2000. The incidence and risk factors for CMV infection during the first year after transplantation were studied. Risk factors for CAV were included in an analyses of CAV-free survival within 10 years post-transplant. The effect of CMV infection on the grade of CAV was analyzed. RESULTS Survival to 10 years post-transplant was higher in patients with no CMV infection (69 %) compared with patients with CMV disease (55 %; p = 0.018) or asymptomatic CMV infection (54 %; p = 0.053). CAV-free survival time was higher in patients with no CMV infection (6.7 years; 95 % CI, 6.0-7.4) compared with CMV disease (4.2 years; CI, 3.2-5.2; p < 0.001) or asymptomatic CMV infection (5.4 years; CI, 4.3-6.4; p = 0.013). In univariate analysis, recipient age, donor age, coronary artery disease (CAD), asymptomatic CMV infection and CMV disease were significantly associated with CAV-free survival. In multivariate regression analysis, CMV disease, asymptomatic CMV infection, CAD and donor age remained independent predictors of CAV-free survival at 10 years post-transplant. CONCLUSIONS CAV-free survival was significantly reduced in patients with CMV disease and asymptomatic CMV infection compared to patients without CMV infection. These findings highlight the importance of close monitoring of CMV viral load and appropriate therapeutic strategies for preventing asymptomatic CMV infection.

A Transdiagnostic Social Skills Intervention; Using a Structured Story to Teach Children How to Ask a Friend to Play

An (independent samples comparison) controlled study was conducted to assess the efficacy of a novel approach to social skills training for children in a local socialization group at Knippenberg, Patterson & Associates (KPA). The treatment condition involved the combination of a Structured Story (i.e., novel bibliotherapy technique for children with social skills deficits), and a behavioral rehearsal (or role-play) segment, where the children practiced the target social skill featured in the Structure Story. The control group did not receive the Structured Story nor the behavioral rehearsal. Children in both groups engaged in ten-minutes of free play that was videorecorded for later observation and scoring by the principal investigator. Two target behaviors were assessed; asking a friend to play, and duration of joint play between two or more peers. The results did not show significant differences for either target variable between the group that received the novel intervention and the control group. Limitations of the current study and implications for further research are discussed.

Label-free oligonucleotide biosensor based on dual-peak long period fiber grating

We report the simplification and development of biofunctionalization methodology based on one-step 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC)-mediated reaction. The dual-peak long period grating (dLPG) has been demonstrated its inherent ultrahigh sensitivity to refractive index (RI), achieving 50-fold improvement in RI sensitivity over a standard LPG sensor used in low RI range. With the simple and efficient immobilization of unmodified oligonucleotides on sensor surface, dLPG-based biosensor has been used to monitor the hybridization of complementary oligonucleotides showing a detectable oligonucleotide concentration of 4 nM with the advantages of label-free, real-time, and ultrahigh sensitivity.

Un aporte a la comprensión de las estrategias emergentes en las organizaciones a través del concepto de improvisación y la metáfora musical

Este trabajo se inscribe en uno de los grandes campos de los estudios organizacionales: la estrategia. La perspectiva clásica en este campo promovió la idea de que proyectarse hacia el futuro implica diseñar un plan (una serie de acciones deliberadas). Avances posteriores mostraron que la estrategia podía ser comprendida de otras formas. Sin embargo, la evolución del campo privilegió en alguna medida la mirada clásica estableciendo, por ejemplo, múltiples modelos para ‘formular’ una estrategia, pero dejando en segundo lugar la manera en la que esta puede ‘emerger’. El propósito de esta investigación es, entonces, aportar al actual nivel de comprensión respecto a las estrategias emergentes en las organizaciones. Para hacerlo, se consideró un concepto opuesto —aunque complementario— al de ‘planeación’ y, de hecho, muy cercano en su naturaleza a ese tipo de estrategias: la improvisación. Dado que este se ha nutrido de valiosos aportes del mundo de la música, se acudió al saber propio de este dominio, recurriendo al uso de ‘la metáfora’ como recurso teórico para entenderlo y alcanzar el objetivo propuesto. Los resultados muestran que 1) las estrategias deliberadas y las emergentes coexisten y se complementan, 2) la improvisación está siempre presente en el contexto organizacional, 3) existe una mayor intensidad de la improvisación en el ‘como’ de la estrategia que en el ‘qué’ y, en oposición a la idea convencional al respecto, 4) se requiere cierta preparación para poder improvisar de manera adecuada.

