Regulation of FOS by different compartmental stresses induced by low levels of ionizing radiation

We irradiated different cellular compartments and measured changes in expression of the FOS gene at the mRNA and protein levels. [H-3]Thymidine and tritiated water were used to irradiate the nucleus and the whole cell, respectively. I-125-Concanavalin A binding was used to irradiate the cell membrane differentially. Changes in FOS mRNA and protein levels were measured using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and SDS-PAGE Western blotting, respectively, Irradiation of the nucleus or the whole cell at a dose rate of 0.075 Gy/h caused no change in the level of FOS mRNA expression, but modestly (1.5-fold) induced FOS protein after 0.5 h, Irradiation of the nucleus at a dose rate of 0.43 Gy/h induced FOS mRNA by 1.5-fold after 0.5 h, but there was no significant effect after whole-cell irradiation. FOS protein was transiently induced 2.5-fold above control levels 0.5 h after a 0.43-Gy/h exposure of the nucleus or the whole cell. Irradiation of the cell membrane at a dose rate of 1.8 Gy/h for up to 2 h caused no change in the levels of expression of FOS mRNA or protein, but a dose rate of 6.8 Gy/h transiently increased the level of FOS mRNA S-fold after 0.5 h, These data demonstrate the complexity of the cellular response to radiation-induced damage at low doses. The lack of quantitative agreement between the transcript and protein levels for FOS suggests a role for posttranscriptional regulation. (C) 2000 by Radiation Research Society.

Any del llibre i la lectura, cada dia fos el 2005!' A??o del libro y la lectura, ??qu?? cada d??a fuera el 2005!'

A trav??s de la voz de siete damas de la literatura se resumen las opiniones que m??s se han escuchado en la edici??n de 2005 del a??o del libro y la lectura. Se hace una reflexi??n sobre la lectura especializada en los j??venes y ni??os, analizando el estado actual y las oportunidades que se presentan en este campo de la literatura.

La rondalla (o com voldr??em que fos la vida)

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

APM/CD13 and FOS in the hypothalamus of monosodium glutamate obese and food deprived rats

Protein (western blotting) and gene (PCR) expressions, catalytic activity of puromycin-insensitive membrane-bound neutral aminopeptidase (APM/CD13) and in situ regional distribution of CD13 and FOS immunoreactivity (it) were evaluated in the hypothalamus of monosodium glutamate obese (MSG) and/or food deprived (FD) rats in order to investigate their possible interplay with metabolic functions. Variations in protein and gene expressions of CD13 relative to controls coincided in the hypothalamus of MSG and MSG-FD (decreased 2- to 17-fold). Compared with controls, the reduction of hypothalamic CD13 content reflected a negative balance in its regional distribution in the supraoptic, paraventricular, periventricular and arcuate nuclei. CD13-ir increased in the supraoptic nucleus in MSG (2.5-fold) and decreased in the paraventricular nucleus (2-fold) together with FOS-ir (1.5-fold) in FD. In MSG-FD. FOS-ir decreased (7-fold) in the paraventricular nucleus, while CD13-ir decreased in the periventricular (5.6-fold) and the arcuate (3.7-fold) nuclei. It was noteworthy that all these changes of CD13 were not related to catalytic activity of APM. Data suggested that hypothalamic CD13 plays a role in the regulation of energy metabolism not by means of APM enzyme activity. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Male and female odors induce Fos expression in chemically defined neuronal population

Olfactory information modulates innate and social behaviors in rodents and other species. Studies have shown that the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MEA) and the ventral premammillary, nucleus (PMV) are recruited by conspecific odor stimulation. However, the chemical identity of these neurons is not determined. We exposed sexually inexperienced male rats to female or male odors and assessed Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-ir) in neurons expressing NADPH diaphorase activity (NADPHd, a nitric oxide synthase), neuropeptide Urocortin 3, or glutamic acid decarboxylase rnRNA (GAD-67, a GABA-synthesizing enzyme) in the MEA and PMV. Male and female odors elicited Fos-ir in the MEA and PMV neurons, but the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons was higher following female odor exposure, in both nuclei. We found no difference in odor induced Fos-ir ill the MEA and PMV comparing fed and fasted animals. Ill the MEA, NADPHd neurons colocalized Fos-ir only in response to female odors. In addition, Urocortin 3 neurons comprise a distinct population and they do not express Fos-ir after conspecific odor stimulation. We found that 80% of neurons activated by male odors coexpressed GAD-67 mRNA. Following female odor, 50% of Fos neurons coexpressed GAD-67 rnRNA. The PMV expresses very little GAD-67, and virtually no colocalization with Fos was observed. We found intense NADPHd activity in PMV neurons, some of which coexpressed Fos-ir after exposure to both odors. The majority of the PMV neurons expressing NADPHd colocalized cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). Our findings suggest that female and male odors engage distinct neuronal populations in the MEA, thereby inducing contextualized behavioral responses according to olfactory cues. In the PMV, NADPHd/CART neurons respond to male and female odors, suggesting a role in neuroendocrine regulation in response to olfactory cues. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Patterns of fos activation in rat raphe nuclei during feeding behavior

To analyze the differential recruitment of the raphe nuclei during different phases of feeding behavior, rats were subjected to a food restriction schedule (food for 2 h/day, during 15 days). The animals were submitted to different feeding conditions, constituting the experimental groups: search for food (MFS), food ingestion (MFI), satiety (MFSa) and food restriction control (MFC). A baseline condition (BC) group was included as further control. The MFI and MFC groups, which presented greater autonomic and somatic activation, had more FOS-immunoreactive (FOS-IR) neurons. The MFI group presented more labeled cells in the linear (LRN) and dorsal (DRN) nuclei; the MFC group showed more labeling in the median (MRN), pontine (PRN), magnus (NRM) and obscurus (NRO) nuclei; and the MFSa group had more labeled cells in the pallidus (NRP). The BC exhibited the lowest number of reactive cells. The PRN presented the highest percentage of activation in the raphe while the DRN the lowest. Additional experiments revealed few double-labeled (FOS-IR+ 5-HT-IR) cells within the raphe nuclei in the MFI group, suggesting little serotonergic activation in the raphe during food ingestion. These findings suggest a differential recruitment of raphe nuclei during various phases of feeding behavior. Such findings may reflect changes in behavioral state (e.g., food-induced arousal versus sleep) that lead to greater motor activation, and consequently increased FOS expression. While these data are consistent with the idea that the raphe system acts as gain setter for autonomic and somatic activities, the functional complexity of the raphe is not completely understood. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A modified rat model of neonatal anoxia: Development and evaluation by pulseoximetry, arterial gasometry and Fos immunoreactivity

Neonatal anoxia is a worldwide clinical problem that has serious and lasting consequences. The diversity of models does not allow complete reproducibility, so a standardized model is needed. In this study, we developed a rat model of neonatal anoxia that utilizes a semi-hermetic system suitable for oxygen deprivation. The validity of this model was confirmed using pulse oximetry, arterial gasometry, observation of skin color and behavior and analysis of Fos immunoreactivity in brain regions that function in respiratory control. For these experiments, 87 male albino neonate rats (Rattus norvegicus, lineage Wistar) aged approximate 30 postnatal hours were divided into anoxia and control groups. The pups were kept in an euthanasia polycarbonate chamber at 36 +/- 1 degrees C, with continuous 100% nitrogen gas flow at 3 L/min and 101.7 kPa for 25 min. The peripheral arterial oxygen saturation of the anoxia group decreased 75% from its initial value. Decreased pH and partial pressure of oxygen and increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide were observed in this group, indicating metabolic acidosis, hypoxia and hypercapnia. respectively. Analysis of neuronal activation showed Fos immunoreactivity in the solitary tract nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus and the area postrema, confirming that those conditions activated areas related to respiratory control in the nervous system. Therefore, the proposed model of neonatal anoxia allows standardization and precise control of the anoxic condition, which should be of great value in indentifying both the mechanisms underlying neonatal anoxia and novel therapeutic strategies to combat or prevent this widespread public health problem. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Imunorreatividade à proteína C-FOS após estimulação periférica nociva e tratamento com morfina no sistema nervoso central do caracol terrestre Megalobulimus abbreviatus