Bem-vinda à escola : o ingresso da criança no primeiro ano do ensino fundamental sob o olhar docente e a perspectiva do brincar

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Comportamentos lúdicos entre crianças do nordeste do Brasil: categorização de brincadeiras

Este artigo visa categorizar as brincadeiras das crianças de um povoado rural do nordeste do Brasil. Foram observadas individualmente 32 crianças entre dois e 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, brincando em ambiente livre, em sessões de cinco minutos. A categoria de 'brincadeiras simbólicas' foi a mais observada (49%). Os temas das brincadeiras simbólicas estavam predominantemente atrelados ao modo de vida local. Diferenças de gênero foram observadas e analisadas. Os dados sugerem que meninas brincam mais simbolicamente, enquanto as brincadeiras dos meninos são mais variadas. A relação entre brincadeira e contexto baseia-se no aproveitamento das potencialidades que o ambiente oferece para o desenvolvimento da criança caracterizando as relações entre aspectos particulares de cada ambiente e as atividades lúdicas desenvolvidas.

Enhanced aeroelastic energy harvesting by exploiting combined nonlinearities: theory and experiment

Converting aeroelastic vibrations into electricity for low power generation has received growing attention over the past few years. In addition to potential applications for aerospace structures, the goal is to develop alternative and scalable configurations for wind energy harvesting to use in wireless electronic systems. This paper presents modeling and experiments of aeroelastic energy harvesting using piezoelectric transduction with a focus on exploiting combined nonlinearities. An airfoil with plunge and pitch degrees of freedom (DOF) is investigated. Piezoelectric coupling is introduced to the plunge DOF while nonlinearities are introduced through the pitch DOF. A state-space model is presented and employed for the simulations of the piezoaeroelastic generator. A two-state approximation to Theodorsen aerodynamics is used in order to determine the unsteady aerodynamic loads. Three case studies are presented. First the interaction between piezoelectric power generation and linear aeroelastic behavior of a typical section is investigated for a set of resistive loads. Model predictions are compared to experimental data obtained from the wind tunnel tests at the flutter boundary. In the second case study, free play nonlinearity is added to the pitch DOF and it is shown that nonlinear limit-cycle oscillations can be obtained not only above but also below the linear flutter speed. The experimental results are successfully predicted by the model simulations. Finally, the combination of cubic hardening stiffness and free play nonlinearities is considered in the pitch DOF. The nonlinear piezoaeroelastic response is investigated for different values of the nonlinear-to-linear stiffness ratio. The free play nonlinearity reduces the cut-in speed while the hardening stiffness helps in obtaining persistent oscillations of acceptable amplitude over a wider range of airflow speeds. Such nonlinearities can be introduced to aeroelastic energy harvesters (exploiting piezoelectric or other transduction mechanisms) for performance enhancement.

Effectiveness of Oral Rinse with Chlorhexidine in Preventing Nosocomial Respiratory Tract Infections among Intensive Care Unit Patients

OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the effectiveness of the oral application of a 0.12% solution of chlorhexidine for prevention of respiratory tract infections among intensive care unit (ICU) patients. DESIGN. The study design was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING. The study was performed in an ICU in a tertiary care hospital at a public university. PATIENTS. Study participants comprised 194 patients admitted to the ICU with a prospective length of stay greater than 48 hours, randomized into 2 groups: those who received chlorhexidine (n = 98) and those who received a placebo (n = 96). INTERVENTION. Oral rinses with chlorhexidine or a placebo were performed 3 times a day throughout the duration of the patient`s stay in the ICU. Clinical data were collected prospectively. RESULTS. Both groups displayed similar baseline clinical features. The overall incidence of respiratory tract infections (RR, 1.0 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-1.60]) and the rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia per 1,000 ventilator-days were similar in both experimental and control groups (22.6 vs 22.3; P = .95). Respiratory tract infection-free survival time (7.8 vs 6.9 days; P = .61), duration of mechanical ventilation (11.1 vs 11.0 days; P = .61), and length of stay (9.7 vs 10.4 days; P = .67) did not differ between the chlorhexidine and placebo groups. However, patients in the chlorhexidine group exhibited a larger interval between ICU admission and onset of the first respiratory tract infection (11.3 vs 7.6 days; P = .05). The chances of surviving the ICU stay were similar (RR, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.72-1.63]). CONCLUSION. Oral application of a 0.12% solution of chlorhexidine does not prevent respiratory tract infections among ICU patients, although it may retard their onset.

More than maternal sensitivity shapes attachment : infant coping and temperament

The aim of this longitudinal studywas to investigate the effect of a set of factors from multiple levels of influence: infant temperament, infant regulatory behavior, and maternal sensitivity on infant’s attachment. Our sample consisted of 48 infants born prematurely and their mothers. At 1 and 3 months of age, mothers described their infants’behavior using the Escala de Temperamento do Beb´e. At 3 months of age, infants’ capacity to regulate stress was evaluated during Tronick’s Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF) paradigm. At 9 months of age, mothers’ sensitivity was evaluated during free play using the CARE-Index. At 12 months of age, infants’ attachment security was assessed during Ainsworth’s Strange Situation. A total of 16 infants were classified as securely attached, 17 as insecure-avoidant, and 15 as insecure-resistant. Mothers of securely attached infantswere more likely than mothers of insecure infants to describe their infants as less difficult and to be more sensitive to their infants in free play. In turn, secure infants exhibited more positive responses during the Still-Face. Infants classified as insecureavoidant were more likely to self-comfort during the Still-Face and had mothers who were more controlling during free play. Insecure-resistant exhibited higher levels of negative arousal during the Still-Face and had mothers who were more unresponsive in free play. These findings show that attachment quality is influenced bymultiple factors, including infant temperament, coping behavior, and maternal sensitivity.

Developmental and evolutionary assumptions in a study about the impact of premature birth and low income on mother–infant interaction

In order to study the impact of premature birth and low income on mother–infant interaction, four Portuguese samples were gathered: full-term, middle-class (n=99); premature, middle-class (n=63); full-term, low income (n=22); and premature, low income (n=21). Infants were filmed in a free play situation with their mothers, and the results were scored using the CARE Index. By means of multinomial regression analysis, social economic status (SES) was found to be the best predictor of maternal sensitivity and infant cooperative behavior within a set of medical and social factors. Contrary to the expectations of the cumulative risk perspective, two factors of risk (premature birth together with low SES) were as negative for mother–infant interaction as low SES solely. In this study, as previous studies have shown, maternal sensitivity and infant cooperative behavior were highly correlated, as was maternal control with infant compliance. Our results further indicate that, when maternal lack of responsiveness is high, the infant displays passive behavior, whereas when the maternal lack of responsiveness is medium, the infant displays difficult behavior. Indeed, our findings suggest that, in these cases, the link between types of maternal and infant interactive behavior is more dependent on the degree of maternal lack of responsiveness than it is on birth status or SES. The results will be discussed under a developmental and evolutionary reasoning

Estudo dos indicadores de qualidade e de risco na interaça o mãe-filho(a)