Utilizando as técnicas de imunoistoquímica e densitometria óptica, foi investigada a localização e a expressão da proteína c-Fos no SNC do caracol Megalobulimus abbreviatus. Neurônios imunorreativos foram encontrados nos gânglios cerebrais, pedais, parietal direito e visceral de caracóis submetidos ao estímulo térmico aversivo (50oC), e sacrificados em diferentes tempos (3, 6, 12, 18 e 24 h) após a estimulação. A análise da imunorreatividade à c-Fos através do método de medida da densidade óptica (DO) revelou uma diferença significativa no sentido de apresentar uma maior expressão (p<0,05) na área do lobo pedal do pós-cérebro do gânglio cerebral em relação às outras regiões analisadas no mesmo gânglio (mesocérebro, pró-cérebro e lobo pleural do pós-cérebro). Além disso, também houve expressão significativamente maior (p<0,05) quando comparada a densitometria da região do mesocérebro em relação ao lobo pleural do pós-cérebro nos grupos controle, 3h e 18h. O lobo pleural do pós-cérebro apresentou uma expressão significativamente menor (p<0,05) na imunorreatividade da proteína c-Fos quando comparado ao pró-cérebro em animais sacrificados 12h e 24h após e estímulo aversivo. Em relação ao grupo controle, a DO da proteína c-Fos não variou nos diferentes tempos de sacrifício quando comparada a mesma região do gânglio (cerebral, pedal, parietal direito ou visceral) ao longo do tempo na maioria das regiões. A única diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05) foi encontrada no mesocérebro do gânglio de animais sacrificados 12 h após o estímulo térmico aversivo, mostrando uma diminuição da imunorreatividade. Nos animais tratados com salina (1ml) ou morfina (20mg/kg) 15 min antes do estímulo térmico aversivo, os mesmos grupos neuronais nos gânglios do SNC de M. abbreviatus mostraram imunomarcação à proteína c-Fos. Em relação ao grupo controle, observou-se uma expressão significativamente menor (p<0,01) na DO da imunorreatividade da proteína c-Fos nos neurônios anteriores do gânglio pedal nos animais sacrificados 3 h e 6 h após o estímulo térmico aversivo. No momento em que a comparação foi feita entre os grupos salina e morfina de animais sacrificados ao mesmo tempo, na grande maioria dos grupos observou-se uma diminuição na imunorreatividade da proteína c-Fos. Esta diferença, porém, mostrou-se significativa (p<0,01) no mesocérebro de animais do grupo 3h, no lobo pedal do pós cérebro de animais dos grupos 3 h, 6 h e 18 h, nos neurônios anteriores do gânglio pedal nos grupos 6 h e 12 h, nos neurônios mediais do gânglio pedal do grupo 3 h, nos neurônios posteriores do gânglio pedal do grupo 6 h, nos neurônios da região anterior do gânglio parietal direito no grupo 12 h e nos neurônios do gânglio visceral no grupo experimental 12 h. A diferença na DO da proteína c-Fos apresentou uma diminuição extremamente significativa (p<0,001) nos neurônios mediais do gânglio pedal de animais sacrificados 12 h após o estímulo térmico aversivo, nos neurônios posteriores do gânglio pedal dos animais sacrificados 12 h após o estímulo e nos neurônios do gânglio visceral dos animais do grupo experimental 6 h. A partir destes dados e da correlação com estudos realizados em M. abbreviatus para detecção de mediadores químicos envolvidos na nocicepção, podemos concluir que as áreas imunorreativas que apresentaram estas variações na densidade óptica da imunorreatividade à proteína c-Fos em diferentes tempos de sacrifício e tratamento com morfina estão envolvidas no processo nociceptivo neste caracol.

Expressão dos protooncogenes c-fos, c-myc e c-jun em miométrio e mioma humanos

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Imunorreatividade à proteína c-FOS na medula espinal lombossacral e no gânglio da raiz dorsal de râs Rana catesbeiana 3 dias após a secção nervosa periférica

A dor constitui uma experiência complexa, mediada por distintos sistemas de transmissão sendo integrados por diversos mecanismos neurais. Um dos modelos mais empregados para o estudo da dor neuropática é a secção nervosa periférica, a qual resulta em alterações neuroquímicas e neuroanatômicas em neurônios sensoriais primários e em seus territórios de projeção. Após a secção do nervo ciático, os mamíferos apresentam um aumento na expressão de genes precocemente expressos, como o c-Fos e o c-Jun, no corno dorsal da medula espinal. Animais não mamíferos, como os anfíbios, também vem sendo utilizados como modelos para os estudos dos mecanismos acerca da nocicepção. No presente estudo foi analisado o padrão de imunorreatividade à proteína c-Fos na medula espinal lombossacral e no gânglio da raiz dorsal (GRD) de rãs Rana catesbeiana em condições basais, bem como de rãs submetidas à manipulação e à secção do nervo ciático. Para isso foram utilizados animais adultos, de ambos os sexos, sendo que os mesmos foram sacrificados 3 dias após o procedimento cirúrgico. A técnica imunoistoquímica utilizada foi a do anticorpo não marcado de Sternberger (1979), sendo utilizado anticorpo primário do tipo policlonal, na concentração de 1:700. As alterações no padrão de imunorreatividade a esta proteína no GRD dos três grupos experimentais foram quantificadas através das técnicas de densitometria óptica e contagem neuronal. Para a quantificação da proteína c-Fos na medula espinal lombossacral dos 3 grupos experimentais, utilizou-se a técnica de western blot. Em GRD, a imunorreatividade foi mais pronunciada no citoplasma de neurônios de pequeno (10-20μm), médio (25-35μm), e grande 40-50μm) diâmetro dos 3 grupos experimentais. A manipulação e a secção do nervo ciático provocou aumento no número de núcleos imunorreativos de células de pequeno diâmetro. A densitometria óptica foi significativamente maior no citoplasma das células dos GRDs localizados ipsilateralmente quando comparada com aquela das células pertencentes aos GRDs localizados contralateralmente à lesão. Todavia, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativa entre a imunorreatividade nuclear nos GRDs entre os 3 grupos experimentais. O número de células imunorreativas nestes gânglios não mostrou mudanças significativas nos 3 grupos experimentais. Na medula espinal, a imunorreatividade à proteína c-Fos ocorreu predominantemente em núcleos localizados nos campos terminais dorsal e ventral, na banda mediolateral, na região ventral medial do corno ventral e nos funículos lateral e ventral medial. Os neurônios motores sempre foram imunorreativos. A manipulação e a secção do nervo ciático resultaram em um acréscimo no número de núcleos imunorreativos localizados nos campos terminais dorsal e ventral, e banda mediolateral, sendo este aumento maior na região do campo terminal dorsal. As demais regiões não mostraram modificações significantes no padrão de imunorreatividade da proteína c-Fos. A expressão desta proteína não modificou significativamente nos 3 grupos experimentais. Estes resultados mostram que, em rãs, similar ao que ocorre em mamíferos, a ativação de fibras aferentes primárias ativam a proteína c-Fos. No entanto, diferente de mamíferos, esta proteína ocorre no citoplasma de células sensoriais. Assim, apesar das rãs constituírem excelentes modelos para o estudo do papel do c-Fos nos mecanismos da transmissão nociceptiva, os estudos futuros abordando esta questão deverão considerar esta particularidade das rãs.

Fos-like immunoreactivity in central nervous system of mice simultaneously exposed to the elevated plus-maze and nociception

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Expressão de fos após pulso de escuro no núcleo pré- geniculado do tálamo do sagui (Callithrix jacchus)

The pregeniculate nucleus (PGN) of the primate s thalamus is an agglomerate neuronal having a cap shaped located dorsomedially to the main relay visual information to the cerebral cortex, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (GLD). Several cytoarchitectonic, neurochemical and retinal projections studies have pointed PGN as a structure homologous to intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of rodents. The IGL receives retinal terminals and appears to be involved in the integration of photic and non-photic information relaying them, through geniculo-hypothalamic tract (TGH), to the main circadian oscillator in mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Thus, the IGL participates in the control of the biological rhythm by modulating the activity of the SCN. Pharmacological and IGL injury studies conclude that it is critical in the processing of non-photic information which is transmitted to the SCN. Other studies have found that especially neurons immunoreactive to neuropeptide Y (NPY) respond to this type of stimulation, determined by its colocation with the FOS protein. Has not been determined if the PGN responds, expressing the FOS protein, to the non-photic stimulus nor the neurochemical nature of these cells. Thus, we apply a dark pulse in the specifics circadian phases and analyze the pattern of expression of FOS protein in PGN of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). We found that in all animals analyzed the FOS expression was higher in the experimental than in the control group. There was a higher expression of FOS when the dark pulse was applied during the subjective day between the groups. Still, a subregion of the PGN, known by immunoreactive to NPY, had a greater number of FOS-positive cells in relation to his other just close dorsal region. Our data corroborate the theory that the PGN and IGL are homologous structures that were anatomically modified during the evolutionary process, but kept its main neurochemical and functional characteristics. However, injury and hodological studies are still needed for a more accurate conclusion

Caracaterização do núcleo pré-geniculado do sagüi (Callithrix jacchus) :projeção retiniana, neuroquímica e atividade celular (expressão de FOS)

In rodents, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) are the main components of the circadian system. The SCN is considerate the site of an endogenous biological clock because can to generate rhythm and to synchronize to the environmental cues (zeitgebers) and IGL has been related as one of the main areas that modulate the action of SCN. Both receive projections of ganglion cells of retina and this projection to SCN is called retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). Moreover, the IGL is connected with SCN through of geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT). In primates (include humans) was not still demonstrated the presence of a homologous structure to the IGL. It is believed that the pregeniculate nucleus (PGN) can be the answer, but nothing it was still proven. Trying to answer that question, the objective of our study is to do a comparative analysis among PGN and IGL through of techniques immunohystochemicals, neural tracers and FOS expression after dark pulses. For this, we used as experimental model a primate of the new world, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Ours results may contribute to the elucidation of this lacuna in the circadian system once that the IGL is responsible for the transmission of nonphotic information to SCN and participate in the integration between photic and nonphotic stimulus to adjust the function of the SCN. In this way to find a same structure in primates represent an important achieve in the understanding of the biological rhythms in those animals