O presente estudo tem como principal objetivo identificar na interação mãe- bebés de 3 meses, indicadores de risco e de qualidade e, consequentemente, criar um guião que ajude os profissionais a identificar esses mesmos indicadores. Para o efeito observámos 30 díades mãe-filho(a) em jogo livre distribuídas em dois grupos: 1) 12 díades sem condições assinaláveis de risco e 2) 18 díades em risco socioeconómico. O comportamento interativo dos bebés e das mães foi avaliado através do Child-Adult Relashionship Experimental, designado pela autora de CARE-Index (Crittenden, 2003). Os comportamentos maternos e infantis foram cotados de acordo com os 7 aspetos do comportamento diádico: Expressão Facial, Expressão Verbal, Posição e Contato Corporal, Afetividade, Reciprocidade, Diretividade e Escolha da Atividade. Os resultados do nosso estudo revelam que as díades mãe-filho(a) sem condições assinaláveis de risco apresentam interações mais positivas, recíprocas e ajustadas à idade das crianças do que as díades sujeitas a condições de risco e que o comportamento materno sensível e responsivo surge associado ao comportamento cooperativo infantil e negativamente correlacionado com a dificuldade infantil, enquanto que uma postura controladora, diretiva ou punitiva da mãe surge positivamente correlacionada com a submissão e evitamento infantil. Por fim, encontramos associados a comportamentos maternos sensíveis uma variabilidade de comportamentos infantis desde satisfação, coerção, procura de proximidade ou evitamento. Na discussão dos resultados apresentamos um script dos indicadores de qualidade e de risco do comportamento materno. - Abstract This study main goal was to study mother-infant quality of interaction in dyads with 3 months babies. Moreover, our goal was to explore maternal and infant key behaviors that shape the quality of the interaction in order to organize a script that helps professionals to identify these critical interactive behaviors. To this end we observed 30 mother-child dyads (a) in free play interaction divided into two groups: 1) 12 dyads without any known risk condition and 2) 18 dyads at socioeconomic risk. The interactive behavior of infants and mothers was assessed using the Child-Adult Relationship Experimental, designated by the author of CARE-Index (Crittenden, 2003). The maternal and infant behaviors were rated according to seven aspects of dyadic behavior: Facial Expression, Verbal Expression, Position and Contact Body, Affection, Reciprocity, Directivity and Choice of Activity. Findings indicate that mother-child dyads without know risk conditions are more likely to present positive interactions, reciprocal and age-adjusted than dyads at risk. The sensitive and responsive maternal behavior emerges associated with children's cooperative behavior and negatively correlated with infant difficultness, while a controlling or punitive maternal behavior is positively correlated with infant compliance and avoidance. Finally, sensitive maternal behaviors were associated with a variability of child behaviors, from satisfaction, coercion, avoidance or proximity search. In the results discussion we present a script of the quality and risks indicators of maternal behavior.

Comportamentos interactivos das educadoras de infância em salas de creche em função do tipo de actividades e das características estruturais do contexto

O presente artigo pretende examinar a quantidade, qualidade e adequação dos comportamentos interactivos das educadoras em salas de creche, em actividades livres e estruturadas, investigando a sua relação com aspectos de estrutura destes contextos. Participaram neste estudo 30 responsáveis por salas de creche da Área Metropolitana do Porto (incluindo 5 auxiliares de acção educativa). Os comportamentos interactivos das educadoras foram avaliados com a Escala de Interacção Educador-Criança (Farran, & Collins 1995). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as educadoras exibem maior quantidade de comportamentos interactivos no decurso de actividades estruturadas (r = .65) e que a adequação destes comportamentos é superior quando estes profissionais têm bacharelato ou licenciatura (rь=.57), quando auferem salários superiores (r = .42) e quando despendem menos horas de trabalho directo com as crianças (r = -.37). A qualidade dos comportamentos interactivos está relacionada com o salário auferido (r = .43). As implicações práticas dos resultados obtidos são discutidas com o objectivo de analisar formas possíveis de alcançar níveis de excelência em contextos de educação de infância.

Estudo exploratório dos comportamentos interativos mãe – filho(a) e pai – filho(a) aos 15 meses de vida.

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Intervenção Precoce

A comparação da qualidade dos momentos de interação em jogo livre entre mãe/ filho - pai /filho e mãe/criança – técnica/criança entre os 13 e 15 meses de idade

Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação Área de especialização em Intervenção Precoce